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The author:(作者)delvpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/8 9:52:03 The matrix! Chip implanted brain-mind control
Refers to the most powerful computers in the world right now, I'm afraid a lot of people think of super computers. Simulate nuclear explosions, and solve the problem of end of the world, it sounds cool, but in reality is far away from our lives. We want to talk about today is not such a super machine, but can really change the way we live, making the future a tangible thing--chip instead of a human brain.
United States Science today published the report displays the contents of the Web site on a daily basis, Switzerland and the United States of neural information science researchers together, successfully developed a novel microchip process to simulate in real time the brain process information. The latest research will help scientists produce cognitive systems that interact with the surrounding environment in real time.
Major challenges to do this, it is configured by the network of artificial neurons, allow it to perform a specific task. Switzerland scientists have now succeeded in conquering the difficulties, they developed a Neuromorphic systems to perform complex sensory-motor tasks in real time, and use of the system, and demonstrates a need for short-term memory as well as the causes and consequences of the decision task, this task is indispensable for cognitive testing.
During the presentation, they will be merged into this artificial neurons capable of performing neural processing module network these processing module with the so-called "finite state machine", as the ability to formulate and therefore can use an automated way, be transferred to a Neuromorphic hardware. "Finite state machines" is a mathematical concept used to describe the logical process or computer program. Indiveri said: "this network connection is very similar to the pattern found in the mammalian brain structure. ”
This is the first time scientists show how to construct this real-time hardware neural processing systems. Indiveri concludes: "we developed a new method of Neuromorphic chips like ' Transformers ', construct different kinds of behavior patterns. New research is essential to develop new brain-inspired technology. "For example, the scientists were able to use this technology, the Neuromorphic chip with sensing element (for example, artificial cochlear or retinal detachment) together, to create a complex cognitive systems that interact with the surrounding environment in real time.
Because the Neuromorphic chip can handle input in real time and respond to information, and experts believe that this technique will hopefully towards practical, allow robots in complex environments, without human remote control for automatic job.
The use of this technology will also hopefully in the future and allow the computer to continue functioning if part is damaged, and like the human brain, the daily loss of millions of brain cells, but their overall thinking ability is continued normal operation.
Brain "power": email, play games, and TV
United States neural Dynamics expert at Brown University Professor yuehan·duonuogu after more than 10 years of painstaking research, developed a set of names for "brain" (BrainGate) Bionic systems. He first took a 4 mm square electronic chip implanted precentral gyrus of the cerebral motor cortex in patients with paralysis, because of the cerebral cortex controls movement of the body limbs. He then began training with the help of ideas to complete the action.
"Brain of door" system of work principle is: Dang patients began imagine themselves movement Shi, chip Shang total 100 gold than head hair also fine, and 1 mm long of electronic sensor will brain issued of pulse signal records down, then through a root root small of wire transmission to mosaic in patients scalp within of a a inches size of titanium base Shang, again will pulse signal through wire transmission to computer, computer will signal conversion into action directive, by one by one electronic device to Executive.
Duonuogu says: even if the damage to the spinal cord, and movement in the brain signals can be recorded and sent to the outside of the brain, and can be decoded into control signals. After obtaining this discovery, in the laboratory, research and testing of such devices, and finally decided to try this device to paralyzed people.
Since 2004, led by Professor duonuogu 4 patients with paralysis research group has been "brain" system test. First test objects are now 25 years old United States Massachusetts boy maxiu·nageer. Mr Nagel examined 3 years ago when participating in an assassination is a sharp knife to cut off the spine and paralyzed body from neck lost all feeling below, limbs are unable to move. After 9 months of hard training, Mr Nagel examined many previously watched helplessly as can be done through the ideas of actions: move cursor, open e-mail messages, play computer games, simply adjust the TV volume, switch channels, and so on. Recently, he even learned through mind control, fake finger, grasp and move objects this kind of stunt.
