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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2013/10/29 2:41:41 Professor：Powered by reform across the middle-income trap
Author: c. g. LiuThe "Summary" at present, fall speed of China's economic development, income distribution gap widening, supply shortages and other socio-economic issues on public services increasingly in the limelight. Under this situation, doctrinal more deeply into the "middle-income trap" problem is of important practical significance.
At present, fall speed of China's economic development, income distribution gap widening, supply shortages and other socio-economic issues on public services increasingly in the limelight. Under this situation, doctrinal more deeply into the "middle-income trap" problem is of important practical significance.
International experience shows that the "middle-income trap" is not inevitable, some countries have successfully across the "middle-income trap", which is the most representative of Japan, and Korea. Argentina, and Brazil, and Mexico and other Latin American countries failed to bridge the "middle-income trap" characteristic, these countries are in a "middle-income trap", primarily due to weakness of the overall scientific and technological innovation capacity, lack of human capital accumulation and institutional rigidities. So, we will avoid the suffering of Latin America the "middle-income trap"? The answer is Yes.
First, our continuing technological innovation capability. Judging from the historical experience of the development of China's scientific and technological innovation, we have maintained for high-tech investment in technology and capital intensive industries relatively well and comparative advantage. First, funding for research and development (R&D) input is high. With comprehensive national strength increasing R&D in China this year, the share of investment in GDP will reach 2.05%, over 2% for the first time, an innovation-oriented country construction has made remarkable achievements. Second is to continue to enhance independent innovation capacity. Such as manned spaceflight area, large manned deep-dive technology, access and make use of hybrid rice breeding techniques, supercomputer research and applications have achieved major breakthroughs, and the results achieved are the world leading level. Third, continue to emerge from Huawei, ZTE, Haier, a large number of independent innovation capacity and competitiveness of enterprises. Compared with Latin American countries, the strong independent innovation ability of our own has a distinct advantage. Scientific and technological innovation has become a driving force for sustained and healthy development of China's economy.
Secondly, the adequate accumulation of human capital in China. On one hand, China's human capital stock is high. In 2012, China's workers averaged more than 9 years of education. It is estimated that the average grew close to 12% 1995-2010 human capital in China, exceeding GDP average growth rate. The other hand, more human capital investment in China. 2012 national financial education funding as a proportion of GDP over 4%, employment in new towns 12.66 million, with nearly 7 million college graduates as the supply of high quality human capital. Human capital accumulation can effectively promote the healthy and sustainable development of China's economy. While Latin American countries prevailing issues of human capital accumulation and use of human capital conditions hampering the economy's continued growth.
Thirdly, the reform was deepened. Good system may well stimulate individual initiative to play so that individuals and countries to achieve a win-win situation, otherwise it becomes a stumbling block to economic development of the country. Under the leadership of the party, my speed up improving the Socialist market economic system and transforming the pattern of economic development, implement innovation-driven development and national rejuvenation through science and education strategies, actively yet prudently promote political restructuring, and constantly deepen the reform of income distribution system, continues to improve and deepen the Socialist systems in development, provided a guarantee for the sustained and healthy development of China's economy.
Visible on technological innovation, human capital accumulation and institutional reforms will provide a powerful impetus for sustained and healthy development of China's economy. If per capita GDP estimates, around 2020 across the "middle-income trap".
However, theoretical and average sense of "spanning" does not mean that we have truly across the "middle-income trap". If we persist in data across the "middle-income trap" reality gap between serious disparities, polarization, our economic development will deeply harm our national development will be unsustainable. To make our common ground rather than average sense crossed the "middle-income trap", achieve the goal of build a well-off society, must attach great importance to fair distribution. Achieving equitable distribution of core is to realize the right to a fair and equal rights to participation, sharing revenues and fully protected right to enrich the connotation of rights fair use legal weapons to fully guarantee the realization of the rights, guarantees starting point fair, equitable distribution of income and results are fairly uniform, across the "middle-income trap".
