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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2013/10/29 2:19:38 Heritage experts： nearly 20 years Cultural relics destroyed more than the cultural revolution
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Video: organizational cultural revolution back to his alma mater to apologize, son of Chen Yi, bows to the teacher
The Nineth written urbanization and heritage protection
General Counsel: Director of the national development and Reform Commission and the reform and development of small towns of the city center Li tie
For now, rebuilding previously demolished old railway station in Jinan, Shandong. It is the largest railway station in Asia, after a World War II Federal Germany travel in the far East, published by as most worthy of a look at the first stop, was textbook examples of architecture of Tsinghua University, Tongji University, is the landmark building of Jinan. Old railway station was built in 1912 in Jinan, in 1992 were dismantled. In 2012, the official confirmation of reconstruction of old railway station in Jinan, Jinan City.
Jinan Municipal Government said it would "authentic" rehabilitation of 21 years ago, tear down the old railway station in Jinan and private dining rooms. Sources close to the Jinan municipal government, railway station designer Fisher's granddaughter's visit to China, or has restored indirect fuse, from that to rush decided to rebuild, but a couple of days.
The trends of urbanization, industrialization, the old jianxincheng is unlikely to escape the topic, lots of cultural heritage had been destroyed. In recent years, the repair or rebuilding of ancient architecture is often controversial, precious historical relics once the demolition of historic buildings, you will permanently lose their lives, cannot be undone.
From the date of the old railway station in Jinan made public controversy continues, which criticised in various academic conferences, through rehabilitation to turn Jinan dilemma. You really only have to rebuild the roads? Reconstruction is to restore his true heritage, or fake antiques? South reporter recently visited investigations of the old railway station of Jinan, restore the skeleton of its demolition and reconstruction.
Reconstruction of old railway station in Jinan raise questions
August 1, old city of Jinan development investment group announced, will invest 1.5 billion dollars to build the Jinan railway station North square, including the rehabilitation of 21 years before the demolition of the old train station, as well as private rooms. Official said after the restoration of the old railway station of Jinan Jinan will be "authentic" to show off in front of people.
According to the planning of Jinan railway station North square building will be adjusted, the buildings height near the North square, highlighting the location of an old building. Flyover, Party Secretary of Bi Xiaoqi told the press that, in the future the railway station North square and Jinan West station, taking double-dimensional square pattern. This will not only make more prominent, more beautiful old railway station, double solid square, following the taxi, walk on the pedestrian, and more convenient.
One CPPCC members have expressed in Jinan City, Jinan, reconstruction of old railway station for promoting tourism and cultural connotations and perceptions of the "irreplaceable role".
Updates on the old railway station of Jinan, still in August this year, rehabilitation have aroused a lot of questioning, an official at the City Planning Bureau in Jinan replies saying, drawing design has not been completed for the rehabilitation, is working on improving programming. Since then, may have been influenced by the pressure of public opinion, officials no longer audible.
"It was another generation's dream of traveling"
Development of flooding will be swallowed by the old railway station of the city, unable to leave no trace. Site of the old railway station building now has been changed to the railways, built over the same period, only the Jinan-Qingdao railway station (now known as the Jinan Railway Administration public building) still has reservations.
Jinan train station used to be Asia's largest railway station, designed by the German heerman·fusheer, is a typical Gothic architectural style, the appearance of cylindrical clock on the third floor, seven floors of the building, located Newel stairs, roof is a German style clock was federal post-war Germany published travels in the far East, listed as the first stop in the far East. According to the journal of the history of Jinan Railway Administration, demolished the north side of the old railway station is located in Jinan City, Jinan Jingyi, is the intersection of jinpu railway and the Jinan-Qingdao railway station East, face South. Old station was built in the early 20th century, the Qing Government signed a loan contract with Germany and Britain, to borrow $ 5 million pounds began construction of the Jin-Pu railway, in 1912, the railway station was completed and put into use.
Jinan Li Ming, Director of the Institute of archaeology believe that the old railway station in Jinan witnessed the demise of the Qing dynasty Government to transition of the Republic of China, the Japanese military railroad during the war, after the founding of new China in this period of history, it's a touch of "solid history."
