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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2013/10/31 9:34:33 Pipe tube separation， separation of the railway infrastructures into the plenary session topic _ Sina news
Pipe tube separation, separation of the railway infrastructures into the plenary session topics
Zhang Xudong
18 convening of the third plenary session, over energy reform in the area of many expectations.
The first newspaper reporter learned from a number of channels, it tube separation, separation of management and operation will be included in the third plenum reform. Under these guidelines, including the oil and gas pipelines, power grids, reform moves forward, more focused service.
Whether it's oil and gas pipeline networks, versus power reforms, are designed to form an effective price discovery mechanism, promoting openness and efficiency improved. But insiders said the plenary session normally does not involve details of the reforms, only presented a principled, policy-oriented direction, may have a modest amount.
Oil and gas pipeline network access to breakthrough
At present, the total mileage of China's oil and gas pipeline network to 106,000 km. Among them, 60,000 kilometers of natural gas pipelines, 26,000 km of crude oil pipeline, 20,000 kilometers of oil pipeline. Initially formed across the West, North-South, connecting patterns of overseas oil and gas pipeline network. Pipeline planning, Northwest, Northeast, Southwest and air-sea landing channels, leaving only two lanes and Russia's natural gas pipeline in the negotiations, large pattern has formed.
Research pipeline CNPC Planning Institute says one person for a long time, now natural gas pipeline data of 60,000 km is the end of 2011, the preliminary gas pipeline has reached three kilometres to 2012.
By the end of 2011, United States gas pipeline has reached 360,000 km, compared with China's natural gas pipeline mileage was only United States change, and China's natural gas pipeline network construction started late, basic petroleum company monopoly.
As the country gradually let go of unconventional natural gas field exploration and development, construction, and coal gasification, gas sources to further diversification. Barrier to become natural gas consumption of natural gas pipelines.
To this end, outside news, oil and gas pipeline business will be separated from the upstream and downstream integration, the formation of the State pipeline company. Research programme of the Research Center, the formation of regional oil and gas pipeline company.
An energy official told reporters, these messages are impossible to confirm, the current regulators haven't ready for formation of the national pipeline company.
China Petroleum University Associate Professor Chen Shouhai has been tracking research pipeline monitoring system at home and abroad, in his view, what kind of company is not formed, but in the transfer and sale of strict separation, ensure the neutrality of pipes, more regulation.
Meanwhile, the natural gas infrastructure management is seeking advice, it has proposed a mechanism for third-party access, pipe connections, as well as require pipeline companies first approach.
These officials said, for speeding up the construction of domestic natural gas pipeline, creating more sophisticated network, feasible is to promote rigorous third-party access, strengthen supervision, step by step promote the development pipeline.
Changed hard bone
Compared to oil and gas pipelines to let go of confusion, change is all the more complicated.
Modified since 2002, established a separate grid and, separated from main industry and auxiliary industry separation, transportation and distribution, the principle of bidding, but so far only a separate grid and fully realized.
"On the whole, was modified in order to promote market-oriented price formation mechanisms, so far to this point, has not been realized. "Those who participated in the 2002 reform programme design told reporters.
This reporter has reported that manufacturers to promote the direct power purchase and location for the new reform programme was being planned.
Research Center of the State's reform programme also recommends: the introduction of large consumers direct-purchasing power, the establishment of competitive power markets in real time, deepening the reform of electric power. "Bidding", formed mainly by bilateral contracts market, supplemented by real-time competitive market competitive power market. Advancing the reform of the formation mechanism of electricity price, and so on.
"Pricing is the core of reform. "The NDRC price Department Vice Director Liu Zhenqiu said," through the introduction of new electricity prices, the Government's discretion had been significantly reduced. ”
The power remains, had a separate transmission and distribution, power transmission and distribution costs cannot be accurately defined, on-grid electricity price and sales price set by the Government. Commercial and industrial use of electricity and residential electricity price gap, commercial and industrial electricity prices are higher than residential electricity consumption. In this context, large consumers direct-purchasing electricity pilot is a serious form of preferential policies.
Said to reporters, Liu Zhenqiu, 2002 changed ideas can be applied, the key step. He thought that make it up later, has stalled, this will result in reforming the cost increases, feed on the efficiency of the reforms in the early release.
Price reform is the key
Whether it's oil and gas pipeline network, or the grid is, in fact, is the price.
Oil and gas in China's coal-fired electricity has initially formed a market price mechanism: this year, SOEs began coal, the coal price has been entirely market-oriented; oil prices linked to international prices closer to market prices; natural gas "net value" forming station prices have been nationally, market-oriented way. Only price is not market-oriented price formation mechanisms.
Director of the development research center of China University of petroleum China's oil and gas industry said Dong Xiucheng, energy price reform direction is to "establish reflect the supply-demand situation in the market and the degree of scarcity pricing mechanism."
In particular, the coal price reform to further perfecting coal cost accounting system to promote internalization of external costs, such as pollution. Electricity price reforms to bidding as the core to build electricity price system, power generation, electricity sales prices determined by market competition, transmission and distribution prices set by the Government. Oil price reform to reflect the establishment of market supply and demand and the degree of scarcity pricing mechanism. Gas price reform to regulate the price management, simplified form of price, continue to improve the pricing mechanism based on the consumer price, phasing out of the natural gas price system.
