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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/12 0:04:16 Cao Cao’s 70 Sun in response to DNA identification
Cao Cao's family's DNA to determine crack Cao Cao's life puzzle
Between tieling and Tungkang, Cao Cao's descendants!
Yesterday, history and anthropology, Fudan University announced joint task group had been absolutely certain that Cao Cao's family's DNA has been found 9 Cao Cao's descendants (including 6 genealogy records), respectively from jixi, Anhui shucheng, Anhui haozhou, Anhui Jiangsu Yancheng, Jiangsu haimen, Guangdong's xuwen, Rushan, Shandong donggang, Liaoning tieling, Liaoning.
Around Cao Cao and his family life, also gradually cracked the genetic mysteries. Can now determine, Cao Cao is not a descendant of the Han dynasty Prime Minister CAO Shen, nor from the Shi adopt, the two historical rumors are wrong. Father of Cao Cao, actually coming from inside the family possessed.
Blood collected 79 surnamed Cao family comb 258 family tree
This joint task group formed by Professor of History Department of Fudan University, Vice President of the Chinese society for the history of the Wei, Jin and South Korea Seung led and key laboratory of contemporary anthropology, Fudan University Professor Li Hui, research for three years.
In 2009, external claims to Cao Cao discovered Tomb in Anyang City, Henan province. This news which is to raise a sense of excitement and controversy. Subsequently, Fudan University human genetics lab announced that the proposed study on Cao Cao's family's DNA with DNA technology. Cao Cao is a historical figure who lived 2000 years ago, searching for his DNA seems to be out of reach. Issues began to strut: If we can use human genes now drive the Devil Gene, which explains the mystery of Cao Cao's life?
Cao Cao Cao Cao's descendants and 2000 years ago "paternity", lock the DNA characteristics of Cao Cao is particularly important. First of all, anthropologist Li Hui needs reliable samples, which draws an image of a genetic map, see how many ancestors Cao last name comes from.
From 2009, national collection of Fudan University in Cao Cao's descendants. Experts across the country collected 79 280 men and 446 of the CAO family surnames, such as including Xiahou, venous blood samples from male volunteers, total final sample of more than 1000 patients.
Meanwhile, the historian Professor Han sheng 258 surnamed Cao genealogy all over the country do a thorough combing research, making reference to historical and local history, find Tsao migratory trail. After the steps of research, the team selection 8 supports genealogy, historical analysis Tsao ethnic groups with a certain credibility.
Their chances rare chromosome types fake three out of 10,000
Total of 3 billion base pairs of human DNA into 23 pairs of chromosomes and mitochondria, unique to the male y chromosome, base pairs are also relatively stable is the most suitable test object.
Research Group for these 8 Tsao population DNA for testing. After a complex sequence of y chromosome DNA testing eventually found 6 of which family belongs to the O2*-M268 of gene types. 6 O2*-M268 type samples of ancestral intersection in front of 1800 to 2000, this is the age of Cao Cao's life.
"These families together to check out a very rare chromosomal types, about 5% of the proportion of the national population. Assume that they are counterfeit, the coincidence probabilities is equal to the gene product of the proportion of the population, that is, 5% of five, so they fake the possibility of only three out of 10,000. In forensic science can therefore finds that they are true descendants of Cao Cao. "Fudan University Professor Li Hui explained.
Two teeth "testify" Cao Cao's patriarchal family of offerings
December 28, 2011, the team announced that it had positioned Cao Cao's family's DNA, and are most likely to find is of the Devil 6 populations for future generations. At that time, Li Hui estimated the type belongs to Cao Cao is the possibility of 92.71%.
In fact, as early as at the beginning of 2011, Han sheng, Li Hui, came to the tomb of the CAO clan – Bo Anhui (audio: b ?), found two teeth – all from the CAO clan was in the 70 's of the last century "Tomb bullions pit first," tomb unearthed.
Combined with archaeological excavations and the leader of the CAO clan mausoleum Paris, and excavation of human oral and "Yuen Bao pit-tomb of the first" brick Tomb inscription "hejian Fu ming" to finalize the two teeth are derived from Cao Cao's uncle grandfather – hejian Cao Ding.
After teeth of ancient DNA tests eventually determined that the teeth of ancient DNA in y chromosome type is found in O2*-M268.
The end of 2012, according to gene and DNA of modern two-factor-authentication,--100% research group at the final conclusions to determine DNA of Cao Cao's family. Among them, the genealogical records for modern 8 independent of the direct descendants of the CAO family, family y chromosome 6 rare O2*-M268, significant combined reached P=9x10 5, prove that Cao Cao's y chromosome is the type.