According to the photographer Jing-strong South of Jinan's photos, from late 70 to early 90 's of the last century, was the most bustling old railway station for some time. "Jinan transport developed previously, has no car, Jinan, people travel by train" in Jing strong memories, almost all of the most important moments in life, is the train to take him to far away to see the world. Old station to accompany his-train my relatives went through a child, a teenager leaving home to go to the queue, returned and reunited with his family with joy, "whenever I see the towers of the old stations, these scenarios will emerge one by one around the corner. ”
Starting from teenager to learn photography, old railway station in Jinan vitex became strong establishing shot, every once in a while, or when an event occurs, he is going to take a few pictures.
In 1992, the Jinan railway station daily passenger traffic up to 50,000 people, railway transport pressure, peak, a small train station and the square was full of people and couldn't move at all. In order to expand the station, when research in Jinan City, Jinan railway station constructed by the Germans dismantled.
When demolition was imminent, people of Jinan railway station photo, top railway station Jing took decades, and different, this time his image appeared in many of the details of the train station. Jing strongest marvel at the workmanship of this building is complete, and detailed. Professor Jiang Bo said Shandong jianzhu University, this brick Gothic architectural details manual engraving wood, complemented by wired glass, caisson, the craft is consummate.
Removal process, Jing-strong all the time, "the old station much more robust than we thought, manual removal is a lot of hard work to drilling. "Jing-strong-looking, heart ache," it was demolished our travel dreams of a generation. ”
Decided to rebuild only took a matter of days
In December last year, Jiang Bo, Shandong jianzhu University held a "exhibition on Fischer and the old railway station in Jinan". Exhibition heerman·fusheer granddaughter, Sylvia, some exhibitors come from West via the collection. Soon after, the Editorial Department organized a commemorative Conference of the old photographs from some of the most familiar with the railway station in Jinan City of scholars and enthusiasts to participate in. Chair since 1992 are removed from the train station, has nearly 20 years of research on old trains Jiang Bo.
Saga Forum recalled the station was demolished, referred to be demolished railway station, there is no lack of sigh. According to an unnamed scholar recalls that in March 1992, back on the train to Jinan in Beijing, one of the main leaders of the Jinan railway Bureau was asked what I thought of when people pictures, answered: "it is a symbol of the colony, not worth to stay. ”
In fact, it also represents the views in Jinan and Shandong people. Despite many experts and scholars have objected, he repeatedly tried to Shandong province and the Jinan Railway Administration proposes to retain the old railway station in Jinan, failed to change removed the decision in the end. Train station was hastily dismantled.
Seems to be from the beginning, Jinan has embarked on a road of no return. In the subsequent 20 years, the large and small heritage academic conferences, Jinan has been pushed to the forefront, some criticism of the experts, "Jinan demolished one of you so fine historic buildings, cultural heritage. "It was for the subsequent rehabilitation was made and laid the groundwork.
In 2012, the Jinan municipal people's Congress, the District of urban and rural construction Commission Director Liu Jingtao 11 submitting the original clock tower on speeding up the construction of railway station North square and reconstruction Bill, calling for Jinan, old railway station redevelopment started as soon as possible. In August this year, Jinan official announcement. Jinan, surprise surprise, plan emerged, once again set off the layers of waves. Officials said "have found the drawings will be authentic reconstruction" has been called into question.
Reconstruction of the decision hasty, an example can be reflected. Close to Jinan municipal government sources said Fisher's granddaughter came to China to attend the exhibition, may at some point become the incentive for redevelopment, "from the initiation he heard this idea, contact the Planning Bureau of redevelopment, only a few days time. ”
In this regard, academics some heritage experts are not optimistic about, that heritage and building life once the end is gone beyond recall. Jiang Bo hit the issue key, "in order to develop its economy, didn't figure it out take it apart; now, in order to develop cultural tourism, or didn't understand, and want to rebuild. "Jinan railway station stands for advanced technology, and successful enterprise has no background of European classicism architecture recovery, found Jiang Bo, hope to provide design and technical support, he is rebuffed," said original materials, artisan crafts have not mastered, I studied for more than 20 years, haven't figured out, how to rebuild? ”
"Pulling down his true heritage, built fake antique"
Not only is the old railway station in Jinan, in the tide of urbanization, industrialization in recent years, a lot of destruction of cultural heritage. Earlier this year, the Ministry of housing and the State Bureau of cultural relics found work in the preservation of historical and cultural cities and examination, 8 cities due to a lack of protection in Yueyang city, Hunan province, caused by destruction of the historical and cultural legacy, city of historical and cultural value have been seriously affected.
