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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/12 0:06:28 Fudan University announced that determines DNA surname not Cao Cao Cao Cao family descendants
Generation, an ambitious Cao Cao was born behind a lot of things have been very dubious, and November 11, Fudan University, a research group's latest results demonstrate, Cao Cao was neither historian thinks Shi descendants nor a descendant of Han dynasty Prime Minister CAO Shen.
To Fudan University History Department Professor, and China Wei Jin southern and Northern dynasties history Institute Deputy President Korean sheng and Fudan University modern anthropology Ministry of education focus laboratory Li Hui Professor led of Fudan history learn and anthropology joint subject group, for on Cao Cao family DNA research after 3 years, eventually through modern gene anti-push and ancient DNA detection double validation, 100% determines Cao Cao family DNA of y chromosome SNP (single nucleotide more State) mutation type for O2*-M268, Its related papers in the first half of this year in international academic journals published in the journal of human genetics, and gained international recognition.
Interdisciplinary teams in search of Cao Cao's family's DNA
In 2009, Anyang City, Henan province, claims that it found that Cao Cao's Tomb, sensational and controversial. Subsequently, Fudan University human genetics lab announced that the proposed study on Cao Cao's family's DNA with DNA technology.
Cao Cao's life nearly 2000 years ago, searching for his DNA seems to be out of reach. However, with the development of science and technology and the innovation of research methods, this problem at Fudan University genetics and history experts, in cooperation with the pushed closer to a big step forward.
Earlier, Li Hui, Han sheng who has long-term interdisciplinary collaboration, they also have a begging-the history of modern science and technology to solve problems, if you can push through modern gene gene of historical figures, the study of the past is a new breakthrough, meaning more offspring than someone who is of the devil.
Ancestors of modern genetic drive
With nearly 2000 years ago, Cao Cao Cao Cao's descendants "paternity", locks the DNA characteristics of Cao Cao was particularly important. First of all, anthropologist Li Hui needs reliable samples, which draws an image of a genetic map, see how many ancestors Cao last name comes from. From 2009 onwards, Fudan University in the national call for Cao Cao's descendants. Expert groups around the country collected 79 280 men and 446 of the CAO family surnames, such as including Xiahou, venous blood samples from male volunteers, total final sample of more than 1000 patients. At the same time, historian Professor Han sheng by Shanghai family tree genealogy, civil, and other historical documents in the library collection, analysis, identifying Cao Cao's offspring possible clues. Last 3 months, Han sheng 258 surnamed Cao genealogy all over the country (of which 118 at the Shanghai Library) thorough combing research, and with the historical and local history reference, find Tsao migratory trail. Tsao ancestors of all branches and the current flows with historical records residence on Cao Cao's descendants could match. After the steps of research, the team selection 8 supports genealogy, historical analysis Tsao ethnic groups with a certain credibility.
Found 8 after Cao's ethnic groups, their DNA for testing. Total of 3 billion base pairs of human DNA into 23 pairs of chromosomes and mitochondria, unique to the male y chromosome, base pairs are also relatively stable is the most suitable test object. After a complex sequence of y chromosome DNA testing and eventually found 6 of which family belongs to the O2*-M268 genotypes, 6 intersection O2*-M268 ancestors of the type specimen from 1800 to 2000 years ago, this is the age of Cao Cao's life.
Professor Li Hui said: "the family together to check out a very rare type of chromosome, about 5% of the proportion of the national population. Assume that they are counterfeit, the coincidence probabilities is equal to the product of the population the proportion of genotypes, which is 5% 5 times. So, they fake the possibility of only three out of 10,000. In forensic science can therefore finds that they are true descendants of Cao Cao. ”
In this Cao Cao family DNA of research in the, topics Group also with also method validation has Han Prime Minister CAO Shen of family gene, and Cao Cao of family gene no relationship, thereby proved Cao Cao is Cao parameter descendants of claims wrong; second, civil legend fuck surname is Cao Cao descendants avoidance trouble modified surname and to, after gene validation this two surname Zhijian also no clear of genetic relationship; also, research also indicates that existing of Shi gene and Cao Cao family gene also not consistent, so, Cao Cao is from Shi adopt of claims also not accurate.