Multitasking, you chat without delay
Mr Nagel examined while chatting with others, with ideas to complete these various activities, even though occasionally some deserted, he moved his computer screen cursor's accuracy rate of up to 75% per cent, which means that Mr Nagel examined when the brain sends the movement does not need 100% focus, it is very important for his future life. In 2005, Mr Nagel examined after the initial successful trial excitedly said: "it's amazing! since I was injured, and whole depression for 2 years. This is the 3rd year I was injured, is ' mind ' changed all that, I can't believe it. I want to tell those friends with disabilities, never give up, life could be better. ”
Noteworthy is that not all subjects are so lucky as Mr Nagel examined. Another, aged 55, launched in 1999, was implanted in the brain of patients with spinal injuries "brain" system, a start can also use mind control movement, but less than one year to an electronic sensor will not be able to receive the signal to the brain. Scientists are now a thorough investigation into the cause of the failure.
In the 80 's cyberpunk science fiction, the so-called "neural implant", one computer is directly connected to the brain and stuff. After implanting electrodes in the skull, can alone in patients with brain signals to control artificial limbs.
Opened the prelude to a new scientific research, and the ultimate goal of this study is, bypass due to stroke, paralysis of limbs, brain of the effective implementation of the directive. Pass nerve signals from the brain to the outside world. Similarly, scientists are also studying how signals passing in the opposite direction, that is stimulated by electrical signals the monkey cerebral cortex, forming feedback, can monkeys really feel the machine arm is touching the stuff.
Development of human wisdom beyond the physical limits
However, during the manufacture of alternatives in other parts of the brain and nervous system, how far can we go yet? apart from the control computer pointers or manipulators,, this technique can be done a certain way, made approximately 100 billion neurons in the brain a "secret database", just like the novel's plot, used to store the stolen industrial secrets or other data about a table?
On human intelligence development beyond the physical limits of their dreams, there are a lot of scientists have been looking forward, our higher cognitive brain circuits of virtually nothing. Only by understanding the nervous system works, we can put information into the brain, which describes all the magic of the real saibopeng a reality.
However, the human mind, including daily our routine, emotional connection, or to the competent judge of the world, were simply copied directly to a machine to, I am afraid that is impossible to achieve something.
But really can enter the brain part of the war and peace, or, as in the matrix in the driving manual helicopter "Download" brain do? could party without case, stored in his memory, one sentence?
One might ask, what combination of brains and machines interact which change can bring to our lives. For example, technological developments today, using mind control robotic arms and a cursor on a computer screen, although such action is not so high, but at least you can lose some higher cognitive information in mind, it is an inevitable process of development?
Simple device that connected to the brain within the skull has been in existence for hundreds of thousands of people. Deafness and cochlear implantation in patients with severe impairment of hearing (the cochlea) and the collected sounds into a microphone to stimulate the auditory nerve signals, thereby creating artificial hearing. This unit is United States University of California at Santa Barbara, neuroscientist Michael · S · Gazzaniga (MichaelS.Gazzaniga) known as the first successful neural prosthetic devices in human history. Electrode arrays as artificial retina has been around in the laboratory. If this is feasible, it will let humans equipped with night vision capability.
Germany University of Tubingen niersi·baierbomo (NielsBirbaumer) is one of the leading researchers of the technology, he claimed, used magnetic signals outside the skull repeated stimulation of the cerebral cortex, with electrode caps record at which neurons are activated, you can find the "see" and "run" position on these words in the cerebral cortex. Once the mapping is set up, you can control the distribution of neurons in specific areas to induce a corresponding memory--at least in theory.
On Intelligent robot will be beyond human
In 2010, there a brain computer interfaces have triggered widespread concern, at that time it was the world's first machine can be entered for a human, it atresia syndrome and other diseases that have an impact on normal traffic with design. Brain computer, as the name suggests, experts hope they can simulate the entire human brain, combined with all of the information revealed so far about the mysteries of the brain operating mode, on the screen and copy the information, express the information of an individual cell and molecular level.
