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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2013/10/31 9:34:52 Province of food grain， the greater economy， poorer
-Reporter Qi Haishan Song Zhenyuan structural Changchun, Haikou, Nanjing, reported
Hard farming at home than to go out to earn money, but lamented the fact that subsidies less food production, this reporter in Jilin, Jiangsu, Henan, province of food research, reflect many of the local farmers grow food puzzles. At the same time, although China has made food production "company increases", but tensions in major grain-producing areas of funding yet to be improved, more food production, economic backwardness, grain-producing regions in a "food, weak economic province, financially poorer provinces" of the vicious circle. Over time, is bound to affect major grain producing areas and the Government catch food motivation or relax grain production, affecting food security.
Grain a year than working one month
Toiling at home a bumper harvest in a year, but in the end sold grain revenues compared with the migrant work income is woefully inadequate, which severely dampens the enthusiasm farmers grow food.
45 age of Wen Fujun is Shandong province Yucheng room temple town of farmers, years has been and several nephews in Beijing city Daxing District do building workers, due to wheat harvesting nearly, Wen Fujun are prepared with home busy wheat harvesting "said is words, annually to this when are is contradictions, back,, is that several acres to, earned not several money; not back,, home people busy not came, I in here worked, monthly at least has three thousand or four thousand Yuan of income, ye is are than farm strong. ”
Due to substantial increases in the cost of grain, grain revenue was not high. "Agricultural means of upward price pressures in the future, the production trend of rising labor costs and rising wages for the whole society to change, restriction of the increase in food prices but also by a number of factors, low grain comparative effectiveness issue will become increasingly prominent, ' farm work a year for January ', serious constraints on the enthusiasm of farmers to grow grain. "Hunan provincial grain Bureau Deputy Director Shi Shaolong told the economic information daily said.
According to introduced, Hunan province crossing the 2012 survey suggests that, farmers planting a acres double crop rice, acres flat net output 980 Yuan about, kind of a acres double quarter rice average to 12 a about labor, day kind of food wage income only 80 Yuan about, and in rural day odd jobs can have income 120 Yuan about, in city engaged in building, and decoration, technology sex work, a days can have income 150-200 Yuan. 2005-per acre of double-cropping rice planting benefit than cotton, flue-cured tobacco and watermelon benefits low-five, 25% and 26% respectively, benefits of growing cucumbers, peppers and Lotus root cultivation of double-cropping Rice respectively revenues of 3.1 times, five and 2.5 times times.
Deputy Director of the development research center of the State Council said Han June, from the three-year average (2009-2011) returns, only three staples of the average income of 223.4/MU. Under the influence of cost factors, food grown slow revenue growth, or even negative growth. 2004-2011 if the effect of excluding consumer price inflation, three staples acres planted return in 7 years has increased only 0.8 Yuan altogether, in which corn has increased 91.4, paddy rice increased by 8.6 Yuan, wheat dropped by 97.8 million.
President Yu xubo, COFCO group believe that the price a farmer, a public price rise is good for farmers, but negative for urban low-income groups, and vice versa, food price issue had a significant impact on social stability. If price increases on the one hand to stimulate farmers ' enthusiasm grow grain, and do everything possible to keep prices stable product prices, for enterprises engaged in food production and circulation will have a large negative impact, over time, may ultimately damage the agricultural production and the interests of consumers, affecting food security.
Large grain subsidies less risky
While the State and local governments to strengthen support policies and measures, but an exclamation of the cereal less access to government subsidies, calls for "inclusive" plus "offers" support policies.