Bozhou, Anhui Cao Cao's ancestral tombs "Yuen Bao Tomb pit first," bones (Cao Tengdi hejian Cao Ding) also belong to this type, closely associated with the modern Cao Cao's descendants. Therefore, the father of Cao Cao's coming from inside the family, adoption, the family was not Cao Shen clan.
Huashang morning news director of Chinese business network reporters Yao Qidong
History textbooks will be rewritten
Han sheng said Fudan research breakthroughs in many historical mysteries, Tsao has at least three major historic breakthrough:
First, on the records of the three kingdoms, confirmed Cao Teng a descendant of Cao Shen Prime Minister Cao Cao's grandfather.
Crack: during this study on Cao Cao's family's DNA, the team also used the same method to verify the family genes of Han dynasty Prime Minister CAO Shen, confirmed that no connection with Cao Cao's family genes.
This leads to an important historical issue, this period was Patriarch of clan society, Cao Teng family how can you get? It is very easy to come by, and mixed to make national archives official in charge of the time believed him, as archival records in the annals of its inside, this is a serious problem of history and future composition of the Eastern Han dynasty the ruling class as a whole, its origins and a series of studies.
Secondly, in the Chronicles of the three kingdoms, the descendants formed opinion, believing that Cao Cao is the offspring of Shi, when even Fudan research group to the country to investigate, many of the Tsao people saying they are descendants Shi.
Break through Fudan University study, Shi genes is inconsistent with Cao Cao's family genes, so Cao Cao Shi adopt statement inaccurate.
Third, the study also met with new issues of anthropology, such as Nanjing around a village, their whole village named "f" Word, they take the initiative to contact research group say that they are the descendants of Cao Cao, by keeping away from misfortune and change their name to "fuck".
Crack: by doing all the genetic samples and found "f" name has nothing to do with Cao Jia.
This major study of Fudan or subvert the existing school textbooks, a number of conclusions, experts say, rewriting history textbooks are expected to.
Morning Chinese business Chinese business network journalist, Director Yao Qidong
Common people
Hundreds of years ago, is a
Fudan University research group seeking to Cao Cao's descendants, from the genetic level to verify the common people for the first time in hundreds of years ago, is indeed a.
Han sheng, Professor, Tsao DNA studies, is the world's first accurate to family genetic studies, and no ancient testing sample cases, according to the study of people, presumably out of the ancient family of genes. In addition, this study, involved in the study of the historical and cultural anthropology, and played a key role. It is understood that in the study, based on a jointly by anthropologists and historians involved in the history of the new discipline of anthropology is expected to produce. (Thanks to the Fudan University, Zhou Yangqing for help)
Gene validation
5 human gene proved to find "root"
Cao Qiang: Anhui ancestors
Tieling
"Finally determine their own ' root ', life is lived out. "Retired Cao Guoping said, will let children Tsao was a native of tieling sound better.
Media Research Group entirely sure of Fudan University announced yesterday after news of Cao Cao's family's DNA, tieling after Cao Cao Guoping Interestingly old couple were very happy.
Cao Guoping: lumbar Cao "three" blood tests that have found their ancestors
Cao Guoping elderly already 67 years old this year, it has been introduced for the elderly, a professor at Fudan University to bring the people back Cao in "three" 5 people attended the blood test, namely Cao Guoping, Cao Fuzhong, and Cao Yanhui (son of Cao Fuzhong), Cao Fengwu, and Cao Fengjun. According to Cao Guoping introduction, Cao Fuzhong out of his old generation, he has to call Cao Fuzhong Grandpa.
Cao Guoping said, tieling where Cao's family moved from to, he didn't listen to the elders had told them, doesn't even research.
According to reports, the current Cao Guoping brother two signed and 15 people. Cao Guoping has three sons, namely Cao Qiang, Cao Zhuang, and Cao Wei. Cao Qiang had a daughter, 23, currently senior read in East China.
Cao Qiang: no more dispute was surnamed Cao was Le
Cao Qiang, aged 47, is the eldest son Cao Guoping, itself a plastics business. Upon hearing the dissemination of messages, said Cao Qiang, the sense of Anhui "ancestor worship", and then contacts contact Cao Cao's descendants.