Collaborative working of the human brain--computer technology by a new technology called GugerTechnologies, build, named Intendix, through the EEG to identify characters on the screen, users need to be trained in about 10 minutes you can easily enter text.
Although it feels less convenient to use, Intendix is brain computer interface research and commercialization has taken a small step forward.
The European Union, the United States and Switzerland at present is in the process of developing neural network computer simulation of the brain process information, copying hopes to simulate biological neuron artificial intelligence system. This new type of computer "brain chips" is quite different from the traditional computer "brain chips". It can utilize similar neural computing method of the human brain, low-power and fault-tolerance is the big advantage compared to conventional digital computers, it will be highly intelligent, cognitive learning, self-organization, synthesis of fuzzy information processing will also be a major step forward.
But some people expressed concern about: the fitting of such chips on Intelligent robot will be beyond human and even pose a threat to humans?
Many scientists think that such worries are completely unnecessary. Intelligence, IQ is equivalent to 4-year-olds currently robot intelligence, robot's "common sense" came farther than healthy adults. United States scientists Robert b.Sloan recently said: "we will take a 8-year-olds able to answer complex questions, have knowledge of artificial intelligence program is still very far away. "Japan Hirose Mau male scientists agree that even robots with common sense in the future and be able to replicate itself, is unlikely to pose a threat to humans.
It is worth mentioning that, Zhou Haizhong, published in 1990, the Chinese scientists pointed out in an article on the robot: robot is not omnipotent; it can in terms of processing speed and memory function beyond human, but in terms of awareness, reasoning cannot be beyond human beings. In addition, robots will become "smart", but there can only be in accordance with the principles of the programme of action, serving mankind, for the benefit of mankind.
Experts hope capable of simulating the human brain as a whole, combined with all of the information revealed so far about the mysteries of the brain operating mode, on the screen and copy the information, express the information of an individual cell and molecular level. By extension, will be able to bring more medical help. Such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, could even reveal how the human brain to think and make decisions, understanding like this fatal neurological disease with the help of revolutionary.
Integration of man and machine, end human civilization
Apart from the above, I have to say is the recently implemented information in human brain reading technology, the research team from the University of California information read accuracy rates of up to 90% of the human brain, common in science fiction movies of the "mind-reading" seems to become a reality. Auxiliary equipment and the technology is not only in language has enormous potential and providing groundwork for brain-machine system, provides a new model for artificial intelligence research.
Apple recently mired in China factory problems, and had created a sensation a dozen Foxconn even jumping tragedy, GOU introduced millions of robots on the combination of news, artificial intelligence, robots could replace humans, though not alarmist, but it is also worth thinking about the problem. Recent United States scientists on the machine read the study of brain activity, provides a new way of thinking for the development of artificial intelligence:-mechanical systems of the brain, the computer by reading the instructions of the human brain. You can solve the problem of working conditions, and they are not so many workers were laid off.
Some scientists believe, as one on Astrophysics invalidates any law of Physics "singularity" (Singularity), information technology is moving towards "superhuman intelligence", "singularity". The Times article noted that the inventor, computer scientist and leimengde·kuziweier believe that singular points of information technology came in 2045, when artificial intelligence will surpass human brains, completely change the meaning of humanity, integration with the machine as "superhuman", and gained through the development of science and technology "eternal life".
When artificial intelligence beyond human wisdom, human body, mind, and even human civilization will be completely and irreversibly altered. Kurzweil believes that this moment is not only inevitable, but also will be needed. According to his calculations, about 34 years later, integration of human and machine, human civilization is coming to an end.