"Our cooperative 1000 hectares of farmland, many of the turnover came from the farmers, we do not expect to distribute to individual farmers ' subsidies and bring it over in his hand, just want the State to give us some ' special mess ', enabling us to these large grain and grain cooperatives. "Long planting cooperative Li Zaiwei, head of Ulmus in yushu city, Jilin province, told the economic information daily reporter. "Loan no guarantee, buy farm machinery, no indexes, a corn-picker combines previously not 130,000 yuan of subsidies, subsidies have become more than 200,000 yuan, subsidized by the State role is to prop up the market. ”
Grain farmers expect the Government to strengthen agricultural infrastructure. Jiangsu Province gaoyou baqiao town gold village species grain large pan drill friends said: "regardless of how said, we also is fed of agricultural, we home contracting 150 acres farmland, if has a years affected, on hard can doubled had body to, so also to hopes national can help we species grain large Tic Tac Toe, and built drainage Groove, and built field Canal Department, work, put we here of farmland into ensure stable yields despite drought or excessive rain Tin, food production also can sharply increased. ”
Although State and local governments have taken many of the cereal support policies and measures, the Government support is still relatively weak, of the cereal could enjoy State subsidies benefiting low. Thus, of the cereal are looking forward to the State can give some of the cereal helps. "The grain direct subsidy to some extent turned into income supplement, and food production has not linked, as long as there are on premium, many people called the working income supplement. "The NDRC's Institute of industrial economics and technology Economics Researcher Lan Haitao said.
The current "straight up" is a "inclusive" policy. Grain Yu Guomin, Deputy Director of Jiangsu Province believes that many funds into the hands of land-contractor, rather than in the hands of grain farmers. Should be linked to the introduction of subsidies and food contributions, commercial food, sell more grain subsidies, who grow grain and who receive subsidies. "And, of course, need to have incentives for mass production, in accordance with the size scale subsidise float to encourage food production intensification. At the same time, subsidies to increase its efforts to support food production, such as farm machinery, capital goods, seeds, such as research and development. ”
"Rice bag" rather than "money bag"
"Producing more heavier financial burdens," "the greater the contribution obligations, the more" dilemma for the local government in "money bags" last effort exceeds the "rice bag".
China's food production is increasingly concentrated in the major grain producing areas, major grain-producing areas to total national food have higher contribution rates. Over the past decade, grain increase of 91% from 13 of the country's major grain production provinces, 13 major grain producing provinces can only bring up food in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Jiangxi and Anhui in 6 provinces. Apart from 3 coastal provinces such as Liaoning, Jiangsu, and 10 remaining primary production provinces average per capita income of the country 88%, per capita income is only 77% per cent of the national average, farmers ' income is lower than the national average. Per capita spending in 13 major grain producing provinces 6,136 Yuan, equivalent to the national average of 80%.
"With the increase in grain output, and the increasingly heavy burden of major grain-producing areas, contributing to national food security and real interests in the region. "The Jilin provincial people's Congress Deputy Governor Wang Shouchen, Deputy Director in charge of agriculture, in his view, in the case of lower food prices and tax contributions are extremely limited, for local government purposes, huge sums of money can hardly drive more g d p and the tax increases, catch the enthusiasm of grain is constrained Government assessment needs to change.
Xu Ming, Vice Governor of Jiangsu province said: "in the midst of major grain producing provinces, Jiangsu, should be regarded as a special case, but producing County in Jiangsu Province and economically developed cities and counties the gap continued to widen. "Some of the data from 13 major grain production provinces, regional per capita income, g d p per capita in China, urbanization, local indicators such as per capita net income and per capita food production is a significant negative correlation between, namely producing provinces, fewer revenues, economic backwardness, low level of urbanization, rural per capita net income lower.
Whole food base and focus of the work at the local grass-roots level. Chen Yuzhong, Deputy Director of the State administration of grain regulatory Division believes that in 1995 on the introduction of "provincial Governor responsibility system" has been repeatedly stressed, "provincial Governor in charge of the" role in ensuring food security, but there is no hard targets, no assessment mechanism, no responsibility. Get food benefits are not high, even a losing business, so local enthusiasm is not high. Should be a rational division of duties and responsibilities of Central Government and provincial governments, local "emphasizing agriculture, catching food" initiative.
Major grain-producing areas in China that the Government not only in grain production each year takes a lot of manpower, but also a substantial part of the money to support food production; food production not only failed to get the corresponding revenues and food production more government subsidies more financial difficulties more. "Producing more heavier financial burdens", "greater the contribution obligations, the more" the situation has not changed, existing local government agricultural support funds, or debt, or cause a "half" project.