For one thing, with beginning of equal participation in the realization of the right to a fair. To further improve the Socialist market economic system, efforts to create a social environment for fair competition, ensuring all elements body, and of ownership equal access to factors of production is protected by law. A is attention residents fair participation distribution of right, promotion employment opportunities fair, further sound capital markets run mechanism, protection small investors legitimate right, guarantees investment opportunities fair; II is create good of market environment, makes various ownership economic equal participation market competition, prevent due to monopoly and interference market run order; three is Government of participation right should main reflected in public products of supply sector, Government in most economic sector should full played policy boot role.
Second, to share revenue to achieve fairness in the process. Adjust income distribution, raise the proportion of residents ' income in the distribution of national income and the proportion of work remuneration in primary distribution, safeguard the right to share the fruits of economic development. A to gradually perfect labor, and technology and management, elements by contribution participation enterprise income distribution of mechanism, makes workers full shared enterprise development results; II to reform state capital proceeds distribution mechanism, state capital proceeds belonging to all people, should established sound state capital operating budget and proceeds shared mechanism, more significantly improve State capital proceeds surrendered proportion, especially improve monopoly sexual State Enterprise capital proceeds surrendered proportion, will its most for social security, makes all people shared state capital income Three income distribution mechanism to improve public resource use, should be configured by the national unity and the management of public resources, prevent unfair means free or cheap possession and use of public resources, obtained by transfer of public resources should be turned over to the large share of the proceeds to the State Treasury, and transfer payments from the people.
Thirdly, to fully protect the right to achieve results fair. Based on China's basic national conditions and stages of development, establishment of a guarantee system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and achieve results of the equitable distribution of income. A is improve social security integrated levels, as soon as possible achieved by province level integrated, and city level integrated to national integrated shift, to enhanced fair sexual, and adapted liquidity; II is should full played national financial role, optimization financial expenditures structure, will more financial for livelihood expenditures, especially to to difficult groups more subsidies, full guarantees all residents basic of life right; three is to gradually reduced residents of social security burden, appropriate reduced "five insurance" of payment proportion, and will reduced part into for residents of can dominated income.
