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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2013/10/31 9:35:11 Resolve to accompany without will transform people’s assessor system in China
Rule of law the weekend Lei
Last week, Liu Fa for divorce together and drives many, will eventually lead to a lawsuit between the mediation is closed. Liu Faxian of more than 50 years old is a basic people's Court in Henan province of the jurors, was invited to participate in the Court's experience is more than 10 years.
The morning of October 23, 12 session of the national people's Congress, the Supreme People's Court on improving implementation of the decision of the jury system and people's assessors work report.
Liu Faxian to the above-mentioned report is concerned, to take on the full study. Top news about people's assessors, after all, will affect his life.
Old juror "case"
Liu Faxian weekend of the rule tells reporters, in his impression, he was invited to participate in the hearing is divorce, whether it is now, had just been hired as a juror when is true. "My primary court case, divorce the most".
He was involved in hearing the divorce case is interprovincial case.
One local lad while graduating from elementary school, but good looks, workers awareness of neighboring province during a college girl. After the wedding, the two different living habits is becoming a barrier to get along, often contradictory, the woman back to her mother 's, for years on end. Man to take proceedings before a court for that purpose, request dissolution of the marriage.
After the court hearing the case, invited Liu Faxian to trial. As a juror who has more than 10 years experience in court, Liu Faxian judicial proceedings have been familiar with, understanding of the facts, field investigations, and lawsuits for communication between them. After repeated communication, the woman on the phone agreed to divorce mediation. Are identified, Liu Faxian and judges together with the man to the woman's seat, the woman agreed to sign divorce mediation.
Liu Faxian recommended that the woman determine the place of conciliation, meet eventually at a small restaurant. Before the adjudicator and Liu Faxian, plaintiffs and defendants reached a mediated divorce settlement, lying on the table had signed.
"As long as the parties agree, even if she chose to sign on the street-side garbage cans, you treat her with respect, and to build up trust with her, disputes can be settled. "Liu Faxian explained his trial experience.
Liu Faxian juror experience since 2000. In that year, local courts personnel Act, and invited him to serve as a juror. "I've helped the Court of enforcement in a court, the court case. "Liu Faxian explained.
Was still in business law are considered Liu, agreed. After recommendation, County Court of review, in villages and towns County people's Congress appointed by County Court sent Liu Faxian Scarlet Letter: engage him as people's assessors of the Court.
But after appointment letters in hand, and no one invited him to participate in the trial until after the Spring Festival in 2003.
Liu Faxian memories: at that time, he lived only two judges and the court clerk, court cases and it is difficult to form a collegial panel and invited him to attend the proceedings.
Liu Fa now remember, he is involved in cases before the divorce for the first time. Woman sued, the man long out there, whether she and the children, asked for a divorce. The hearing, Liu Faxian was the woman's description was "very angry, I think, the woman is the modern Qin xianglian, man is Chen Shimei".
After two days, the President informed him that went full court cases collegiate. When the collegiate, he expressed that view. End of the collegiate, the President let them field surveys to understand the situation. Finally he found out, the woman said the man did not raise a child does not conform to the actual situation. Man while not directly raise children, by grandparents rearing children, the woman the same failing in a farfetched.
Since then, Liu Faxian appeared several times in court. Many times after taking part in the case, Liu Faxian concludes: "when we participate in the adjudication of cases, and not to panic, not impatient, hear clients say that slowly, not saying the wrong thing, nor can you admired, jurors in court when exercising its powers, after all, and judges have equal powers, representing the country. ”
In August 2004, the ten-session of the national people's Congress adopted the decision on improving the people's jury system (hereinafter the decision).
Long-term study on the system of people's assessors Peng Xiaolong, Associate Professor, law school of Renmin University, said Liu Fa serves as the jury the background was started in 1998 by the Supreme Court on the active exploration of the reform of the jury system.