Making of "rice bag" provincial Governor in charge, but food production for the "thankless" work in many places there's not much that had to committed to "investment", with a "money bag" on energy than the "rice bag", provincial Governor in charge have become "a person responsible for the Prime Minister." Development Research Center of the State Council, Mr Han June considered necessary on an ongoing basis, the establishment of a multi-faceted, new mechanisms to compensate for regional interests and high standards of food production.
"Begging financial" hard to pass
In some areas, producing large per capita fiscal expenditure was lower than the province's half, agricultural counties, small industrial district, the financial situation of the poorest County leaves much to be desired.
Just took office of Jilin province agriculture Director LEE Kwok Keung had is my grain champion city yushu of municipal Secretary, he think food big County spent has large of energy production food, sacrifice has large of development opportunities cost, maintenance has national of food security, only obtained meager of interests compensation, fundamental cannot change food main region economic behind, and financial situation difficult, and public service low, and urbanization level not high of situation, this on grain big County is very not fair of.
"Yushu of black to caught a put risked oil, plug a root chopsticks sprouting, put we here of soil pulled to other place is fertilizer, so good of black land waste, and eroded are is exorbitant price, but no approach, despite is big granary also to themselves found eat of, and found spent of, national should increased support intensity, makes we grain big city of per capita financial expenditures reached national or this province of averages. "LEE Kwok Keung said. Yushu is producing large city in the country, means that only 3,000 yuan per capita, only equivalent to the national average of one-third, agricultural counties, industrial small financial poor counties, counties look remains unchanged, local governments get food enthusiasm is not high.