(Author of major projects to the National Social Science Fund "dynamic tracking and evaluation of reform of the income distribution in China," Chief expert, Professor at Xiangtan University)
作者：刘长庚 【核心提示】当前，我国经济发展速度回落、收入分配差距逐渐扩大、社会公共服务产品供给短缺等社会经济问题日益凸显。在此情势下，从学理上更为深入地探讨“中等收入陷阱”问题具有重要现实意义。
当前，我国经济发展速度回落、收入分配差距逐渐扩大、社会公共服务产品供给短缺等社会经济问题日益凸显。在此情势下，从学理上更为深入地探讨“中等收入陷阱”问题具有重要现实意义。
国际经验显示，“中等收入陷阱”并非不可避免，部分国家已经成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”，其中最具代表性的是日本、韩国。而阿根廷、巴西、墨西哥等拉美国家则成为未能跨越“中等收入陷阱”的典型，这些国家之所以陷入“中等收入陷阱”，主要是由于科技创新能力整体偏弱、人力资本积累匮乏和制度僵化。那么，我国可否避免拉美地区所普遍陷入的“中等收入陷阱”？回答是肯定的。
第一，我国具有持续的科技创新能力。从我国科技创新发展的历史经验来看，我们一直保持着对于科技产业的投入，并且在技术和资本密集型产业具备相对较好的比较优势。一是研发经费(R&D)投入较高。随着综合国力的不断增强，我国R&D投入占GDP的比重在今年将达到2.05%，首次超过2%，创新型国家建设取得显著成就。二是自主创新能力不断增强。例如载人航天领域、大深度载人深潜技术、杂交水稻育种技术的掌握和运用、超级计算机的研发和运用领域等都实现重大突破，并且所取得的成果均处于世界领先水平。三是不断涌现出华为、中兴、海尔等一大批具有自主创新能力和竞争力的大型企业。与拉美国家相比，我国自身所具有的强大独立自主创新能力具有鲜明的优势。科技创新已成为我国经济持续健康发展的推动力。
第二，我国现有人力资本积累充足。一方面，我国人力资本存量高。2012年，我国劳动者平均受教育年限超过9年。据测算，1995—2010年我国人力资本平均增速接近12%，超过GDP平均增长率。另一方面，我国人力资本投资较充足。2012年国家财政性教育经费占GDP的比例超过4%，新增城镇就业人数1266万，拥有近700万的大学毕业生作为高质量的人力资本供给。人力资本积累能有效促进我国经济健康可持续发展。而拉美国家普遍存在人力资本的积累和使用等问题，人力资本条件严重制约着经济的持续增长。
第三，我国制度改革不断深化。好的制度可以充分激励个体发挥主观能动性，使个人和国家实现双赢，反之则成为一国经济发展的绊脚石。在党的领导下，我国加快完善社会主义市场经济体制和转变经济发展方式、大力实施创新驱动发展和科教兴国等战略、积极稳妥推进政治体制改革、不断深化收入分配制度改革，社会主义各项制度在发展中不断完善和深化，为我国经济持续健康发展提供了保障。
由上可见，科技创新、人力资本积累和制度改革等会为我国经济持续健康发展提供强大动力。如果按人均GDP测算，我国将于2020年左右跨越“中等收入陷阱”。
但是，理论和平均数据意义上的“跨越”并不代表我们已经真正跨越“中等收入陷阱”。倘若我们执着于数据化的跨越“中等收入陷阱”，现实中贫富差距悬殊、两极分化严重，我们的经济发展必将深受危害，我们的国家发展也将不可持续。要使我国普遍地而不是平均数据意义上地跨过“中等收入陷阱”，实现全面建成小康社会的奋斗目标，就必须高度重视分配公平。而实现公平分配的核心是要实现权利公平，以平等的参与权、共享的收入权和充分的保障权丰富权利公平的具体内涵，运用法律武器充分保障人们各项权利的具体实现，保障收入分配的起点公平、过程公平和结果公平的统一，进而跨越“中等收入陷阱”。
其一，以平等的参与权实现起点公平。要进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制，努力营造公平竞争的社会环境，保证各要素主体和所有制经济平等使用生产要素受到法律保护。一是重视居民公平参与分配的权利，促进就业机会公平，进一步健全资本市场运行机制，保护中小投资者合法权利，保障投资机会公平；二是营造良好的市场环境，使各类所有制经济平等参与市场竞争，防止因垄断而干扰市场经济运行秩序；三是政府的参与权应主要体现在公共品的供给部门，政府在大部分经济部门应充分发挥政策引导作用。
其二，以共享的收入权实现过程公平。着力调整收入分配格局，提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重和劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，保障居民共享经济发展成果的权利。一要逐渐完善劳动、技术和管理等要素按贡献参与企业收入分配的机制，使劳动者充分共享企业发展成果；二要改革国有资本收益分配机制，国有资本收益属于全体人民，应当建立健全国有资本经营预算与收益共享机制，较大幅度提高国有资本收益上缴比例，尤其是提高垄断性国有企业资本收益上缴比例，将其大部分用于社会保障，使全体人民共享国有资本收入；三要完善公共资源使用收益的分配机制，应由国家统一配置和管理公共资源，防止通过不正当手段无偿或低价占有和使用公共资源，应将公共资源出让所获得的收益较大比例上缴给国家财政，并通过转移支付用之于民。
其三，以充分的保障权实现结果公平。立足我国基本国情和发展阶段，建立具有中国特色的社会主义保障体系，实现收入分配的结果公平。一是提高社会保障统筹层次，尽快实现由省一级统筹、市一级统筹向国家统筹转变，以增强公平性、适应流动性；二是应充分发挥国家财政作用，优化财政支出结构，将更多财政用于民生支出，尤其要给困难群体更多补贴，充分保障全体居民基本的生活权利；三是要逐步降低居民的社会保障负担，适当降低“五险”的缴费比例，并将降低部分转化为居民的可支配收入。
(作者为国家社科基金重大项目“我国收入分配体制改革动态跟踪和效果评估研究”首席专家、湘潭大学教授)
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