(黑客帝国到来！芯片植入脑 意念控制动作 | IT资讯网2013年08月21日
现在提到世界上最强大的计算机，恐怕很多人想到的还是超级计算机。什么模仿核爆，什么解决世界末日的问题，听起来很炫，但实际上离我们的生活确实很远。今天我们要谈的不是这样的超大机器，而是真正可以改变我们生活，让未来变得更具体的东西——芯片代替人脑。
美国每日科学网站今天刊发的报道内容显示，瑞士和美国的神经信息学研究人员携手，首次成功研制出一种新奇的微芯片，能够实时模拟大脑处理信息的过程。最新研究将有助于科学家们制造出能同周围环境实时交互的认知系统。
做到这一点面临的主要挑战，是配置由人造神经元组成的网络，让其能执行特定的任务。瑞士科学家现在已经成功地攻克了这一难关，他们研发出一种神经形态系统，能够实时执行复杂的感觉运动任务，并借用这一系统，演示了一个需要短期记忆以及前因后果的决策任务，这一任务对于认知测试不可或缺。
在演示过程中，他们将这种人造神经元合并成能执行神经处理模块的网络，这些处理模块与所谓的“有限状态机”一样，能够将行为用公式表示出来，因此能采用一种自动化的方式，将其转移到神经形态硬件内。“有限状态机”是一个数学概念，用来描述逻辑过程或者计算机程序。因迪韦里说：“这种网络连接模式与哺乳动物大脑内发现的结构非常类似。”
这是科学家们首次演示如何构造出这种实时的硬件神经处理系统。因迪韦里总结道：“我们采用新方法研制出的神经形态芯片可以像‘变形金刚’一样，构造出不同类型的行为模式。新研究对研发出新的脑启发技术至关重要。”例如，科学家们可以借用这一技术，将芯片同传感神经形态元件(例如人造耳蜗或视网膜)结合在一起，制造出复杂的能同周围环境实时交互的认知系统。
由于神经形态芯片可以实时处理输入的信息并作出回应，有关专家认为这项技术将有望走向实用化，从而允许机器人在复杂环境中，在不受人类远程遥控的情况下实现自动作业。
这项技术的采用还将有望在未来让计算机能够在有部件损坏的情况下继续运作，就像人类的大脑那样，每天损失数以百万计的脑细胞，但是其整体的思维能力却仍然继续正常运转。
大脑“发功”：收邮件、玩游戏、调电视
美国布朗大学神经动力学专家约翰·多诺古教授历经10多年苦心研究，开发出了一套名为“大脑之门”(BrainGate)的仿生系统。他首先将一块4毫米见方的电子芯片植入瘫痪患者大脑运动皮层的中央前回处，因为这里的大脑皮层控制着全身肢体的运动。然后，他开始训练患者借助意念完成各项动作。
“大脑之门”系统的工作原理是：当患者开始想像自己运动时，芯片上总共100枚比头发丝还细、1毫米长的电子传感器将大脑发出的脉冲信号记录下来，然后通过一根根细小的导线传输到镶嵌在患者头皮内的一块一英寸大小的钛基座上，再将脉冲信号通过导线传输给电脑，电脑将信号转换成动作指令，由一个个电子装置去执行。
多诺古教授表示：即使脊髓受损，大脑中的运动信号仍然能够被记录和发送至大脑外，并且可以被解码成控制信号。在获得这一发现后，他们在实验室内，研究和测试了这种装置，最后决定将这一装置试用到瘫痪者身上。
从2004年起，多诺古教授牵头的科研小组先后对4名瘫痪患者进行了“大脑之门”系统植入试验。第一名试验对象是现年25岁的美国马萨诸塞州小伙马休·纳格尔。纳格尔3年前参与一桩行刺事件时脊柱被利刃切断，高位截瘫，身体从脖颈以下失去所有知觉，四肢更是无法动弹。经过9个月的刻苦训练之后，纳格尔可以通过意念完成许多以前望而兴叹的动作：移动光标、打开电子邮件、玩简单的电脑游戏、调节电视音量、切换电视频道等。日前，他甚至还学会通过意念控制假手的手指，抓住并移动物体这类高难动作。
一心多用，做事聊天互不耽误
纳格尔可以一边和别人聊着天，一边借助意念完成上述各种活动，即使偶尔开点小差，他移动电脑屏幕光标的准确率也高达75%至85%，也就是说，纳格尔在用大脑发出各项运动指令时，并不需要100%集中注意力，这一点对于他的未来生活来讲非常重要。2005年，纳格尔在初次试验成功后曾经激动地说：“太神奇了!自从我受伤之后，整整消沉了2年。今年是我受伤的第3年，是‘大脑之门’改变了一切，简直难以置信。我想告诉那些残疾朋友，永远不要放弃，生活可以变得更加美好。”