Only 4,516 dollars per capita fiscal expenditure of Henan province, 89 2,183-producing County per capita fiscal expenditure, lower by half than the province. Top 15 1581-producing County fiscal expenditure of Henan Yuan, lower than the 89 counties, which means producing more contributions, finances the worse. Xinyang, Henan Party Secretary Guo Ruimin said, "actually pulled the food out area, freshwater resources, land resources labor resources, opportunity costs and undertook the development of an industrial economy, the State should be determined according to County financial resources per capita levels producing large reward standard, gradually producing County per capita financial reached the County average. ”
A provincial grain Bureau official said, farmers have become "non-agricultural" efficient agriculture into a "non-food", in aquaculture areas, new road mileage, investment surge in the building of new plants, new cases, up three agricultural data. After all, it is producing counties, "begging the financial result of".
Economic information daily(粮食大省产粮越多经济越穷:种粮1年不如打工1月|种粮|粮食|补贴_新闻资讯2013年10月30日03:53（编辑：SN095）
□记者 齐海山 宋振远 孙彬 长春 海口 南京报道
在家辛苦务农不如外出打工挣钱多，粮食产量大却感叹补贴少，这是记者在吉林、江苏、河南等粮食大省调研时，当地农民反映出的诸多种粮困惑。同时，尽管我国已经取得粮食生产“九连增”，但粮食主产区的财政资金紧张状况未得到改善，粮食生产越多，经济越落后，让粮食主产区陷入“粮食大省、经济弱省、财政穷省”的怪圈。而长期下去，势必会影响粮食主产区政府抓粮积极性，甚至放松粮食生产，影响国家粮食安全。
种粮一年不如打工一月
在家辛苦劳作一年喜获丰收，但最终卖粮收入与外出打工收入相比显得少得可怜，这严重挫伤了农民种粮积极性。
45岁的温付军是山东省禹城市房寺镇的农民，多年来一直和几位子侄在北京市大兴区做建筑工，由于麦收将近，温付军正准备着回家忙麦收“说实在话，每年到这个时候都很矛盾，回去吧，就是那几亩地，赚不几个钱；不回去吧，家里人忙不过来，我在这里打工，每月至少有三四千元的收入，咋算都比种地强。”
由于种粮成本大幅上升，种粮收益并不高。“今后农资价格上行压力加大、生产用工成本上升、全社会工资水平上涨的趋势难以改变，而粮食价格的提高又受到诸多因素的制约，种粮比较效益偏低的问题将日益突出，‘种地一年不如打工一月’，严重制约了农民种粮积极性。”湖南省粮食局副局长石少龙向《经济参考报》记者表示。
据介绍，湖南省粮食局2012年调查表明，农户种植一亩双季稻，亩平净产值980元左右，种一亩双季稻平均要12个左右工日，日种粮工资收入只有80元左右，而在农村一天零工可得收入120元左右，在城市从事建筑、装修等技术性工作，一天可得收入150-200元。2005年-2012年每亩双季稻种植效益比种植棉花、烤烟和西瓜的效益分别低25%、26%和17%，种植黄瓜、辣椒和莲藕的效益分别是种植双季稻收入的3.1倍、2.5倍和3.9倍。
国务院发展研究中心副主任韩俊表示，从三年平均(2009-2011)收益来看，三种主粮的平均收益只有223.4元/亩。受成本上涨因素的影响，粮食种植实际收益增长缓慢，有些甚至出现负增长。2004-2011年如果剔除消费价格上涨的影响，三种主粮亩均种植收益在7年里一共仅提高了0.8元，其中玉米提高了91.4元，稻谷提高了8.6元，小麦则下降了97.8元。
中粮集团总裁于旭波认为，粮价一头连着农民，一头连着市民，涨价对于农民增收有利，但是对于城市低收入群体不利，反之亦然，粮价问题对社会稳定有着举足轻重的影响。如果一方面涨价以刺激农民种粮积极性，一方面又千方百计不让价格上涨以稳定成品价格，对从事食品生产和流通的企业则会带来较大的不利影响，长此以往，可能会最终损害农业生产和消费者的利益，反而影响粮食安全。
种粮大户补贴少风险高
尽管国家和地方政府加大扶持政策和措施，但种粮大户感叹获得惠农补贴较少，呼唤“普惠”加“特惠”的扶持政策。
“我们合作社有1000公顷农田，很多是从农民手里流转过来的，我们不奢望能把分散到各个农户手里的补贴拿过来，只希望国家能够给我们吃点‘小灶’，扶持一下我们这些种粮大户和种粮合作社。”吉林省榆树市榆隆种植合作社负责人李在伟告诉《经济参考报》记者。“贷款没保障、买农机没指标，一台玉米收割机原先没有补贴的时候13万元，有补贴变成了20多万元，国家补贴的作用就是托市。”