Some local "town old town reconstruction of wind". According to the statistics of urban environmental sciences Professor Wu Bihu, has more than 30 cities in China is being carried out or planned towns, ancient repair or reconstruction. In recent years, the ancient city repair is often controversial, tend to be "pulling down his true heritage, built fake antiques."
According to a recent national survey of cultural relics, registered immovable cultural relics in China a total of 766,722, of which 17.77% saved in poor condition, poor 8.43% saved, about 44,000 of the immovable cultural relics have disappeared. Cultural heritage is not only a link between the past and the future, but also our future innovation-oriented society "gene". Therefore, during the process of urbanization, industrialization, it is necessary to protect cultural heritage.
"Simple with such rude behavior can erase the traces of colonial? When historic buildings to meet modern needs, whether only dismantled one way? "The Jinan railway station were demolished in the 20 years since, scholars from the industry has been to reflect on these two issues. Jiang Bo, said many now referred to as "State security" building, is the history of the semi-colonial period building, building depend on change of attitude going. The 90 's of the last century, are changing attitudes towards heritage throughout the world, while China is still mired in old thinking.
"The right perspective should be learning from it. "Jiang Bo said that in European countries, the reconstruction of a building will be built even 80-year-old, the reconstruction process is the process of learning of the historical buildings, rehabilitation, to have a real fix, rather than hasty on the horse. Jinan railway station torn down, there is no better construction as an alternative to, the "outstanding heritage did not succeed is our misunderstanding of the concept of architectural education. ”
History has no return, Sun Yat-sen University Professor, school of communication and design, Fengyuan believes that in the process of China's modernization, "and build a new old is more important than" thinking to create a modern city. However, when urbanization develops to a certain stage, taking into account the scarcity of cultural diversity and historical heritage, should be re-establish a good attitude towards life.
Once upon a time, there have been a number of heritage enthusiasts, Rob the business of iniquity in Jinan quancheng road before an old reported being completely dismantled and chip in to hire a crane parts removed to collect it. But in Jinan, the building still more difficult to ward off bad luck. A heritage community as painful as a example, Jinan, architectural integrity has been rated as the best of the old United Kingdom Consulate burned the roof overnight, while Jinan archaeology have included its focus when the range of heritage.
Similar situations occurred in Guangzhou Jinling, Myoko, though people have realized the need to protect, was still difficult to resist the temptation of economic interests. Last May, in view of the historical and architectural value, territorial departments have stopped developers in Guangzhou City moratorium on demolition, but after one year later in June of this year, these buildings remain late at night to steal by developers in the split.
Stealing split after events such as Guangzhou to take some practical action on heritage preservation, for the Republic of China, new China Times survey of historical buildings, some unknown but with civil buildings of historical value would be included in the protection list. Publicity of the built heritage and preliminary evaluation of most of the clues will be in-situ protection of cultural relics.
Today, Guangzhou, Tianjin and other places of historic buildings have some criteria to protect directory has become the building's "free pass". However, like stealing continued in various parts of the split will never stop.
Xie chensheng, a famous cultural relics:
Urbanization cannot "Millennium City" down history of ancient building was demolished
I am not advocating the reconstruction, because it is not only a form, use the processes, structures, materials, that's a real rehabilitation. Now even to rebuild the Palace, is not in line with the principles of the law, nor does it meet the principles of protection of cultural relics. Is just a nonsense. Reconstruction was stopped when the wind comes up.
---Famous cultural relics expert Xie chensheng
In order to develop the economy, don't quite understand, break it; now for the development of cultural tourism, and didn't understand want to rebuild. No original materials, artisans craft master, I have studied for more than 20 years, haven't figured out, how to rebuild?
---Shandong jianzhu University Professor Jiang Bo
Xie chensheng, our world famous cultural relics expert, once drafted in 1982 of the law on the protection of cultural relics and the China encyclopedia · heritage preface the volume, clear definitions of heritage for the first time.
In 1946, Xie chensheng became Secretary of Zheng Zen-duo's business, and cultural relics protection given. More than 60 years of heritage protection career in the, Xie chensheng drafted published has large of heritage protection file and published heritage protection books, even is in retired Hou, also for suppression heritage smuggling, and monuments damage campaigning, repeatedly petitioned to here, promoting has State on strengthened culture heritage protection of notification under, and history culture city name town name village protection regulations under and China first a culture heritage day of introduced.