值得指出的是，并非所有试验对象都像纳格尔那般幸运。另一位现年55岁、于1999年脊柱受伤的患者大脑里植入了“大脑之门”系统之后，一开始也可以通过意念控制运动，但是不到一年时间电子传感器就无法接收到大脑信号。目前科学家们正在彻查故障原因。
在80年代的cyberpunk科幻小说中，出现所谓的“神经植入装置”，一种把人脑和电脑直接相连的东西。在颅骨内植入电极后，患者就可以仅靠大脑神经信号来控制假肢。
这为一项新的科学研究拉开了序幕，而这项研究的最终目的是，绕开由于中风瘫痪的肢体，让大脑的指令得到有效执行。其实神经电信号是从大脑向外界传递的。同样，科学家也在研究电信号如何反方向传递，即通过电信号刺激猴子的大脑皮层，形成反馈，能让猴子真实地感觉机器手臂在触摸的东西。
人类智慧发展超越身体极限
不过，在制造大脑和神经系统其他部分的替代品方面，我们又能走多远呢?除了控制电脑指针或机械手外，这项技术能否通过某种方式，让大脑中大约1,000亿个神经元成为一个“秘密数据库”，就像小说中的情节那样，用来存放偷来的工业机密或其他数据表格呢?
其实关于人类智慧发展超越身体极限的梦想，有很多的科学家都曾经憧憬过，我们对于高级认知活动的大脑回路几乎一无所知。只有了解神经系统工作机制，我们才能把信息输入大脑，从而把赛博朋客中描述的种种神奇真正变成现实。
然而，要把人类的思维，包括日常我们的作息习惯、情感交流，亦或者对这个世界的主管判断，全都简单的直接的复制到某个机器中去，恐怕是无法实现的事情了。
可是真的能把一部《战争与和平》输入大脑，或者像《黑客帝国》里那样把直升机驾驶手册“下载”到大脑中吗?能不能在当事人毫无察觉的情况下，把一句话存储到他的记忆中?
有人也许会问，机器与大脑的结合交互到底能给我们的生活带来哪些改变。举个例子来讲，技术发展到今天，用思维控制机器手和电脑屏幕上的光标，虽然这样的操作算不得多么高端，但是至少可以往脑子里输一些高级认知信息，这是否一个必然的发展进程?
简单的接通大脑的装置其实已经存在于成千上万人的颅骨内。耳聋患者和听力重度受损的患者会植入人工耳蜗(cochlea)，把麦克风采集到的声音转化为刺激听觉神经的信号，从而产生人工听觉。这种装置被美国加利福尼亚大学圣巴巴拉分校的神经科学家迈克尔·S·加扎尼加(MichaelS.Gazzaniga)誉为人类历史上第一个成功的神经修复装置。用作人工视网膜的电极阵列也已经出现在实验室中。如果这项技术可行，它将会让人类具备夜视能力。
德国蒂宾根大学的尼尔斯·拜尔博默(NielsBirbaumer)是这项技术的主要研究者之一，他声称，采用颅骨外的磁信号对大脑皮层进行反复刺激，同时用电极帽记录哪些神经元被激活，就可以找到“see”和“run”这些词在大脑皮层上的位置。一旦这种映射建立起来，就可以通过控制特定区域神经元的电发放来诱发相应的记忆——至少理论上如此。
机器人将来是否会在智能上超越人类
其实在2010年出现的一种人脑接口计算机引发了普遍关注，当时这是世界上第一台可以用人脑输入的机器，它为闭锁综合征和其他对正常通信有影响的疾病患者设计。其实人脑计算机，顾名思义，专家们希望其能够模拟整个人类大脑，并结合迄今揭示关于大脑神秘运行方式的所有信息，并将这些信息复制在屏幕上，表达出单个细胞和分子等级的信息。
这种人脑——电脑协同工作的技术由一家叫GugerTechnologies的科技公司打造，命名为Intendix，它通过脑电图来确定屏幕上的字符，用户只需要被训练大约10分钟就可以轻松输入文字。
虽然当时用起来感觉还不那么方便，但Intendix已经为人脑计算机接口的研究方向和商业化程度迈出了一小步。
欧盟、美国和瑞士目前正在紧锣密鼓地研制模拟大脑处理信息的神经网络计算机，希望通过模拟生物神经元复制人工智能系统。这种新型计算机的“大脑芯片”迥异于传统计算机的“大脑芯片”。它能运用类似人脑的神经计算法，低能耗和容错性强是其最大优点，较之传统数字计算机，它的智能性会更强，在认知学习、自动组织、对模糊信息的综合处理等方面也将前进一大步。
不过也有人表示了担忧：装上这种芯片的机器人将来是否会在智能上超越人类，甚至会对人类造成威胁?
