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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/12 0:06:11 Expert：China's economic aggregate ranked second,Family planning Bouquet of orchids
More than 40 years ago, on the basis of a good understanding of the basic national conditions of our country prudently, determined to implement the population and family planning is a basic State policy, China's population reproduction pattern historical transform into low fertility countries, creating two wonders of rapid economic development and population control. Recently, this reporter on how to understand China's family planning work, an interview with Zhai Zhenwu, Dean of Renmin University of China social and demographic.
Fast increase in population control
Natural growth rate dropped to half the world's average level
Reporter: the 70 's of the last century, too-rapid growth in the population of key issues constraining economic and social development. This is the main motive power of development of family planning policy in China?
Zhai Zhenwu (Dean of Renmin University of China social and population): as a foundational element of macroeconomic, demographic situation is a country's most basic national conditions. Population, weak, inadequate resources per capita, is China's basic national conditions. It is from this situation, in the early 1970 of the 20th century, to escape the national economy near collapse, the serious dilemma of overpopulation, States take the pace of the development of family planning policy. At that time, "one, two, three", advocating reproductive "night, rare and rare".
After the reform and opening, as three years after a difficult period of compensatory population gradually entering marriage and childbirth age of birth, birth, rebound. On September 25, 1980, in the form of open letter to the CPC Central Committee, promoting "one couple, one child", calling on party members take the lead in implementing family planning, opened a comprehensive family planning policy of the giant-screen.
Reporter: at present, too fast population growth under control?
Zhai Zhenwu: family planning policy was implemented in more than 40 years great, effective control of excessive growth of the population.
The natural population growth rate in China declined rapidly, and is currently one half of the world average. Birth rate dropped from 33.4 per thousand in 1970 to per cent in 2012 per thousand, the natural population growth rate dropped from 25.8 per thousand in 1970 to per cent in 2012, respectively. In 1970, more than 600 million of our population, birth 27.39 million, a net increase of 23.21 million people in 2012, more than the total population of more than 1.3 billion, increased 1 time base and three times as much, but birth 16.35 million people, compared to more than 40%, a net increase of population of 6.69 million, reducing more than 70%.
Women's total fertility rate reach the average level of developed countries. In 1970, women's average 5.8 children; in 2012, down to 1.5 per cent.
My generation to achieve the population reproduction pattern changes in developed countries hundreds of years to complete, from high birth, death, legacy of high growth, turned to modern low birth, low mortality and low growth.
Promoting social development and people's livelihood to improve
Ease the pressure of resource and environment, released a demographic dividend
Reporter: population bomb fuses were removed, slowed the contradiction between population and resources and environment?
Zhai Zhenwu: too fast population growth under control, effectively alleviate the population pressure on resources and environment. China is a developing country, it is necessary to face the problem of more than 1.3 billion people's survival and development, are faced with limited resources, the population carrying capacity of the environment. For more than 40 years, due to family planning in China accumulated fewer over more than 400 million people, thus greatly reducing the pressure of too-rapid growth in the population, resource and environment. If not implementing a family planning policy, are now afraid to reach 1.7 billion to 1.8 billion population in China, per capita arable land, food, forests, freshwater resources, energy will be lower than the current 20%, not only to host the development of resources and environment needs, and economic and social development cannot be reached this level.
Reporter: the nature of population issues is development. Effective release of the demographic dividend, what advantageous conditions for economic and social development?
Zhai Zhenwu: implementation of family planning, and contribute greatly to the sustained and rapid economic development and social progress. Planned Parenthood has transformed people's concept of marriage and fertility behavior, reduced birth size, reduced children's proportion of the total population, reduced on clothing, food, housing, transportation, education, medical care, employment and other aspects of stress, to the promotion of social development, safeguarding and improving people's livelihood and raising people's living standards play a tremendous role. Human development index from the beginning of the reformation in China rose 0.53 per cent in 2012, is one of the most improved.
Meanwhile, the declining population dependency ratio, proportion of the labour force continued to rise, the demographic dividend highlights. Since reform and opening up, and full use of the advantages of large scale, low cost of labour, taking economic construction as the Center, vigorously develop modern agriculture, industry and tertiary industry to achieve sustained and rapid economic development in China. China's economic aggregate ranks second in the world, planned parenthood deserves credit.
Promoting man's all-round development
Sharp increase in maternal and child health, 7 billion world population day postponed for 5 years
Reporter: the implementation of family planning policy, the comprehensive development of millions of people, especially women and children how to change? What impact on the world population and development?
Zhai Zhenwu: my country has always been implementing family planning, prenatal and postnatal care, women, children and the advancement of women combining health, vigorous family planning and reproductive health services, universal access to adolescent sexual and reproductive health, guarantees the right to survival and development of girls and girls according to law, promote gender equality, women's and children's development situation has improved considerably.
Substantial decline in maternal mortality, infant mortality, by 1991/80, 50.2 per thousand, respectively, dropped to per cent in 2012/100,000, respectively.
The successful implementation of family planning in China, but also for the population and made important contributions to the development of the world. 7 billion of the world population day was delayed by 5 years, for example to the other developing countries to address the issues of population and development, established responsible most populous country's good image.
China's population and family planning work in the field of the International Conference on population and development's influence has increased remarkably broad understanding and support from the international community.
Reporter: advancing family planning work this "number one hard", which contributed to the General grass-roots family planning workers?
Zhai Zhenwu: implementation of family planning policy in more than 40 years, the majority of population and family planning workers, and members of the family planning associations at all levels through the "hardships", saying that "the words" and relentlessly, kept my head down, firmly implement the spirit of an open letter to the Communist Party of China. In their efforts and the masses, with the family planning policy is no longer the slogan on a wall, but actually walking into every Chinese family.