Said Cao Qiang, Chinese people are particular about their own "root" where this is no longer the analysis of historical sources, is a scientific validation, is completely up, "was originally home to the older generation who have had what should be Xiahou surnamed Cao was disputed, it was felt that they should be named Xiahou, it didn't, and Cao. ”
Expert: Cao Guoping a descendant of Cao Zhi
Former curator of the Museum Li Fengzuo introduced in tieling, tieling Cao's ancestry is from the Ming dynasty migrated, and Fudan University study shows, Cao Guoping the Clansman and shucheng of Anhui province's Cao Youping, who shared common ancestor before the 88 generation. According to the Anhui Cao family spectrum shows, Cao Youping 73rd generation grandson of Cao Zhi, it can be inferred that tieling waist Cao Guoping Fort should be a descendant of Cao Zhi.
Li Fengzuo said after the founding of new China, prolapse of Fort Street are almost always Cao, later moving away. Li Fengzuo said many villages in tieling Cao, there are places such as Shenyang, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces of Cao Cao Fort from tieling waist move these people out. They are our ancestors.
Huashang morning news Chinese business network chief reporter WEI Songlin
Cao Cao's 70 's suncaozuyi:
More convinced that descendants of Cao Cao Cao Xueqin
East point
As the latest results about Cao Cao's family DNA studies, Fudan University, donggang, 70 Cao Cao suncaozuyi Cao Xue-Qin Cao Cao's descendants this assertion once again confirmed.
Last night, when Cao Zuyi learned that seemed eerily quiet after the news, he said: "I've been convinced that my point of view, published by Fudan University study shows descendants of Cao Cao Cao Xueqin is entirely correct. ”
Since 1985, Cao Zuyi began focusing on the dream of, and widely circulated in the community will not Cao Cao Xueqin this topic thinking of future generations.
With this question, Cao Zuyi began genealogy specializes in researching and trying repeatedly to CAO read in terms of Red mansions, by coincidence, Cao Zuyi, Cao family unique writing and coincides with the dream of the artistic, the characters in the book also demonstrated with clarity. Cao Zuyi concluded that Cao Xueqin, surely the descendants of Cao Cao, so they began to "Rushan said" deep analysis, specializes in search basis.
