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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/12 0:06:38 Fudan will study Confucius and， Shun， and Yu is a real
Fudan University announced that determine the CAO family DNA
Crack at least three historical mysteries
Yesterday, history and anthropology, Fudan University joint task group on the latest outcome study on Cao Cao's family's DNA, and 100% to determine the DNA of Cao Cao's family for the first time, confirmed that Cao Cao is not a Minister, Cao Shen descendants and overthrew Cao Shi to adopt. Relevant papers in the first half of this year in international academic journals published in the journal of human genetics, and has gained international recognition.
Experts say the gaoling of Anyang gene talk
December 27, 2009, authorities formally announced in Henan province Anyang County, rural West village high point West mausoleum of Cao Cao tomb was identified as high. Although the Henan provincial cultural heritage Bureau and other departments use various ways of the tomb is the tomb of Cao Cao, but many are always constant. Human genetics lab of Fudan University, announced proposed study on Cao Cao's family's DNA by DNA technology.
Cao Cao was living in historical figures of 2000 years ago, to find his DNA seems to be out of reach, but Cao Cao Cao Cao's descendants and 2000 years ago "paternity test" locking is particularly important in Cao Cao's DNA characteristics. To this end, Professor of history at Fudan University, Vice President of the Chinese society for the history of the Wei, Jin and South Korea would rise and Fudan University, key laboratory of contemporary anthropology research group of Professor Li Hui was established.
The end of 2012, according to gene and DNA of modern two-factor-authentication,--100% identified DNA of Cao Cao's family research group at the final conclusions, relevant papers published in international journals on the journal of human genetics.
Research Group of experts said the pursuit of Cao Cao's descendants, from the genetic level to verify a number of namesake crowd for the first time in hundreds of years ago, is a possibility. In the meantime, life science, history, humanities, interdisciplinary cooperation has played an important role.
The study results are published, Tomb in Anyang, Henan what Hon, Han sheng said: "confirmed the Devil Gene, gene related to Cao Cao in the future must comply with it--this is a standard build. Anyang, whatever it is, and other areas. ”
The next step will be research Confucius, Shun, Yu
Han sheng said Tsao of the DNA research is the world's first accurate to family genetic studies, is there are ancient testing samples under study of the descendants, presumably out of the ancient family of genes. In genetics and history of study on theory, laboratory reagents and methods, there are a lot of new ground.
"We are at the beginning of cooperation with a passion-to use modern technology to solve historical problems, if they can push through modern gene genes of prominent historical figure, who was Cao Cao's descendants is more significant than found. "Han-sheng, history will become the new discipline of anthropology.
Fudan University Research Group next had bigger plans, research from three levels of three-dimensional, a history of the Chinese nation formed, the second is Chinese family history, three are historical figures. Confucius and their descendants, Shun and Yu, Huangdi, yandi is a real historical figure or a legendary figure of the research has been considerable progress, the political history of China will greatly push.
-Reaction
Bozhou are back in preparation for the "residence of Tsao"
"The biggest success of this study is that the birth name of Cao Cao. "Bozhou tourism researcher, bozhou city, Cao Cao President of Zhao has introduced in recent years, bozhou Tsao was carried forward for culture, construction of the culture of the devil and the Memorial, Devil's Garden, restored part of the family tomb, the troop total excavation of road maintenance. In addition, cultural tourism developed a detailed plan of Cao Wei.
The next step, bozhou to resume residence of Cao Cao. "The first draft plan has been announced, and is organizing an expert review, are expected to fall next year. "He explained that the plan covers 400 acres on the project, is expected to invest 200 million Yuan, is a collection of cultural heritage, tourism and leisure as one of the core projects. In the meantime, Cao Cao's great-grandfather, grandfather, father (Cao Song) compound and family branch of the small centralized recovery. Including cultural, entertainment and religious ceremonies, leisure and tourism venues.
In addition, Jianan culture also in the pipeline. "According to plan, will be reading in the Museum reproduce Cao Cao in the spring and autumn, summer and winter hunting scenes. "Zhao Wei said.
-Solve three mysteries
1
Cao Cao's father Cao Shen-independent
Cao Cao's life has been different opinions: Chen Shou's records of the three kingdoms, Cao Cao is the second phase of the Western Han Guo Caocen the descendants of Cao Cao, claiming to be their ancestors can be traced back to Gu Caoguo. Cao Cao's political rival Yuan Shao to attack Cao Cao's perks, he said "father Sung beggars carry." It was also stated that, Cao Cao's father Cao Song was from Shi to adopt.