Despite the countless pen to write laws, regulations, documents, is now 92-year-old Xie chensheng talked about the reality there is a sense of powerlessness: the economic and social development, laws and regulations more sound, but his lifelong fight for protection of cultural relics in the "backwards". Xie chensheng believes that built heritage was wantonly destroyed and growing stages coincided with the stride-development of urbanization, economic-led social urbanization as a profit-making tool. Laws, lax enforcement difficulties, Xie chensheng proposal should set up the cultural relics departments of law enforcement authority, administration according to law, and strict penalties.
Winds of renewal needed brake moment
South: controversial on Jinan railway station redevelopment. Reconstruction should take place?
Xie chensheng: 22nd of the heritage conservation Act states: immovable cultural relics have all been destroyed, should implement a sites protection, no in-situ redevelopment, in principle it is. I am not advocating the reconstruction, because it is not only a form, use the processes, structures, materials, that's a real rehabilitation. Now even to rebuild the Palace, is not in line with the principles of the law, nor does it meet the principles of protection of cultural relics. Is just a nonsense. Reconstruction was stopped when the wind comes up.
South: some people believe that rebuilding might have sentimental meaning?
Xie chensheng: If the building is very important, such as warning of demolition, can choose a sign that says what's going on, why is rehabilitation, was carrying a piece of history. But this had to think carefully about the arguments clearly. Why do you rebuild? Redevelopment can achieve the original request?
Now some of the city is a magnet for tourism reconstruction as a means, but fake antiques worth seeing? We also are developing countries, and not particularly rich, first consideration isn't quite solving livelihood issues.
Nearly 20 years destroyed more than the "cultural revolution"
South: at this point, most demolition of heritage building located at what time?
Xie chensheng: Unfortunately, the height of the destruction of cultural relics in China is not the "cultural revolution", but the 90 's of the last century, come and go, it is not over, and that the extent of the damage the "cultural revolution" when serious. Although the Central Government has repeatedly stressed that still didn't stop the trend.
South: at the time, buildings like the old railway station in Jinan will be considered to be the symbol of a certain historical period, demolition is considered to be "erased the shadow" thing to do.
Xie chensheng: indeed, many valuable relics of the ancient capital came from this period. Building carrying culture, representing a piece of history. So the protection of ancient buildings are historic, and a culture of protection. Jinan is the old railway station of the Gothic architectural style, is in the background of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the building reflects that history. You pulled down the ancient building, that has destroyed the historical losses considerably.
Urbanization not as a means of profit-making heritage
South: as you say, height of the heritage building destroyed coincided with the massive expansion of urbanization process of urbanization and heritage protection seems to be a paradox?
Xie chensheng: wrong understanding of urbanization urbanization would damage cultural relics. Urbanization is a product of economic and social development to a certain extent, is the outcome. Urbanization cannot be used as a tool for economic development, to engage in sport, to get a "great leap forward" type of development, massive old build. One size fits all and above all never, with varying degrees of local towns, have their own humanistic style, not "Millennium City" urbanization.
South: now destroyed monuments both historical reasons and also occur in a steady stream of new damage.
Xie chensheng: regardless of the past or now, after so many years, the biggest problem is the economic benefit of everything, money corrupted heart. "Above all else", taking culture as a means to gain economic leverage is wrong. But with the economy as the main body, culture, economic Opera is more common. This is a terrible tendency, demolition or rehabilitation, all for which g-d p and forget about overall development ignores the values of the culture itself.
Set the cultural relics Department law enforcement authority
South: urbanization and correct what is the relationship between the built heritage protection?
Xie chensheng: today's urbanization from reality. First is to adhere to the basic State policy of environmental protection, resource conservation. Therefore, must protect human environment, historic and cultural environment, to improve planning. During the process of urbanization, is to conserve resources and protect the environment as an important strategy to consider. Our ancestors created the cultural history of the environment, after all these years of development, has reached the stage of human and environment in tandem.
South: part of the cultural relics protection law was enacted in 1982, after a leap-forward development of society, these laws and regulations are also enough?