After the integration of several favorable basis, Cao Zuyi was introduced in 1998, the national dream of his "Rushan says," this view, although scholars agree, but it also caused a lot of controversy.
Cao Zuyi said: "Although time did not accept my point of view, but I believe my ' Rushan ' merely because Cao family, I can understand Cao Xueqin in the dream of the character portrayed in the image for the template is based on the CAO family. ”
With this doctrine upon the availability of the scientific certification, said Cao Zuyi, will continue to develop in the dream of, "I also intend to compose a biography of Cao Xueqin, I fused together in various ways, such as fiction, academic, with my family perspective of Cao, Cao Xueqin wrote the history of the dream of the reflected face. ”
Huashang morning news Chinese business network reporter Liu Yang
(Edit: SN098)November 12, 2013 Huashang morning news(曹操70代孙回应DNA鉴定:确信曹雪芹是曹操后裔|曹操|家族|DNA鉴定_新闻资讯
曹操家族DNA确定 破解曹操身世谜团
铁岭、东港两地，都有曹操的后人！
昨日，复旦大学历史学和人类学联合课题组宣布，已经完全确定曹操家族的DNA，目前已找到9支曹操后人(其中6支有家谱记载)，分别来自安徽绩溪、安徽舒城、安徽亳州、江苏海门、广东徐闻、江苏盐城、山东乳山、辽宁东港、辽宁铁岭。
围绕曹操及其家族的身世、遗传之谜也随之逐步破解。目前可以确定，曹操并非汉代丞相曹参的后人，也并非从夏侯氏抱养，这两大历史传言均有误。曹操之父，实际来自家族内部过继。
采集79个曹姓家族血样 梳理258个家谱
本次联合课题组由复旦大学历史系教授、中国魏晋南北朝史学会副会长韩昇和复旦大学现代人类学教育部重点实验室李辉教授领衔，研究时间已有三年的时间。
2009年，河南省安阳市对外宣称发现曹操墓。此消息一出即引发轰动，同时也引发争议。随后，复旦大学人类遗传学实验室宣布，拟用DNA技术开展对曹操家族DNA研究。曹操本是生活在2000年前的历史人物，寻找他的DNA似乎遥不可及。课题随即开始另辟蹊径：能不能用现在人的基因反推曹操的基因，从而破解曹操的身世之谜呢？
要把曹操后人与2000年前的曹操进行“亲子鉴定”，锁定曹操的DNA特性就显得尤其重要。首先，人类学家李辉需要可靠的样本，从而绘制出一幅遗传图谱，看看曹姓到底来源于多少个祖先。
从2009年起，复旦在全国征集曹操后人。专家们在全国采集了79个曹姓家族的280名男性和446个包括夏侯、操等姓氏男性志愿者的静脉血样本，最终样本总量超过1000例。
与此同时，历史学家韩昇教授对全国各地258个曹姓家谱做了全面的梳理研究，并参照史书和地方志，找到曹氏迁徙的线索。经过这一步骤的研究，课题组筛选出8支持有家谱、经过史料分析具有一定可信性的曹氏族群。
他们染色体类型罕见 假冒几率千万分之三
人类DNA共有30亿个碱基对组合成23对染色体和线粒体，男性独有的、碱基对也比较稳定的Y染色体是最合适的检测对象。
课题组对这8支曹氏族群DNA进行检测。经过复杂的Y染色体DNA全序列检测，最终发现其中6个家族属于O2*-M268的基因类型。这6支O2*-M268类型样本的祖先交会点在1800年至2000年前，这正是曹操生活的年代。
“这些家族共同检出了一个非常罕见的染色体类型，这个比例在全国人口只占到5%左右。假定他们都是仿冒的，那么巧合概率就等于这个基因型所占人口比例的乘积，也就是5%的5次方，所以说，他们假冒的可能性只有千万分之三。因此在法医学上可以认定，他们是真实的曹操后代。”复旦大学李辉教授解释说。
两颗牙齿“作证”曹操之父系家族内部过继
2011年12月28日，课题组宣布已定位曹操家族DNA，并找到最有可能是曹操后代的6支族群。当时，李辉估算该类型属于曹操的可能性是92.71%。
事实上，早在2011年初，韩昇、李辉就来到曹氏宗族墓所在地——安徽亳(音：bó)州，找到两颗牙齿——均是在上世纪70年代从曹氏宗族墓“元宝坑一号墓”中出土的。
结合曹氏宗族墓考古挖掘领队李灿和现场挖掘人的口述和“元宝坑一号墓”的墓砖铭文“河间明府”，最终确定两个牙齿均来源于曹操叔祖父——河间相曹鼎。
经过对牙齿古DNA测试，最终确定该牙齿中的古DNA中Y染色体类型就是之前找到的O2*-M268。
2012年底，根据现代基因和古DNA的双重验证，课题组得出最终结论——100%确定曹操家族DNA。其中，家谱记载为曹操直系后代的现代8个独立家族中，有6个家族的Y染色体为少见的O2*-M268，显著性达到P=9×10﹣5，证明曹操Y染色体是该类型。