Uncle grandfather Cao Cao Cao Dinggu DNA confirms the conclusion
December 28, 2011, the team announced that it had positioned Cao Cao's family's DNA, and are most likely to find is of the Devil 6 populations for future generations. At that time, Li Hui estimated the type belongs to Cao Cao is the possibility of 92.71%.
While the genes of modern descendants surnamed Cao, Fudan University research group successfully launched against Cao Cao's family's DNA, but the study was not over. As early as the beginning of 2011, Han sheng, and Li Hui came to the site of the tomb of the CAO clan in bozhou city of Anhui. Actively, with the local cultural relics Administrative Department, research group of experts found two teeth in the Treasury – were in the 70 's of the last century from the tomb of the CAO clan "ingot pit first," tomb unearthed.
Archaeological excavation of the Tomb group leader Li can combine Tsao clans and mining spot were oral, and "Apart from pit-tomb of the first" indoor brick inscriptions in the tomb of the central location of the tomb "hejian Ming House", finally settled on two teeth are derived from Cao Cao's uncle, grandfather hejian Cao Ding. Save research group with a good teeth back to Fudan University human genetics lab to conduct DNA tests.
In the lab at Fudan University, research group of experts through a rigorous scientific procedures to extract the teeth of ancient DNA, after 6 times as stringent as the repeated tests, each time a month apart, in the teeth of ancient DNA is found before the y chromosome type in O2*-M268.
The end of 2012, according to gene and DNA of modern two-factor-authentication,--100% research group at the final conclusions to determine DNA of Cao Cao's family. Genealogical records for modern 8 independent of the direct descendants of the CAO family, family y chromosome 6 rare O2*-M268, prove that Cao Cao's y chromosome is the type. Bozhou, Anhui Cao Cao's ancestral tombs "Yuen Bao Tomb pit first," bones (Cao Tengdi hejian Cao Ding) also belong to this type, closely associated with the modern Cao Cao's descendants. Shi, Cao Shen posterity is not that type. Therefore, the father of Cao Cao's coming from inside the family, adoption, the family was not Cao Shen clan.
Now Cao Cao's descendants have 9 found (of which 6 genealogy records), respectively from jixi, Anhui shucheng, Anhui haozhou, Anhui Jiangsu Yancheng, Jiangsu haimen, Guangdong's xuwen, Rushan, Shandong donggang, Liaoning tieling, Liaoning.