Xie chensheng: in the heritage conservation Act and related regulations, are very clear, also already have or are developing corresponding implementing rules. But the biggest problem is that now the law, lax law enforcement and violations of correction. Also is subject to the interest-driven, often local cultural relics departments do not have the right to speak, below the Executive level, don't mess with superiors. So you want to turn off the power to the cage, set up law enforcement authority of the cultural relics Department, administration according to law, and strict penalties. (Southern Metropolis daily)
Interview: the South reporter intern Liu Jia Hu Xiaoying
Consistency: South reporter Wang Weiguo Li Zhao
视频：陈毅之子回母校组织文革道歉会向老师鞠躬
第九记 城镇化与文物保护
总顾问：国家发改委城市和小城镇改革发展中心主任 李铁
眼下，山东济南正在重建此前被拆除的老火车站。它曾是亚洲最大的火车站，被二战后联邦德国出版的《远东旅行》列为最值得一看的第一站，也是当时清华大学、同济大学建筑学教科书上的范例，更是济南的标志性建筑。济南老火车站于1912年建成，1992年被拆除。2012年，济南市正式确认重建济南老火车站。
济南市政府称将“原汁原味”地复建21年前拆掉的济南老火车站及行包房。有接近济南市政府的消息人士透露，火车站设计者费舍尔的孙女访华，或成为重建的间接导火索，从得知到决定重建不过匆匆几天时间。
在城镇化、工业化大潮中，拆旧建新成为避不开的话题，不少文化遗产遭到破坏。近年来，古建筑修复或重建常常引起争议，珍贵的历史文物古建一旦拆除，就会永久失去生命，无法复原。
从济南老火车站重建提出之日起，舆论的争议声不断，这让在历次学术会议中饱受指责、想要通过复建翻身的济南进退两难。真的只有重建这一条道路吗？重建究竟是恢复了真文物，还是假古董？近日南都记者对济南老火车站进行走访调查，还原其拆除与重建的脉络。
济南重建老火车站引发质疑
今年8月1日，济南市旧城开发投资集团对外公布，将投资15亿元修建济南火车站北广场，其中包括复建21年前拆除的老火车站以及行包房。济南市官方称复建后的济南老火车站将“原汁原味”地展现在市民面前。
根据济南市的规划，火车站北广场周边的建筑将做调整，使临近北广场的建筑层高度降低，突出老建筑的位置。天桥区委书记毕筱奇曾对媒体公开表示，未来，火车站北广场将和济南西站一样，采取双层的立体式广场模式。这样不仅能让老火车站更凸显、更美观，双层立体广场，下面走出租车，上面走行人，也更加方便。
一位济南市政协委员曾表示，老火车站的重建对于大力推进济南旅游文化内涵和观感方面，“具有不可替代的作用”。
关于济南老火车站的最新消息，仍然停留在今年8月，复建的消息引起了大量质疑声，济南市规划局的一名官员回复称，该复建的图纸设计还没有完成，正在完善规划方案。此后，或许是受到舆论的压力，官方不再发声。
“那是拆毁了一代人的远行梦”
城市的发展如洪水般将老火车站吞噬，没能留下任何痕迹。老火车站的原址如今早已被改为铁路大厦，与其同期的建筑，只有胶济铁路的车站(现为济南铁路局公用建筑)还有所保留。