To the rule of law, Associate Professor Peng Xiaolong told reporters over the weekend, the people's juror system recovery are together since the early 90 's many social demand spawned results, hosted a judicial democracy, justice, strengthen judicial supervision, enhance judicial credibility and other expectations.
Involved in 70% cases
Compared with Liu Fa, Henan province xuchang County resident Li Weiheng juror experienced shorter, this is the 4th year.
40 year old Li Weiheng Liu Faxian and belong to the same country, youth project in Beijing in 2005, after returning to the country on his election as head of village, leaving the post to form his own construction company, 2010, appointed by local people's Congress, people's assessors.
Li Weiheng much busier than Liu Faxian, accepting the rule of law reporter, said in an interview over the weekend, notified to attend the proceedings of the Court, as long as time permits, he will attend. The last two months, are to attend the proceedings and hearing of cases including divorce, medical disputes, land disputes, etc.
Xuchang County Court weekend of the rule a President Zhang Yuan told a press conference, Li Weiheng involved in cases mainly involved in construction field and farmer workers ' wage areas, "he know about these professional fields."
Liu Faxian and Li Weiheng feeling is that jurors really can play a role to resolve conflicts, competent judges can't do things.
In a divorce dispute before a court once, both men and women due to some misunderstanding, sharp contradictions. Guy is not willing to accept the mediation of judges. In such a case, the Court invited the man with the village people's assessors Li Weiheng as jurors in the case, and participate in the hearing of the case and mediation.
Li Weiheng high prestige in the village, the man he was trust. Once you understand the conflicts between, Li Weiheng had communication with both men and women, respectively. Adjustable knot in less than half an hour about the case, so the couple back together.
Data confirms that the first half of last year alone, invite them to serve as jurors, County Courthouse, jury participate in more than 400 cases involving a total of more than 27, nearly 3 of every 4 case mediation closed, party clothes found rates of interest vs almost 100%.
This data is consistent with the situation in the country is.
Supreme People's Court President Zhou said in the report, the prominent role in the system of people's jurors in trials, the effect is obvious. National People's assessors participate in the hearing of cases percentage increase year by year, first half of the year before the national court of first instance procedure in case the jury rate is 71.7%.
Zhou revealed that since the implementation of the decision since 2005, existing jury 87,000 people all over the country, has more than one-second of the basic people's Court judge, participate in the processing of cases total more than 8 million visitors participate in the processing of cases total number amounted to nearly 6.3 million.
How to be a people's assessor? Liu Faxian to the rule of law the weekend explaining his "secrets": "for rural parties to conciliation, same as you squat down, regardless of what he gave you a cigarette, you suck; dirty again in his house, he gave you some water, you drink; he'll get you didn't wash apples wash, you gnaw. So he can accept you, and communicating with you. ”
Associate Professor Peng Xiaolong study found that people's assessors of the prominent role of mediation. According to information released the first national meeting of people's assessors of the Court, jurors in cases before the 80% above did mediation closed.
Peng Xiaolong said jury role in prominent cases in special areas. In 2007, the Supreme People's Court displayed in 64 national outstanding people's assessors, a considerable proportion come from specialized areas of intellectual property, labor disputes.
Jurors must come from the grass-roots level
Liu Fa years driven by his interest in participating in the grand jury and honor, "we possibly tell you", but he also found that some jurors began to attend the proceedings enthusiasm after this enthusiasm gradually subsided.
Liu Faxian believes that one of the possible reasons is that training is inadequate to the jurors. Cases are highly professional, not as a judge familiar with the case, so, in the face of complex cases, and some jurors unable to adapt to court, doing the work sucks.
"I attended 7 times hearing benefits more than 20 bucks, this money can do what? Don't say this money is 50 bucks, and a lot of people are not going to. To attend the proceedings, as well as Collegiate cases, sentencing, delay is not for a long time. "Liu Faxian pointed out. Maybe that's why, after several jurors went, did not want to continue to perform their duties.