Genealogical records for modern 8 independent of the direct descendants of the CAO family, family y chromosome 6 rare O2*-M268, significant reach P=9x10, prove that Cao Cao's y chromosome is the type. Bozhou of Anhui Cao ingot ancestors burial pits the first remains of the Tomb (Cao Tengdi hejian Cao Ding) also belong to this type, closely associated with modern Cao Cao's descendants. Shi, Cao Shen posterity is not that type. Therefore, the father of Cao Cao's coming from inside the family, adoption, the family was not Cao Shen clan.
2
Exclude Saint offers to "adopt says"
In records of the three kingdoms, who formed the view, to think that Cao Cao is the offspring of Shi, Fudan research group to the country to investigate even when many Tsao said they were Shi offspring, has been involved, but the research group study, Tsao has nothing to do with Shi, also ruled out the historical truth of the legend.
3
Nanjing last name non-Cao posterity
Nanjing encircled a village, the whole village named "f" Word, they contact group said was Cao Cao's descendants and surname because under political persecution for "fuck". Professor Han sheng said, this is an anthropological issue, by saying the methodological and research cannot be confirmed, so to include them, all sample analysis of the gene, found no relationship with Cao Jia.
-Research process
8 Cao's ethnic group DNA backstepping 2000 years ago, the ancients
Research Group first call for Cao Cao's descendants across the country, collected 79 280 men and 446 of the CAO family surnames, such as including Xiahou, venous blood samples from male volunteers, total final sample of more than 1000 patients.
Meanwhile, 258 research group of experts to the country last name genealogy Cao (Shanghai Library, 118 of them) do a thorough combing research, and with the historical and local history reference, trying to find Cao movement for possible clues. "Tsao ancestors of all branches and the current flows with historical records residence on Cao Cao's descendants could match. ”
Han-sheng said that after this step of research, the team selection 8 supports genealogy, historical analysis Tsao ethnic groups with a certain credibility. Found 8 after Cao's ethnic groups, experts and DNA testing was conducted for them. "The total of 3 billion base pairs of human DNA into 23 pairs of chromosomes and mitochondria, unique to the male y chromosome, base pairs are also relatively stable is the most suitable test object. "Li Hui said," after a complex sequence of y chromosome DNA testing and eventually found 6 of which family belongs to the O2*-M268 genotypes, 6 intersection O2*-M268 ancestors of the type specimen from 1800 to 2000 years ago, this is the age of Cao Cao's life. ”
Total of rare chromosome 8 family counterfeiting may be only three out of 10,000
Professor Li Hui told reporters that at present, find the devil who is 9 (6 of genealogy records), respectively from jixi, Anhui shucheng, Anhui haozhou, Anhui Jiangsu haimen, Guangdong's xuwen, Yancheng, Jiangsu, Shandong Rushan, donggang, Liaoning tieling, Liaoning province.
"8 of them together, a family checking out a very rare type of chromosomes, the rate was just six per cent to about 5% in the country. Assume that they are counterfeit, the coincidence probabilities is equal to the gene product of the proportion of the population, that is, 5% of five, so they fake the possibility of only three out of 10,000. In forensic science can therefore finds that they are true descendants of Cao Cao. ”
Treasury junk heap to find Cao Ding ancient DNA and teeth, but despite the same chromosome genes according to modern-day surnamed Cao generations, Fudan University launched research group of anti-Cao family DNA, but it is not over.
"Apart from pit-tomb of the first" is the CAO clan tombs discovered earlier, excavations and bricks up in a tomb, located within the village of bozhou city, apart from the pit. In March 2010, Li Hui cemetery visit to bozhou Tsao clans, in episode three, archaeologists involved in the excavation of the Tomb. This archaeological workers say, had two teeth were found in the Tomb, and placed it in an envelope. Because of the limited knowledge, not as cultural relics into the teeth, teeth may be stacked to the junk heap. In early 2011, Li Hui, who immediately went to Museum of bozhou, warehouse staff carefully search, finally found the envelope and the teeth, after excavation of organization's former curator Li can confirm ingot unearthed from the tomb of the first tooth.
Combine Paris and excavation of human oral and "Yuen Bao pit-tomb of the first" indoor brick Tomb inscriptions from the central location of the tomb "hejian Fu ming" to finalize the two teeth are derived from Cao Cao's uncle grandfather with hejian Cao Ding. Team brought home a better preservation of the teeth back to the laboratory of human genetics of Fudan University ancient DNA testing.