Change above participated in the 2002 programme official told reporters, the general direction is to reduce government power to approve, to the market to the market, end market pricing.
At the same time, the gradual marketization of prices will also put forward new demands on regulators. Current control of the power grid, oil and gas pipelines and price control belonging to different sectors, energy regulatory powers are not strong enough, unable to network control.
管网分开、管运分离将入三中全会议题
张旭东
十八届三中全会召开在即，外界对能源领域改革有诸多期待。
《第一财经日报》记者从多个渠道了解到，管网分开、管运分离将列入三中全会改革议题。在此思路指引下，包括油气管网、电网在内的改革将向前推动，更加突出服务性。
无论是油气管网，还是电网改革，都是为了形成有效的价格发现机制，推动行业的开放和效率提升。不过也有知情人士称，三中全会一般不会涉及行业改革的细节，只是提出一些原则性、政策性的方向，可能只是一笔带过。
油气管网准入突破
目前，我国油气管网总里程达到10.6万公里。其中，天然气管道6万公里，原油管道2.6万公里，成品油管道2万公里。初步形成了横跨东西、纵贯南北、连通海外的油气管网格局。天然气管道规划的西北、东北、西南和海气登陆通道，只剩下东西两线与俄罗斯的天然气管道还在谈判中，大格局已形成。
长期研究管道的中石油规划院一位人士称，现在天然气管道6万公里是2011年底的数据，到2012年底初步统计天然气管道已达到6.7万公里。
而截至2011年底，美国输气管道已达36万公里，相比而言我国天然气管道里程仅是美国的零头，而且中国的天然气管网建设起步晚，基本由中石油一家公司垄断。
随着国家逐渐放开非常规天然气领域的勘探开发，以及煤制气等项目的建设，气源进一步多元化。天然气管道成为影响天然气消费的一道障碍。
为此，外界有消息称，油气管道业务将从上下游一体化经营中分离，组建国家管道公司。国研中心的研究方案提出，组建区域性油气管网公司。
一位能源官员对记者称，这些消息无从确认，目前监管机构还没做好组建国家管网公司的准备。
中国石油大学副教授陈守海一直跟踪研究国内外的天然气管道监管体制，他认为关键不在于组建什么样的公司，而在于输送和销售的严格分离，保证管道的中立，加强监管。
与此同时，《天然气基础设施管理办法》正在征求意见，这个办法提出了第三方准入、管道连接机制，以及要求管道公司独立核算等办法。
上述官员称，国内的天然气管道还需要加快建设，形成更为完善的管网，可行的是先推动严格的第三方准入，加强监管，一步步推动管道的发展。
电改硬骨头
相比油气管道放开的迷惑，电改显得更为复杂。
电改从2002年启动，确立了厂网分开、主辅分离、输配分开、竞价上网的原则，但至今只有厂网分开完全实现。
“总的来说，电改是为了促成电价市场化形成机制，至今这一点都没有实现。”参与过2002年电改方案设计的人士对记者称。
此前本报记者曾报道，以推广直购电和对电网企业定位为要点的新电改方案正在酝酿中。
国研中心的改革方案也建议：引入大用户直购电，建立实时竞争发电市场，深化电力体制改革。开展“竞价上网”，形成以双边合同市场为主、实时竞争市场为辅的竞争性电力市场。推进电价形成机制改革等。
“电价是电改的核心。”曾在国家发改委价格司担任副司长的刘振秋称，“通过实行标杆电价，政府的自由裁量权已经大为减少。”
但目前电力的情况是，输配没有分开，输配电成本无法准确界定，上网电价和销售电价由政府确定。工商业用电和居民用电价格差距拉大，工商业用电价格高于居民用电。在此背景下，大用户直购电试点则严重变形成各地的优惠政策。
刘振秋对记者称，2002年的电改思路还可以适用，关键要一步步做。他认为电改到后来已经停滞，这会造成改革成本增加，吞噬前期改革释放的效率。
价格改革是关键
无论是油气管网，还是电网，其实都卡在价格上。
目前我国的煤电油气已初步形成了市场价格机制：今年开始执行的电煤并轨，煤炭价格已完全市场化；成品油价格挂钩国际价格，更接近市场实时价格；天然气“净回值法”形成门站价格也已在全国推广，市场化正在路途中。只有电价没有市场化的价格形成机制。
中国石油大学中国油气产业发展研究中心主任董秀成称，能源价格改革的方向还是要“建立反映市场供求状况和资源稀缺程度的价格形成机制”。
具体而言，煤炭价格改革要进一步完善煤炭成本核算体系，促使环境污染等外部成本内部化。电力价格改革要建立以竞价上网为核心的电价体系，发电、售电价格由市场竞争形成，输电、配电价格由政府制定。石油价格改革要建立反映市场供求状况和资源稀缺程度的价格形成机制。天然气价格改革要规范价格管理，简化价格形式，继续完善以消费方为定价基础的价格形成机制，逐步取消天然气价格多轨制。
上述参与2002年电改方案的官员对记者称，总的方向是减少政府审批权，能交给市场的都交给市场，最终达到市场定价。
同时，价格的逐步市场化还将对监管部门提出新要求。目前对电网、油气管网的监管和价格管理分属于不同部门，能源监管部门的力量还不够强大，无法对管网进行有效监管。
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