To the rule of law in a primary court judge of Beijing weekend with respect, in his eyes, the juror is a "stand".
"I studied law for 7 years, after the national judicial examination and the national civil service examination, started from the court clerk, assistant judges began hearing the case. They were selected as jurors, to participate in the trial, how could give their professional opinions on cases? "The judge said.
"Walk without trial" is not alone. He Jiahong, Professor of Renmin University Law School wrote in the media said that their China Court "Webcast" section under "is now in session" column published a total of 292 criminal cases heard between January 2010 and empirical analysis is carried out. Results showed that the 177 cases in which jurors involved in the trial, jurors in court, there is no question of more than 98% almost 70% jury does not exchange with the presiding judge in the trial process. The vast majority of jurors in court during the trial heard before playing a negative role.
Another looked forward to Liu Faxian was, the selection of jurors to consider the actual situation. In practice, which generally require jurors have college educated, rural areas, the literacy of the jurors is not easy.
In this regard, consideration of reports made by Zhou Qiang Chief, members of the national people's Congress, Han Xiaowu suggested that jury selection should be downplayed, occupation or academic qualifications, expertise, "elitist" background, highlighting the "common people." As to the lack of people's assessors in terms of legal knowledge, through training, and the jury's own efforts to make up for it.
Zhou said in the report, will advance the people's assessors "doubling plan", in an effort to 2-3 within the national court the jury rose to around 200,000. To focus the jury's representative and inclusive, efforts to improve the masses especially the workers, peasants, rural workers, veterans, groups such as the proportion of communities, and ensure that the masses of the new jury of not less than two-thirds per cent.
Zhang Yuan's view, greatest value lies in participation in the hearing of jurors, "If jurors can't sit in court, everything is empty". System design goal should be to ensure that jurors are able to participate in the trial.
Further improve the relevant legislation
The end of September this year, Tang Weijian, a professor at Renmin University law school to attend the East Asia revealed during the International Conference on judicial reform, the Supreme Court and the Supreme People's Court is studying the reform of the jury system.
Zhou was confirmed by the statement in the report that the message: "recently, judicial interpretation of the Supreme People's Court is in the process of change on people's assessors work, improving and perfecting the people's assessors review and identified in Beijing and other parts of the 10 provinces and the I-, grass-roots people's courts further improve the people's juror system reform. ”
Zhou Qiang also practical difficulties to solve people's assessors make recommendations: to further improve relevant legislation.
At the time of its consideration of the reports, attend the meeting of the national people's Congress Li Zelin thinks the answer "there without trial, and not on the" problems, first of all, to build up the people's jury system, clearly the people's jury system in the Constitution, the Basic Law provides for basic litigation system in our country.
Associate Professor Peng Xiaolong studies suggest that current jury there is some function of alienation, from judicial oversight into a judicial subsidiary, is played by human complement and coordinate the role of the people and knowledge to provide.
Peng Xiaolong noted that, based on the current reality of Chinese judicial practice needs, perhaps should be approached in a pragmatic and open perspective to look at the practice of jury system in China and its future development. Future reforms will focus from the function of alienation towards the differentiation of functions through diversification to achieve the people's assessors of various functions of the system to meet the needs of different social subjects. On one hand, objective understanding and actively promote the jurors as the subsidiary role of the judiciary, on the other, to address problems faced by jurors as a judicial watchdog.
Peng Xiaolong recommends that the reform direction of the previous role was that of the expert jury practices throughout the regular, in juvenile cases, working in specialized areas such as cases established experts in the jury system. Summary throughout the judicial socialization practices through jury, trial by jury composed of community courts, relatively independent to deal with mainly minor cases involving private benefits, social impact is unlikely.
Peng Xiaolong reform direction and suggestions of the latter role is, pay attention to the quality rather than the quantity of people's participation in the trial, to upgrade the juries in those cases involving public interests, social influence.