In the lab at Fudan University, research group of experts through a rigorous scientific procedures to extract the teeth of ancient DNA, after 6 times as stringent as the repeated tests, each time a month apart, in the teeth of ancient DNA is found before the y chromosome type in O2*-M268.
According to the Shanghai daily, Xinhua News Agency, the Oriental Morning Post, the Shenyang evening news, the market star, the Shanghai Youth daily reported
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(Original title: Fudan University announced that determine the DNA of Cao Cao's family)
复旦宣布确定曹操家族DNA
至少破解三历史谜团
昨天，复旦大学历史学和人类学联合课题组发布关于曹操家族DNA研究最新成果，首次100%确定曹操家族DNA，证实曹操并非汉相曹参后代，同时推翻了曹操为夏侯氏抱养而来的说法。相关论文于今年上半年在国际著名学术杂志《人类遗传学报》上发表，并已得到国际认可。
专家称安阳高陵也得基因说话
2009年12月27日上午，相关部门正式公布河南省安阳县安丰乡西高穴村西高穴墓被确认为曹操高陵墓。虽然河南省文物局等部门运用多种方式证明该墓就是曹操墓，但质疑声却一直不断。复旦大学人类遗传学实验室在随后宣布，拟用DNA技术开展对曹操家族DNA研究。
曹操本是生活在两千年前的历史人物，寻找他的DNA似乎遥不可及，而要把曹操后人与两千年前的曹操进行“亲子鉴定”，锁定曹操的DNA特性就显得尤其重要。为此，复旦大学历史系教授、中国魏晋南北朝史学会副会长韩昇和复旦大学现代人类学教育部重点实验室李辉教授成立课题组。
2012年底，根据现代基因和古DNA的双重验证，课题组得出最终结论——100%确定曹操家族DNA，相关论文发表在国际学术杂志《人类遗传学报》上。
课题组专家表示，对曹操后代的追寻，第一次从基因层面验证了许多同姓人群在千百年前是一家的可能性。其间，生命科学、历史学、人类学的跨学科合作，发挥了重要的作用。
对于该研究结果发布，会对于河南安阳大墓有什么影响的提问，韩昇说：“确证了曹操基因，今后跟曹操有关的基因都必须符合它——这是一个标准建立。不管是安阳，还是其他地区。”
下一步将研究孔子尧舜禹
韩昇表示，这次的曹氏DNA研究是世界上第一次把遗传基因研究精确到家族，是在没有古人检测样本的情况下根据对后人的研究，推测出古代家族的基因。在遗传学和历史学相关的理论、实验试剂以及研究方法方面，都有很多新的突破。
“我们在合作之初有一个夙愿——用现代科技解决历史问题，如果能通过现代人的基因反推历史著名人物的基因，比找到谁是曹操后代意义更大。”韩昇表示，历史人类学将成新的学科。
复旦课题组下一步还有更庞大的计划，从三个层面立体地来做研究，一是中华民族形成史，二是中华家族史，三是历史人物。孔子及其后人、尧舜禹、黄帝、炎帝是真实历史人物还是传说人物的研究都有了相当大的进展，中国的政治史也会因此大大地往前推进。
□反应
亳州已筹备恢复“曹氏故居”
“这次研究最大的成果就是，为曹操的出身正名。”亳州市文旅局调研员、亳州市曹操研究会会长赵威介绍，近几年，亳州为弘扬曹氏文化，建造了曹操纪念馆、曹操文化园，修复部分家族墓，将运兵道整体发掘维修。除此之外，还为曹魏文化旅游制定了详细的规划。