种粮农民期望政府加强农业基础设施建设。江苏省高邮市八桥镇金港村种粮大户潘钻友说：“不管怎么说，咱们还是靠天吃饭的农业，我们家承包150亩农田，如果有一年受灾，就很难能翻过身来，所以还要希望国家能够帮我们种粮大户打井、修建排涝沟、修建田间渠系等工作，把我们这里的农田变成旱涝保收田，粮食产量还能大幅增加。”
尽管国家和地方政府已经采取了很多针对种粮大户的扶持政策和措施，但政府扶持力度仍比较薄弱，种粮大户能享受到的国家惠农补贴较少。因此，种粮大户盼望着国家能够给种粮大户一些帮助。“粮食直补在某种程度上变成了收入补贴，与粮食产量已经不挂钩，只要有地就补，很多人称之为务工收入补贴。”国家发改委产业经济与技术经济研究所研究员蓝海涛表示。
当前的“直补”属于“普惠”政策。江苏省粮食局副局长于国民认为，很多时候资金到了土地承包者的手中，而不是在种粮农民手中。应该推行补贴与粮食贡献、商品粮挂钩，多卖粮多补贴，谁种粮谁得到补贴。“当然还需要对规模生产有鼓励政策，按照面积规模实行浮动的补贴，鼓励粮食集约化生产。同时，对于支撑粮食生产的补贴要加大力度，比如农机具、生产资料、种子研发等。”
“米袋子”不如“钱袋子”
“产粮越多财政负担越重”“贡献越大义务越多”的困境让地方政府用在“钱袋子”上的精力超过了“米袋子”。
我国粮食生产越来越向粮食主产区集中，粮食主产区对国家粮食总量的贡献率越来越高。近十年来，全国粮食增量91%来自13个粮食主产省，这13个粮食主产省能调出粮食的只有黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河南、江西和安徽6个省。除了辽宁、江苏等3个沿海省外，其余10个主产省人均收入只有全国平均水平的88%，人均财政收入只有全国平均水平的77%，农民收入低于全国平均水平。13个粮食主产省人均财政支出6136元，相当于全国平均水平的80%。
“随着粮食产量的增加，主产区的负担越来越重，在为国家粮食安全作贡献的同时本地区的现实利益受损。”吉林省人大副主任王守臣曾为主管农业的副省长，他认为在粮食价格较低和税收贡献极为有限的情况下，对地方政府而言，大量资金投入却难以带动G D P增加和税收增加，抓粮的积极性受到制约，政府考核需要改变。
江苏省副省长徐鸣说：“在粮食主产省份之中，江苏应该算是一个特例，但是江苏省的产粮大县与经济发达的县市的差距在不断扩大中。”从13个粮食主产省的部分数据看，我国地区人均财政收入、人均G D P、地方城镇化水平、地方人均纯收入等指标都与人均粮食生产量呈明显的负相关关系，也即越是产粮大省，财政收入越少、经济越落后、城镇化水平越低下、农民人均纯收入越低。
整个粮食工作的基础和重点在地方基层。国家粮食局法规司副司长陈玉中认为，1995年就实行“省长负责制”，一直不断强调“省长负责制”对保障粮食安全有重要作用，但没有硬性指标，没有考核机制，没有落实责任。抓粮效益不高，甚至是一个赔本的买卖，所以地方积极性不高。应该合理划分中央政府与省级政府的职责与事权，发挥地方“重农、抓粮”的积极性。
我国粮食主产区政府不仅在粮食生产上每年要花费大量的人力，而且还要拿出相当一部分财力支持粮食生产；生产粮食不仅没有获得相应的财政收入，而且粮食生产越多，政府补贴越多，财政困难越多。“产粮越多财政负担越重”“贡献越大义务越多”的状况没有改变，有的地方政府由于涉农配套资金或债台高筑，或造成“半拉子”工程。
国家提出“米袋子”省长负责制，但粮食生产这种“出力不讨好”的工作让很多地方很无奈，不得不致力于“招商引资”，用在“钱袋子”上的精力超过了“米袋子”，省长负责制变成了“总理一人负责”。国务院发展研究中心副主任韩俊认为，有必要在现有基础上，建立一种多方位的、新型的、高标准的粮食生产区域利益补偿机制。
“要饭财政”难为继
在部分地区，产粮大县人均财政支出比全省水平低了一半，农业大县、工业小县、财政穷县的局面亟待改变。
刚刚上任的吉林省农委主任李国强曾经是我国产粮状元市榆树市的市委书记，他认为粮食大县花费了大量的精力生产粮食，牺牲了大量的发展机会成本，维护了国家的粮食安全，只能获得微薄的利益补偿，根本不能改变粮食主产区经济落后、财政状况困难、公共服务低下、城市化水平不高的状况，这对产粮大县是非常不公平的。
“榆树市的黑土地抓一把冒油，插一根筷子发芽，把我们这里的土拉到别的地方就是肥料，这么好的黑土地浪费、蚕食都是造孽，但是没有办法，尽管是大粮仓还要自己找吃的、找花的，国家应该加大扶持力度，使我们产粮大市的人均财政支出达到全国或本省的平均数。”李国强说。榆树市是全国第一产粮大市，而人均财力只有3000元，仅相当于全国平均水平的1/3，农业大县、工业小县、财政穷县的面貌仍然没有改变，地方政府抓粮积极性不高。
河南省人均财政支出只有4516元，89个产粮大县人均财政支出2183元，比全省水平低了一半。河南前15个产粮大县财政支出1581元，比89个县还低，这说明产粮多贡献大，财政越糟糕。河南信阳市委书记郭瑞民说：“粮食调出区实际上调出了土地资源、淡水资源、劳动力资源，并承担了发展工业经济的机会成本，国家应该按照全国县级财政人均财力水平确定产粮大县奖励标准，逐步使产粮大县人均财力达到全国县级平均水平。”
某省一地方粮食局负责人表示，农民致富变成了“非农化”，高效农业变成了“非粮化”，在水产养殖面积、新建公路里程、招商引资新建厂房、新建楼盘大幅增长的情况下，有人瞎编一些三农数据。归根结底还是产粮大县“要饭财政”造成的。
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