Law weekend(我国将改革人民陪审员制度 解决陪而不审现象|陪审员|制度|法院_新闻资讯2013年10月30日00:36（编辑：SN091）
法治周末记者 陈磊
过去的一周，刘法现为一起离婚官司费尽口舌，最终促成了官司双方调解结案。今年50多岁的刘法现是河南省一家基层人民法院的陪审员，受邀参与法庭审理的经历已经超过了10年。
10月23日上午，十二届全国人大常委会审议了最高人民法院《关于完善人民陪审员制度的决定》的执行和人民陪审员工作情况的报告。
刘法现对上述报告非常关心，还找来全文研究。毕竟有关人民陪审员的高层消息，将实际影响他的生活。
老陪审员的“审案经”
刘法现告诉法治周末记者，在他的印象中，他受邀参与审理的多是离婚官司，不论是现在，还是刚被聘为陪审员的时候，都是如此。“我所在的基层法院受理的案子，离婚官司最多”。
他刚刚参与审理的这起离婚官司还是跨省官司。
当地一位小伙子虽然小学毕业，但人长得帅，在打工期间认识了邻省一位大专毕业的姑娘。婚后，两人不同的生活习惯渐渐成了相处的障碍，经常闹矛盾，女方因此回了娘家，一去就是几年。男方为此向法院提起诉讼，要求解除婚姻。
法院受理案件后，邀请刘法现参加审理。作为一名有着十余年法庭审理经验的陪审员，刘法现已经对司法程序驾轻就熟，了解案情、实地调查、与官司双方进行沟通。经过反复沟通后，女方在电话里同意调解离婚。得到确认后，刘法现和审判员一起带着男方赶到女方所在地，让女方在同意离婚调解书上签字。
刘法现建议让女方确定调解地点，最终约在一家小饭馆见面。在审判员和刘法现面前，原告和被告达成调解离婚协议，趴在桌子上签了字。
“只要当事人同意，哪怕她选择在街边的垃圾桶上签字都行，你尊重她，跟她建立起信任，纠纷就能解决。”刘法现这样解释他的审案经验。
刘法现的陪审员经历始自2000年。当年，当地法院相关人员联系刘法现，邀请他担任陪审员。“我以前在法院执行庭帮过忙，了解法院情况。”刘法现解释说。
当时还在经商的刘法现经过考虑，同意了。经过乡镇推荐、县法院审查、县人大常委会任命，由县法院给刘法现发了大红聘书：聘请他担任法院人民陪审员。
但聘书拿到手之后，并没有人邀请他参加庭审，直到2003年春节过后。
刘法现回忆：当时，他居住地的法庭只有两个审判员和一名书记员，审理案件时难以组成合议庭，邀请他参加庭审。
刘法现记得，他第一次参与审理的案件是一起离婚官司。女方起诉称，男方长期在外面，不管她和孩子，要求离婚。开庭时，刘法现听了女方的叙述，“非常气愤，我就认为，女的就是现代的秦香莲，男的就是陈世美”。
过了两天，庭长通知他去参加合议庭合议案件。合议时，他就把这种看法表达出来。合议结束，庭长让他们去实地调查，了解情况。结果他发现，女方说男方没有抚养孩子不符合实际情况。男方虽然没有直接抚养孩子，但孩子一直由爷爷奶奶养育，女方同样没有尽到抚养义务。
此后，刘法现多次出现在法庭上。多次参加案件审理后，刘法现总结道：“在参与审理案件时，不能慌，不能躁，慢慢听当事人说，不能说错话，也不能闹笑话，毕竟陪审员在法庭上行使职权时与法官有同等权力，代表着国家。”
2004年8月，十届全国人大常委会通过了《关于完善人民陪审员制度的决定》(以下简称《决定》)。
长期研究人民陪审员制度的中国人民大学法学院副教授彭小龙表示，刘法现担任人民陪审员的背景是最高法院1998年开始对此前存在的人民陪审员制度进行改革的积极探索。