济南老火车站曾是亚洲最大的火车站，由德国人赫尔曼·弗舍尔设计，是典型的哥特式建筑风格，外观为圆柱形钟表楼，楼内分七层，设盘旋扶梯，楼顶为德式大钟，曾被战后联邦德国出版的《远东旅行》列为远东第一站。根据济南铁路局史志，被拆除的济南老火车站位于济南市经一路北侧，是津浦铁路与胶济铁路的交会点，车站东西走向，坐北朝南。老车站始建于20世纪初期，清政府与英德两国签署了借款合同，借款500万英镑开始修建津浦铁路，1912年，火车站建成并投入使用。
济南考古研究所所长李铭认为，济南老火车站见证了清政府的灭亡到民国的转变、到抗日战争时期日本人军管铁路，再到新中国建立以后的这段历史，它是一段可以触摸的“立体的历史”。
根据济南摄影家荆强向南都提供的照片，上个世纪70年代末至90年代初期，是老火车站最繁华的一段时间。“以前济南的交通不发达，没有汽车，济南人远行就靠火车”，在荆强的记忆里，几乎所有人生中最重要的时刻，都是火车带着他去远方看世界。老车站陪他经历了儿提时代坐火车串亲戚、少年时代离家去插队，以及每次归来与家人团聚的欢喜，“每当我看到老车站的钟楼，这些场景就会一一浮现在眼前。”
从少年时学会摄影开始，济南老火车站就成为了荆强的固定拍摄对象，每隔一段时间，或是大事发生时，他都会去拍几张照片。
1992年，济南火车站每天的客流量达5万人，铁路的运输压力增大，高峰期时，狭小的火车站和广场挤满了人，根本走不动。为了扩大站场，当时的济南市研究决定，将德国人修建的济南火车站拆除。
当年拆除在即，济南市民纷纷与火车站合影留念，拍了几十年火车站的荆强也去了，与以往不同，这一次他的画面里出现了许多火车站的细节。荆强惊叹于这座建筑的做工完整、细致。山东建筑大学教授姜波介绍说，这座砖石木结构的哥特式建筑细节处采用人工雕刻，辅以嵌丝玻璃、藻井等，工艺精湛。
拆除的过程中，荆强大多时候都在，“老车站比我们想象的要坚固多，人工拆除都是费了很大力气才凿开。”荆强看着，心里一阵酸痛，“那是拆毁了我们一代人的远行梦。”
决定重建只花了短短几天时间
去年12月，姜波所在的山东建筑大学举办了一场“菲舍尔与济南老火车站图片展”。展览请来了赫尔曼·弗舍尔的孙女西维亚，其中一部分参展图片均由西维亚收集而来。不久后，《老照片》编辑部组织了一场纪念座谈，由济南市几个最熟悉火车站的学者和爱好者参与。主持会议的是自1992年火车站被拆除起，对老火车有近20年研究的姜波。
座谈会上回忆了火车站被拆除的始末，提及被拆除的火车站，席间不乏叹息声阵阵。据一位不具名的学者回忆，1992年3月，在北京回济南的火车上，一名济南铁路局的主要领导被问及如何看待百姓留念时，回答称：“那是个殖民地的象征，不值得留下。”
事实上，这也代表了当时济南市乃至山东部分执政者的意见。尽管有不少专家和学者都反对，多次向山东省政府和济南铁路局建议保留济南老火车站，最终还是没能改变拆除的决策。火车站被匆匆拆除。
似乎从这时开始，济南就走上了一条不归路。在拆毁后的20年中，全国大大小小的文物保护学术会议上，济南每每被推到风口浪尖，一些专家的指责声不断，“你们济南拆毁了一个这么优秀的历史建筑、文化遗产。”这也为后来有人提出复建埋下了伏笔。
2012年，济南市人大代表、天桥区城乡建设委主任刘敬涛等11人提交《关于加快火车站北广场建设及原钟楼复建的议案》，呼吁尽快启动济南老火车站重建。今年8月，济南正式宣布重建。出乎济南的意料，方案一经提出，再次掀起层层波澜。官方声称的“已经找到图纸，将会原汁原味复建”不断遭到质疑。
重建的决定之仓促，从一个例子中可以体现。有接近济南市政府的消息人士称，费舍尔的孙女来华参加展览，或许在某种程度上成为重建的诱因，“从听说此事萌生想法，到规划局联系重建事宜，中间只有短短几天时间。”
对此，学界的一些文物专家并不看好，认为文物古建的生命一旦终结就再也无法挽回。姜波则一语道破了问题的关键，“当初为了发展经济，没搞明白就把它拆了；现在为了发展文化旅游，又没搞明白就想重建。”济南火车站代表着当时先进的技术，而中标的企业根本没有欧洲古典主义建筑复原的背景，有人找到姜波，希望提供设计和技术支持，他则回绝称，“原来的材料、工匠工艺都没有掌握，我研究了20年，都没研究透彻，怎么重建？”