Today, their intense caring for girls, such as maternity care and happy families creating activities, trying to do useful and good things for family planning family, promoting "the first difficult" to "for the benefit of the people of sweet" and turn away.
40多年前，我国在正确把握基本国情的基础上，审慎地把实行人口计划生育确定为一项基本国策，使我国人口再生产类型实现历史性转变，步入低生育水平国家行列，创造了经济快速发展和人口有效控制两大奇迹。近日，本报记者就如何认识我国计划生育工作，专访中国人民大学社会与人口学院院长翟振武。
控制人口过快增长
■自然增长率降为世界平均水平一半
记者：上世纪70年代，人口过快增长成为制约经济社会发展的关键问题。这是我国制定计划生育政策的主要动因吗？
翟振武(中国人民大学社会与人口学院院长)：作为宏观经济的基础性要素，人口国情是一个国家最基本的国情。人口多、底子薄、人均资源相对不足，是我国的基本国情。正是从这一国情出发，20世纪70年代初，为摆脱国民经济濒临崩溃、人口膨胀的严重困境，国家迈出制定计划生育政策的步伐。当时提出“一个不少，两个正好，三个多了”，倡导生育“晚、稀、少”。
改革开放以后，由于三年困难时期后补偿性生育的人口陆续进入婚育年龄，人口出生有所反弹。1980年9月25日，党中央以公开信形式，提倡“一对夫妇只生育一个孩子”，号召党团员带头执行计划生育，拉开全面推行计划生育政策的巨幕。
记者：目前，人口过快增长是否得到有效控制？
翟振武：计划生育政策实施40余年来成就巨大，有效控制了人口过快增长。
我国人口自然增长率迅速下降，目前是世界平均水平的一半。人口出生率由1970年的33.4‰下降到2012年的12.1‰，人口自然增长率由1970年的25.8‰下降到2012年的4.95‰。1970年，全国人口6亿多，出生人口2739万人，净增2321万人；2012年，总人口13亿多，基数增加一倍左右，但出生人口1635万人，相比减少40%多，净增人口669万人，减少70%多。
妇女总和生育率达到发达国家平均水平。1970年，一位妇女平均生育5.8个孩子；2012年，下降到1.5—1.6个。
我国用一代人的时间实现了发达国家上百年完成的人口再生产类型转变，由高出生、低死亡、高增长的传统型，转向低出生、低死亡、低增长的现代型。
促进社会发展民生改善
■缓解资源环境压力，释放人口红利
记者：人口爆炸的引信被拆除，是否减缓了人口与资源环境的矛盾？
翟振武：人口过快增长得到有效控制，有效缓解人口对资源环境的压力。我国是发展中国家，既要面对13亿多人口的生存发展问题，也要面对有限资源、环境的人口承载能力。40多年来，我国由于计划生育累计少生4亿多人，大大减轻了人口过快增长对资源环境带来的压力。如果当初不实行计划生育政策，现在我国人口恐怕要达到17亿—18亿，人均耕地、粮食、森林、淡水资源、能源等将比目前降低20%以上，不仅资源环境难以承载发展的需要，而且经济社会发展也不可能达到现在这个水平。
记者：人口问题的本质是发展问题。人口红利的有效释放，为经济社会发展带来哪些有利条件？
翟振武：计划生育的推行，有力促进了经济持续快速发展和社会进步。计划生育转变了人们的婚育观念和生育行为，减少了出生人口规模，降低了少儿人口占总人口的比例，减轻了对衣、食、住、行、教育、医疗、就业等方面的压力，对促进社会发展，保障和改善民生，提高人民生活水平起到巨大作用。我国人类发展指数从改革开放初期的0.53上升到2012年的0.699，是进步最快的国家之一。
与此同时，人口抚养比不断下降，劳动力比例持续上升，人口红利凸显。改革开放以来，我国充分利用劳动力规模大、成本低的优势，以经济建设为中心，大力发展现代农业、工业和第三产业，实现了我国经济持续快速发展。我国经济总量已跃居世界第二位，计划生育功不可没。
推进人的全面发展
■妇幼健康水平大幅提高，世界70亿人口日推迟5年
记者：计生政策的实施，给亿万国人尤其是妇女儿童的全面发展带来怎样的改变？对世界人口与发展产生怎样的影响？
翟振武：我国始终将推行计划生育与提高妇女地位、优生优育、提高妇女儿童的健康水平结合起来，大力开展计划生育和生殖健康优质服务，普及青少年性与生殖健康知识，依法保障女婴和女孩的生存发展权利，促进社会性别平等，妇女儿童发展状况得到明显改善。
我国孕产妇死亡率、婴儿死亡率大幅下降，分别由1991年的80.0/10万、50.2‰，下降到2012年的24.5/10万、10.3‰。
我国计划生育的成功实践，也为世界人口与发展作出重要贡献。它使世界70亿人口日推迟了5年，为其他发展中国家解决人口与发展问题作出了表率，树立了负责任人口大国的良好形象。
我国人口计生工作在国际人口与发展领域的影响力显著增强，得到了国际社会的广泛理解和支持。
记者：为推进计生工作这个“天下第一难事”，广大基层计生工作者做出哪些贡献？
翟振武：执行计生政策40多年来，广大人口计生工作者和各级计生协会会员历尽“千辛万苦”，说尽“千言万语”，不畏艰难，埋头苦干，坚定落实中共中央公开信精神。在他们的努力和广大人民群众的配合下，计划生育政策早已不是一句墙上的口号，而是真正走进了每一个中国家庭。
如今，他们大力开展关爱女孩行动、生育关怀行动和幸福家庭创建等活动，想方设法为计划生育家庭办实事、办好事，推进“天下第一难事”向“造福百姓的甜蜜事业”转身。
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