彭小龙副教授向法治周末记者表示，人民陪审员制度的复苏，是上世纪90年代以来多种社会需求合力催生的结果，承载了推进司法民主、维护司法公正、强化司法监督、提高司法公信力等多重期望。
参与七成案件审理
相比于刘法现，河南省许昌县居民李卫恒的陪审员经历比较短，今年是第4年。
今年40岁的李卫恒和刘法现同属一个县，青年时代在北京搞工程，2005年回到农村后当选为村委会主任，卸任后组建了自己的建筑公司，2010年，被当地人大常委会任命为人民陪审员。
李卫恒比刘法现忙得多，在接受法治周末记者采访时表示，法院通知参加庭审，只要时间允许，他都会参加。最近两个月都有参加庭审，审理的案件包括离婚纠纷、医疗纠纷、宅基地纠纷等。
许昌县法院一位庭长张远告诉法治周末记者，李卫恒参与审理的案件主要涉及建筑施工领域和拖欠农民工工资领域，“他对这些专业领域比较了解”。
刘法现和李卫恒的感受是，陪审员确确实实能起到一定化解矛盾的作用，能干审判员干不了的事情。
法院曾经审理的一起离婚纠纷中，男女双方因为一些误会，矛盾尖锐。男方不愿接受法官的调解。在这种情况下，法院邀请与男方同村的人民陪审员李卫恒作为该案的陪审员，参与该案的审理和调解。
李卫恒在村里威信高，男方对他也比较信得过。了解双方的矛盾后，李卫恒便与男女双方分别进行了沟通。不到半个小时就调结了此案，使夫妻俩重归于好。
数据证实，仅去年上半年，邀请他们担任陪审员的县法院，27名陪审员共参与各类案件400多件，每4件案子中将近3件调解结案，当事人服判息诉率几乎达100%。
这一数据与全国的情况也相一致。
最高人民法院院长周强在报告中透露，人民陪审员制度在审判工作中作用突出，效果明显。全国人民陪审员参加审理的案件比例逐年提高，今年上半年全国法院审理的一审普通程序案件陪审率已达71.7%。
周强透露，《决定》自2005年实施以来，全国各地现有人民陪审员8.7万人，已超过基层人民法院法官的二分之一，参加审理案件共计超过800万人次，参加审理案件总数共计接近630万件。
如何当好人民陪审员？刘法现向法治周末记者解释了他的“秘诀”：“给农村当事人调解时，你跟他一样蹲下来，不论他递给你的是什么香烟，你吸着；他的屋里再脏，他给你倒水，你喝着；不管他给你拿的苹果洗没洗，你啃着。这样他就能接受你，跟你沟通。”
彭小龙副教授研究发现，人民陪审员的调解作用突出。根据第一次全国法院人民陪审员工作会议公布的信息，陪审员参与审理的案件80%以上做到了调解结案。
彭小龙还表示，专门领域案件中人民陪审员作用比较突出。在2007年最高人民法院评选出来的64名全国优秀人民陪审员中，有相当大的比例来自于知识产权、劳动纠纷等专门领域。
陪审员要来自基层
刘法现多年参加陪审的动力来自于他的兴趣和荣誉感，“大家抬举你”，但他也发现，有的陪审员刚开始参加庭审热情高涨，以后这种热情慢慢减退。
刘法现认为，可能的原因之一在于对陪审员的培训力度不够。案件审理专业性非常强，无法像审判员一样熟悉案情，所以，面对复杂的案件，有的陪审员无法适应庭审，干着干着就没劲了。
“我参加7次庭审补助二十多块钱，这钱能干啥？别说这点钱，就是五十块钱，很多人都不会去。参加庭审，还有合议案件、宣判，耽误的可不是半天。”刘法现指出。或许正因如此，有的陪审员去了几次之后，就不愿意继续履行职务了。
北京市某基层法院一位法官向法治周末记者直言，在他的眼中，陪审员就是一个“摆设”。