而安徽亳州的曹操祖辈墓葬“元宝坑一号墓”的遗骨(系曹腾弟河间相曹鼎)也属于此类型，与现代曹操后人紧密关联。故此，曹操之父来自家族内部过继，该家族并非曹参本族。
华商晨报 华商响网主任记者 姚琦东
历史教科书将可能改写
韩昇教授表示，复旦的研究突破了众多的历史谜团，就曹氏而言至少有三大历史性的新突破：
第一，在《三国志》记载上，确证曹操的爷爷曹腾是曹参丞相的后代。
破解：在这次曹操家族DNA的研究中，课题组也用同样方法验证了汉代丞相曹参的家族基因，证实与曹操的家族基因没有关系。
这就带来一个重要的历史问题，这个时期是门阀氏族的社会，曹腾家族怎么能混进去？这是很不容易的，而且混到让当时的国家档案馆掌管的官员都相信他，作为档案把它记录在史册里面，这是历史学的重大问题了，今后整个东汉统治阶级的成分，它的由来和一系列的研究就要展开。
第二，在《三国志》记载后人形成的观念里，认为曹操就是夏侯氏的后代，甚至复旦课题组到全国各地去调查的时候，很多曹氏人说自己是夏侯氏后代。
破解：通过复旦的研究，夏侯氏基因与曹操家族基因也不一致，因此曹操从夏侯氏抱养的说法也不准确。
第三，此次研究也碰到了人类学的新问题，比如南京周围有一个村庄，他们整个村姓“操”，他们主动联系课题组说他们是曹操的后人，因避祸所以改姓为“操”。
破解：通过做全体基因的采样分析，发现“操”姓跟曹家也没有关系。
复旦的这一重大研究也颠覆了现有历史教科书的众多结论，专家们认为，历史教科书将有望改写。
许多同姓人群
千百年前是一家
复旦大学课题组对曹操后代的追寻，也第一次从基因层面验证了许多同姓人群在千百年前确实是一家。
韩昇教授表示，这次的曹氏DNA研究，是世界上第一次把遗传基因研究精确到家族，并且是在没有古人检测样本的情况下，根据对后人的研究，推测出古代家族的基因。此外，这次研究中，人类学介入到了历史文化的研究中，并发挥了举足轻重的作用。据了解，在该研究课题的基础上，一门由人类学家和历史学家共同参与的历史人类学新学科有望产生。(感谢复旦大学周扬清提供帮助)
基因验证
5人基因证实寻到“根”
曹强：将去安徽祭祖
铁岭
“终于确定自己的‘根儿’了，这辈子也算活个明白。”已经退休的曹国平对记者说，一定让孩子把铁岭曹氏祖籍完善得更好。
媒体昨日公布复旦大学课题组完全确定曹操家族DNA的消息传开后，铁岭的曹操后人曹国平老两口听后非常高兴。
曹国平：腰堡曹家“三支”验血，找到了老祖宗
曹国平老人今年已经67岁，据老人介绍，当时复旦大学一个教授带人来的，腰堡的曹家有“三支”5人参加了抽血检验，分别是曹国平、曹福忠、曹延辉(曹福忠之子)，曹凤武、曹凤军。据曹国平介绍，曹福忠年纪没他大但辈大，他得管曹福忠叫爷爷。
曹国平称，铁岭曹氏家族到底从哪儿搬迁来的，他没听长辈提起过，自己也没调查研究过。
据介绍，目前曹国平兄弟两家祖孙一共15人。曹国平有三个儿子，分别为曹强、曹壮、曹伟。曹强有一女儿，23岁，目前在华东理工读大四。
曹强：不用再争议是姓曹还是姓夏侯了
曹强，47岁，是曹国平长子，自己办了一家塑料制品企业。听到记者公布的消息后，曹强称，这次可以名正言顺地去安徽“祭祖”了，然后多联系联系曹操这几处的后人。
曹强对记者说，中国人都讲究自己的“根儿”在哪儿，这次不再是史料分析，是科学的验证，是完全定了的，“原来家里老一辈那些人，曾经有过自己到底是应该姓曹还是姓夏侯的争议，有人认为自己应该姓夏侯，这下没了，就姓曹。”
专家：曹国平应是曹植的后代
铁岭市博物馆原馆长李奉佐介绍，铁岭曹家的祖先是从明代迁移过来的，而复旦大学研究结果也显示，曹国平这支族人与安徽省舒城的曹友平等人在十七十八代前共为同一祖先。又根据安徽曹家家谱显示，曹友平系曹植第73代孙，可以推断，铁岭腰堡的曹国平也应是曹植的后代。
李奉佐称，新中国成立后，腰堡一条街几乎都是姓曹的，后来都搬家走了。李奉佐称，铁岭的好多村庄姓曹的，还有沈阳等地，吉林、黑龙江等地一些姓曹的都有从铁岭腰堡曹家迁移出去的人。他们都是一个老祖宗。
华商晨报 华商响网首席记者 魏松林
曹操70代孙曹祖义：
更确信曹雪芹是曹操后裔
东港
随着复旦大学关于曹操家族DNA研究最新成果，东港市曹操七十代孙曹祖义关于曹雪芹是曹操后裔这一说法再次得到证实。
昨晚，当曹祖义得知这一消息后显得出奇的平静，他说：“一直以来我都坚信我的观点，对于复旦大学公布的研究说明曹雪芹是曹操后裔是完全正确的。”
1985年起，曹祖义就开始潜心研究《红楼梦》，同时对于社会上广为流传曹雪芹会不会也是曹操后代的这一话题展开了思考。
带着这个疑问，曹祖义又开始反复专研并试着以曹氏家谱的角度去读《红楼梦》，巧合的是，在曹祖义看来，曹家人独特的写作竟然和《红楼梦》的艺术手法不谋而合，书中的人物也清晰透彻地展现出来。为此曹祖义断定曹雪芹必为曹操的后裔，于是便开始了为“乳山说”深析、专研以寻求依据。
在整合了一些有利的依据后，曹祖义在1998年的全国红学会上提出了他的“乳山说”这一观点，当时虽有学者赞同，但也引起了不少争议。
曹祖义说：“虽然人们一时间内并没有接受我的观点，但是我坚信我的‘乳山说’，因为身为曹家人，我能读懂曹雪芹《红楼梦》中所刻画的人物形象，就是以曹氏家族为模板。”
随着这一学说得到了科学认证后，曹祖义表示，将会继续专研《红楼梦》，“我还打算给曹雪芹撰写一部传记，我将以小说、学术等多种方式融合在一起，用我曹家人的角度介绍，将曹雪芹写《红楼梦》的历史面貌反映出来。”
华商晨报 华商响网记者 刘洋
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