Staff writer, Shanghai, November 11-
(Original title: DNA of Cao Cao's family explains the mystery of its origins)
一代枭雄曹操生前身后不少事一直疑点重重，而11月11日复旦大学一个课题组发布的最新成果证明，曹操既非一些史学家认为的夏侯氏后人，也非汉代丞相曹参的后代。
以复旦大学历史系教授、中国魏晋南北朝史学会副会长韩昇和复旦大学现代人类学教育部重点实验室李辉教授领衔的复旦历史学和人类学联合课题组，进行关于曹操家族DNA研究历经3年，最终通过现代基因反推和古DNA检测双重验证，100%确定曹操家族DNA的Y染色体SNP(单核苷酸多态)突变类型为O2*-M268，其相关论文亦于今年上半年在国际著名学术杂志《人类遗传学报》上发表，并已得到国际认可。
跨学科团队寻曹操家族DNA
2009年，河南省安阳市对外宣称发现曹操墓，引起轰动，亦引发争议。随后，复旦大学人类遗传学实验室宣布，拟用DNA技术开展对曹操家族DNA研究。
曹操生活在近2000年前，寻找他的DNA似乎遥不可及。不过，随着科技的发展以及研究方法的不断创新，这一难题在复旦大学遗传学和历史学专家合作下，离被攻克又近了一大步。
此前，李辉、韩昇二人已有长期的跨学科合作，他们还有一个夙愿——用现代科技解决历史问题，如果能通过现代人的基因反推历史著名人物的基因，对历史研究是一个新的突破，这比找到谁是曹操后代意义更大。
现代基因反推祖先
要把曹操后人与近2000年前的曹操进行“亲子鉴定”，锁定曹操的DNA特性尤其重要。首先，人类学家李辉需要可靠的样本，从而绘制出一幅遗传图谱，看看曹姓到底来源于多少个祖先。从2009年起，复旦大学在全国征集曹操后人。专家组在全国各地采集了79个曹姓家族的280名男性和446个包括夏侯、操等姓氏男性志愿者的静脉血样本，最终样本总量超过1000例。同时，历史学家韩昇教授则通过对上海图书馆馆藏家谱、民间家谱等各种历史文献的搜集分析，找出曹操后代可能的线索。近3个月里，韩昇对全国各地258个曹姓家谱(其中118部在上海图书馆)进行全面的梳理研究，并与史书和地方志参照，找到曹氏迁徙的线索。比如曹氏各个分支的祖先以及现居住地与历史记载上曹操后代的流向能不能相吻合等。经过这一步骤的研究，课题组筛选出8支持有家谱、经过史料分析具有一定可信性的曹氏族群。
找到这8个曹氏族群后，再对他们的DNA进行检测。人类DNA共有30亿个碱基对组合成23对染色体和线粒体，男性独有的、碱基对也比较稳定的Y染色体是最合适的检测对象。经过复杂的Y染色体DNA全序列检测，最终发现其中6个家族属于O2*-M268的基因类型，这6支O2*-M268类型样本的祖先交汇点在1800年至2000年前，这正是曹操生活的年代。
李辉教授说：“这些家族共同检出了一个非常罕见的染色体类型，这个比例在全国人口中只占5%左右。假定他们都是仿冒的，那么巧合概率就等于这个基因型所占人口比例的乘积，也就是5%的5次方。所以说，他们假冒的可能性只有千万分之三。因此在法医学上可以认定，他们是真实的曹操后代。”
在这次曹操家族DNA的研究中，课题组还用同样方法验证了汉代丞相曹参的家族基因，与曹操的家族基因没有关系，从而证明曹操是曹参后人的说法有误；其次，民间传说操姓是曹操后代避祸改姓而来，经过基因验证这两个姓氏之间也没有明确的遗传关系；另外，研究还表明现有的夏侯氏基因与曹操家族基因也不一致，因此，曹操是从夏侯氏抱养的说法也不准确。
曹操叔祖父曹鼎古DNA证实结论
2011年12月28日，课题组宣布已定位曹操家族DNA，并找到最有可能是曹操后代的6支族群。当时，李辉估算该类型属于曹操的可能性是92.71%。
尽管根据现代曹姓后人的基因，复旦大学课题组成功反推出曹操家族DNA，但研究并未结束。早在2011年初，韩昇、李辉来到曹氏宗族墓所在地安徽亳州。在当地文物主管部门积极配合下，课题组专家在库房内找到两颗牙齿——均是在上世纪70年代从曹氏宗族墓“元宝坑一号墓”中出土。
结合曹氏宗族墓考古挖掘领队李灿和现场挖掘人的口述，以及“元宝坑一号墓”墓室内中央位置的墓砖铭文“河间明府”，最终确定两个牙齿均来源于曹操叔祖父河间相曹鼎。课题组带着一颗保存较好的牙齿回到复旦大学人类遗传学实验室开展古DNA测试。
在复旦大学的实验室中，课题组专家通过严密的科学程序提取该牙齿中的古DNA，经过6次同样严格的反复测试，每一次间隔一个月，该牙齿中的古DNA中Y染色体类型就是之前找到的O2*-M268。
2012年底，根据现代基因和古DNA的双重验证，课题组得出最终结论——100%确定曹操家族DNA。家谱记载为曹操直系后代的现代8个独立家族中，有6个家族的Y染色体为少见的O2*-M268，证明曹操Y染色体是该类型。而安徽亳州的曹操祖辈墓葬“元宝坑一号墓”的遗骨(系曹腾弟河间相曹鼎)也属于此类型，与现代曹操后人紧密关联。夏侯氏、曹参后人都不是该类型。故此，曹操之父来自家族内部过继，该家族并非曹参本族。
目前找到的曹操后人有9支(其中6支有家谱记载)，分别来自安徽绩溪、安徽舒城、安徽亳州、江苏海门、广东徐闻、江苏盐城、山东乳山、辽宁东港、辽宁铁岭。
本报上海11月11日电
(原标题：曹操家族DNA破解其身世之谜)
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