“我学了7年法律，经过国家司法考试和国家公务员考试，从书记员干起，到助理审判员开始参与审理案件。他们只要被遴选为陪审员，就能参与审理案件，怎么可能一来就对案件发表专业意见？”该法官表示。
“陪而不审”并非个例。中国人民大学法学院教授何家弘在媒体上撰文表示，他们对中国法院网“网络直播”栏目下的“现在开庭”子栏目所登载的2010年1月至12月审理的共计292起刑事案件进行了实证分析。结果显示，其中陪审员参与审理的177起案件中，超过98%的陪审员在法庭上没有提问；近七成陪审员在庭审过程中没有与审判长进行过交流。绝大多数陪审员在法庭审判过程中扮演了消极听审的角色。
刘法现的另一个期待是，陪审员的遴选要考虑实际情况。实践中，一般要求陪审员具有大专以上文化程度，像农村地区，这种文化程度的陪审员可不好找。
对此，在审议周强院长所作报告时，全国人大常委会委员韩晓武建议，人民陪审员的选任应当淡化学历、职业、专业知识等“精英化”背景，突出体现“平民化”。至于人民陪审员在法律知识方面的不足，可以通过培训以及陪审员自身的努力学习来弥补。
周强在报告中透露，将推进人民陪审员“倍增计划”，努力在2至3年内将全国法院人民陪审员数量增至20万左右。要注重强调人民陪审员的代表性和广泛性，努力提高基层群众特别是工人、农民、进城务工人员、退伍军人、社区居民等群体的比例，确保基层群众所占比例不低于新增人民陪审员的三分之二。
张远认为，陪审员最大的价值在于参与庭审，“如果陪审员不能在开庭时到庭，一切都是空谈”。制度设计的目标应该是如何确保陪审员能够参与庭审。
进一步完善相关立法
今年9月底，中国人民大学法学院教授汤维建在出席东亚司法改革国际学术研讨会期间透露，最高立法机关和最高人民法院正在研究人民陪审制度的改革方案。
周强在报告中的表述证实了这一消息：“最近，最高人民法院正着手修改关于人民陪审员工作的司法解释，改进和完善人民陪审员参审机制，并确定在北京等10个省市的部分中级、基层人民法院开展进一步完善人民陪审员制度改革试点。”
周强还为切实解决人民陪审员工作存在的实际困难提出建议：进一步完善相关立法。
在审议上述报告时，列席会议的全国人大代表李泽林认为，解决“陪而不审，审而不议”的问题，首先要建立人民陪审制度，从宪法、基本法上明确将人民陪审制度规定为我国基本的诉讼制度。
彭小龙副教授研究认为，当前的人民陪审已出现某种程度的职能异化，从司法监督者变成了司法辅助者，扮演的是人力补充、协调人和知识提供者的角色。
彭小龙指出，基于当前我国司法实践的现实需求，或许应当以一种务实和开放的视野来审视我国陪审制度的实践及其未来的发展。今后的改革可以侧重于从职能异化走向职能分化，通过制度设计的多元化来实现人民陪审员的多种功能，满足不同社会主体的需求。一方面，客观认识并积极推进陪审员作为司法辅助者发挥作用；另一方面，着力解决陪审员作为司法监督者面临的问题。
彭小龙建议，对前一角色的改革方向是，将各地聘请专家陪审员的做法予以常规化，在青少年案件、劳动案件等专门领域案件中建立专家陪审制度。总结各地通过陪审实现司法社会化的做法，试点由陪审员组成社会法庭，相对独立地处理主要涉及私人利益、社会影响力不大的轻微案件。
彭小龙对后一角色的改革方向及建议是，注重民众参与审判的质量而非数量，着力提升陪审员在那些牵涉公共利益、社会影响力大的案件中的作用。
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