不少科学家认为，这类担心是完全没有必要的。就智能而言，目前机器人的智商相当于4岁儿童的智商，而机器人的“常识”比起正常成年人就差得更远了。美国科学家罗伯特·斯隆日前说：“我们距离能够以8岁儿童的能力回答复杂问题的、具有常识的人工智能程序仍然很遥远。”日本科学家广濑茂男也认为：即使机器人将来具有常识并能进行自我复制，也不可能对人类造成威胁。
值得一提的是，中国科学家周海中在1990年发表的《论机器人》一文中指出：机器人并非无所不能;它在运算速度和记忆功能方面可以超越人类，但在意识、推理等方面不可能超越人类。另外，机器人会越来越“聪明”，但只能按照制定的原则纲领行动，服务人类、造福人类。
专家们希望其能够模拟整个人类大脑，并结合迄今揭示关于大脑神秘运行方式的所有信息，并将这些信息复制在屏幕上，表达出单个细胞和分子等级的信息。由此延伸出来，便可以带来更多医学上的帮助。像是老年痴呆症和帕金森症，甚至能够揭晓人类大脑是如何思考和作出决定的，对于像这种理解致命性神经学疾病都有革命性的帮助。
人类与机器融合，人类文明终结
除了上面提的这些，不得不说的是最近又实现了人脑信息读取技术，来自加利福尼亚大学的研究小组人脑信息读取的准确率甚至高达90%，那些在科幻电影中常见的“读心术”似乎要成为现实。并且该技术不仅在语言辅助设备中有巨大潜力，而且为人脑—机械系统提供了铺垫，为人工智能研究提供了新的模式。
近来苹果深陷中国代工厂问题，而曾经轰动一时的富士康十几连跳的惨剧，结合上此前郭台铭引进百万机器人的消息，人工智能、机器人能否取代人类等等，虽然不能杞人忧天，但是却也是值得深思的问题。近来美国科学家一项关于机器读取大脑思想活动的研究，给人工智能的发展提供了一个新的思路：人脑-机械系统，电脑通过读取人脑的指令进行操作。即可解决工作环境的问题，又不会使得众多工人下岗。
一些科学家认为，正如天体物理学上存在着一个让所有物理定律都失效的“奇点”(Singularity)一样，信息技术也正朝着“超人类智能”的“奇点”迈进。《时代》杂志文章指出，发明家、计算机科学家雷蒙德·库兹韦尔相信，信息技术的奇点将在2045年到来，届时，人工智能将超越人脑，人类的意义彻底改变，与机器融合为“超人类”，并借助科技的发展而获得“永生”。
当人工智能超越人类智慧时，人类的身体、思维乃至人类文明都将发生彻底且不可逆转的改变。库兹韦尔相信，这一刻不但无法避免，而且还迫在眉睫。根据他的推算，大约34年之后，人类与机器融合，人类文明即将终结。
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