“拆了真文物，造了假古董”
不仅是济南老火车站，近年来在城镇化、工业化大潮中，不少文化遗产遭到破坏。今年年初，住建部与国家文物局在历史文化名城保护工作检查中发现，湖南岳阳等8个城市因保护不力，致历史文化遗存遭到破坏，历史文化名城价值受到严重影响。
还有一些地方兴起了“古镇古城重建风”。据北京大学城市与环境学院教授吴必虎统计，我国有30多个城市正在或谋划进行古镇、古城修复或重建。近年来，古城修复常常引起争议，往往是“拆了真文物，造了假古董”。
根据最近一次的全国文物普查结果，我国已登记不可移动文物共766722处，其中，17.77%保存状况较差，8.43%保存状况差，约4.4万处不可移动文物已消失。文化遗产不仅是联系过去与未来的纽带，也是我们未来创新型社会的“基因”。因此，在城镇化、工业化过程中，必须要保护好文化遗产。
“是否用如此简单粗暴的行为就可以抹掉殖民的痕迹？当历史建筑满足不了现代化需求，是否只有拆除一个办法？”济南火车站被拆除后的20年里，业界的学者一直在反思这两个问题。姜波介绍说，很多如今被称为“国保单位”的建筑，都是在半殖民地时期的历史建筑，而观念的转变也决定了建筑的去向。上个世纪90年代，世界范围内对待遗产的态度已经发生转变，而当时的中国仍然深陷在旧思维中。
“正确的观点应该是从中学习。”姜波说，在欧洲国家，一个建筑的重建甚至要修80年之久，重建的过程即对历史建筑学习的过程，即使复建，也要有真实的修复态度，而非仓促上马。济南火车站拆除后，没有更好的建筑来替代，“优秀的文物没有继承，是我们建筑教育观念的误区。”
历史已经无可挽回，中山大学传播与设计学院教授冯原认为，在中国现代化的过程中，“建新比保旧重要”的思维造就了现代化的城市。但是，当城镇化发展到一定阶段，考虑到文化的多样性、历史遗产的稀缺性，应当重新建立更有品味的生活态度。
曾经，也有过一些文物爱好者，抢在济南的商业渊薮泉城路上的一座老洋行被彻底拆除前，凑钱雇吊车将其部件运走收藏。但在济南，更多其它的建筑仍然难以抵挡厄运。一个让文物界同样痛心疾首的例子是，曾被评价为济南建筑完整性最好的老英国领事馆在一夜之间被烧毁楼顶，尽管事发时济南考古所已经将其列入重点关注文物的范围。
与之类似的情况发生在广州的金陵台、妙高台，尽管人们已经意识到要保护，仍然难以抵挡经济利益的诱惑。去年5月，鉴于历史建筑的价值，广州市国土部门曾叫停开发商暂缓拆除，但时隔一年后的今年6月，这些建筑仍然被开发商在深夜偷拆。
偷拆等事件之后，广州市对文物保护拿出了一些切实的行动，对民国时期、新中国时期的历史建筑进行普查，一些不知名但具有历史价值的民间建筑将列入保护名录。被公示的历史建筑和初步评估提出的文物线索大多将得到原址保护。
如今，广州、天津等地的历史建筑有了一定的判定标准，保护名录也成为这些建筑的“免死金牌”。不过，类似偷拆的事件仍然在各地不停上演。
著名文物专家谢辰生：
城镇化不能“千城一面”拆掉古建就是拆毁历史
◎我并不提倡重建，因为它不光是一个形式，使用原来的工艺、结构、材料，那才叫真正的复建。现在连阿房宫都要重建了，既不符合法律的原则，也不符合文物保护的原则。简直是胡闹。重建之风是时候应该刹一刹了。
——— 著名文物专家谢辰生
◎当初为了发展经济，没搞明白就把它拆了；现在为了发展文化旅游，又没搞明白就想重建。原来的材料、工匠工艺都没有掌握，我研究了20年，都没研究透彻，怎么重建？
——— 山东建筑大学教授姜波
谢辰生，我国文物界著名专家，曾主持起草1982年《文物保护法》、撰写《中国大百科全书·文物卷》前言、第一次明确提出文物的定义。
1946年，谢辰生成为郑振铎的业务秘书，此后与文物保护结缘。60多年的文物保护生涯中，谢辰生起草出版了大量的文物保护文件并出版文物保护书籍，即便是在退休后，也为制止文物走私、古迹破坏奔走呼号，多次上书给中南海，推动了《国务院关于加强文化遗产保护的通知》、《历史文化名城名镇名村保护条例》以及中国第一个文化遗产日的出台。
尽管笔下书写了不计其数的法律、法规、文件，如今已经92岁高龄的谢辰生谈及现实却有一种无力感：经济社会不断发展，法律法规越来越健全，但他终身为之奋斗的文物保护事业却在“倒退”。谢辰生认为，文物古建被大肆拆毁且日趋严重恰逢城镇化大步式发展的阶段，以经济效益为主导的社会把城镇化当做牟利手段。面对有法可依，执法不严的困境，谢辰生建议，要树立文物部门的执法权威，依法行政，从严处罚。
重建之风需要刹一刹
南都：关于济南火车站重建的争议很大。重建到底该不该进行？
谢辰生：《文物保护法》第二十二条规定：不可移动文物已经全部毁坏的，应当实施遗址保护，不得在原址重建，原则上是这样。我并不提倡重建，因为它不光是一个形式，使用原来的工艺、结构、材料，那才叫真正的复建。现在连阿房宫都要重建了，既不符合法律的原则，也不符合文物保护的原则。简直是胡闹。重建之风是时候应该刹一刹了。
南都：一些人认为，重建或许有纪念的意义？
谢辰生：如果这座建筑非常重要，比如为了警示当时的拆毁，可以立一个牌子，说清楚是怎么回事，为什么要复建，也算是承载了一段历史。但是这个一定要想清楚，论证清楚。你为什么要重建？重建能不能达到原来的要求？
现在一些城市把重建当成是吸引旅游的一种手段，但假古董值得看吗？我们还是发展中国家，并不是特别富裕，首先要考虑还没完全解决的民生问题。
近20年文物破坏甚于“文革”
南都：目前来看，大部分文物古建的拆毁集中在哪一时期？
谢辰生：很遗憾，中国对文物破坏最严重的时期不是“文革”，而是上个世纪90年代以后，此起彼伏，到现在都没有结束，这种破坏的程度比“文革”时严重。尽管中央一再强调，还是没有刹住这股风。
南都：在当时，像济南老火车站这样的建筑会被认为是某一个历史时期的象征，拆毁被视为是“抹去阴影”之举。
谢辰生：事实上，现在很多有价值的文物古建都出自这一时期。建筑承载着文化，代表了一段历史。所以保护古建是保护历史，保护文化。济南的老火车站是哥特式建筑风格，当时的背景是处在半殖民地半封建的社会，这座建筑恰恰反映了那段历史。你拆掉了古建，那就把历史拆毁了，损失相当大。
城镇化不能把文物作为牟利手段
南都：如您所说，文物古建损毁最严重的时期恰逢城镇化大规模扩张的过程，城镇化和文物保护似乎是一个悖论？
谢辰生：对城镇化的错误理解城镇化就会破坏文物。城镇化是经济社会发展到一定程度的产物，是成果。不能把城镇化作为促进经济发展的手段，去搞运动、去搞“大跃进”式的发展，大规模拆旧建新。一刀切尤其不可以，各个地方城镇化的程度不同，有各自的人文风貌，不能“千城一面”地搞城镇化。
南都：现在被破坏的历史文物既有历史原因造成的，也源源不断在发生新的破坏。
谢辰生：不管过去还是现在，这么多年，最大的问题就是经济利益涵盖一切，金钱把人心腐蚀了。“一切向钱看”，把文化当获得经济效益的手段是错误的。但以经济为主体，文化搭台、经济唱戏是普遍现象。这个倾向十分可怕，拆或者复建，都是为了地方的G D P，而忘记全面发展，忽略了文化本身的价值。
树立文物部门执法权威
南都：那么城镇化与文物古建保护之间正确的关系是什么？
谢辰生：我们今天搞城镇化要从实际出发。首先就是要坚持保护环境、保护资源的基本国策。因此，必须保护人文环境、历史文化环境，要搞好规划。在城镇化的过程中，就是要把保护资源、保护环境作为一个重要的战略内容来考虑。我们的老祖先创造了这些人文历史环境，经过这么多年的发展，已经达到了人与环境相协调的阶段。
南都：第一部《文物保护法》是在1982年制定的，经过社会跨越式的发展，这些法律法规是否还够用？
谢辰生：在《文物保护法》和各种相关的法规中，都十分明确，地方也已经有或者正在制定相应的实施细则。但最大的问题在于，现在有法不依，执法不严，违法不纠。还是受制于利益的驱动，往往地方的文物部门最没有话语权，行政级别低，也惹不起上级。所以要把权力关到笼子里，树立文物部门的执法权威，依法行政，从严处罚。（南方都市报）
采写：南都记者 刘佳 实习生胡晓英
统筹：南都记者 王卫国 李召
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