下一步，亳州还将恢复曹操故居。“规划初稿已经出炉，正在组织专家评审，预计明年落地。”他介绍，这项工程规划占地400亩，预计投资2亿元，是集文化传承、旅游、休闲为一体的核心景区项目。在此期间，还将曹操曾祖父、祖父、父亲(曹嵩)的大院和家族支脉小院进行集中恢复。其中包括文化、娱乐、祭祀、休闲、旅游场所。
此外，建安文化馆也在筹备中。“按照计划，将在馆中重现当年曹操春秋读书、冬夏狩猎的场景。”赵威说。
□解决三谜团
曹操父与曹参无关
曹操的身世一直众说纷纭：陈寿在《三国志》记载，曹操是西汉第二任相国曹参的后代，曹操自称其祖上可远溯至古曹国。曹操的政敌袁绍在攻击曹操的檄文中说“父嵩乞丐携养”。还有人说，曹操的父亲曹嵩是从夏侯氏抱养来。
家谱记载为曹操直系后代的现代8个独立家族中，有6个家族的Y染色体为少见的O2＊-M268，显著性达到P=9×10，证明曹操Y染色体是该类型。而安徽亳州的曹操祖辈墓葬元宝坑一号墓的遗骨(系曹腾弟河间相曹鼎)也属于此类型，与现代曹操后人紧密关联。夏侯氏、曹参后人都不是该类型。故此，曹操之父来自家族内部过继，该家族并非曹参本族。
排除夏侯“抱养说”
在《三国志》记载后人形成的观念里，认为曹操就是夏侯氏的后代，甚至复旦课题组到全国各地去调查的时候，很多曹氏人说自己是夏侯氏后代，已经深入人心了，但是通过课题组的研究，曹氏和夏侯氏没有关系，也就排除这一历史传说的真实性。
南京操姓非曹后人
南京周围有一个村庄，整个村姓“操”，他们主动联系课题组说是曹操的后人，因为受政治迫害所以改姓为“操”。韩昇教授表示，这是一个人类学的问题，通过口述方法和各个方面的研究不能得到确证，于是也把他们纳入进来，做全体基因的采样分析，发现跟曹家没有关系。
□研究过程
8个曹氏族群DNA反推两千年前古人
课题组首先在全国范围内征集曹操后人，采集了79个曹姓家族的280名男性和446个包括夏侯、操等姓氏男性志愿者的静脉血样本，最终样本总量超过1000例。
与此同时，课题组专家对全国各地258个曹姓家谱(其中118部在上海图书馆)做了全面的梳理研究，并与史书和地方志参照，试图找到曹氏迁徙的可能线索。“比如曹氏各个分支的祖先以及现居住地与历史记载上曹操后代的流向能不能相吻合。”
韩昇说，经过这一步骤的研究，课题组筛选出8支持有家谱、经过史料分析具有一定可信性的曹氏族群。找到这8个曹氏族群后，专家再对他们的DNA进行了检测。“人类DNA共有30亿个碱基对组合成23对染色体和线粒体，男性独有的、碱基对也比较稳定的Y染色体是最合适的检测对象。”李辉说，“经过复杂的Y染色体DNA全序列检测，最终发现其中6个家族属于O2＊－M268的基因类型，这6支O2＊－M268类型样本的祖先交汇点在1800年至2000年前，这正是曹操生活的年代。”
8家族共有罕见染色体假冒可能仅千万分之三
李辉教授告诉记者，目前，找到的曹操后人有9支(其中6支有家谱记载)，分别来自安徽绩溪、安徽舒城、安徽亳州、江苏海门、广东徐闻、江苏盐城、山东乳山、辽宁东港、辽宁铁岭。
“其中8个家族共同检出了一个非常罕见的染色体类型，这个比例在全国人口只占到5%左右。假定他们都是仿冒的，那么巧合概率就等于这个基因型所占人口比例的乘积，也就是5%的5次方，所以说，他们假冒的可能性只有千万分之三。因此在法医学上可以认定，他们是真实的曹操后代。”
库房杂物堆找出曹鼎牙齿古DNA与今人染色体相同尽管根据现代曹姓后人的基因，复旦大学课题组成功反推出曹操家族DNA，但研究并未结束。
“元宝坑一号墓”是曹氏宗族墓群中发掘较早、出土文物及字砖最多的一座墓，位于亳州城南元宝坑村内。2010年3月，李辉前往亳州曹氏宗族墓地考察时，巧遇当时参与发掘该墓的考古人员。这名考古人员透露，曾在该墓中发现两颗牙齿，并将其放在一个信封当中。由于当时知识所限，并没有把牙齿当做文物入库，牙齿可能堆放到了杂物堆里。2011年初，李辉等人立即前往亳州博物馆，经库房人员精心查找，最终找到了那个信封和其中的牙齿，后经当时组织发掘的前馆长李灿确认正是元宝坑一号墓出土的牙齿。
结合李灿和现场挖掘人的口述和“元宝坑一号墓”墓室内中央位置的墓砖铭文“河间明府”，最终确定两个牙齿均来源于曹操叔祖父河间相曹鼎。课题组带回一颗保存较好的牙齿回到复旦大学人类遗传学实验室开展古DNA测试。
在复旦大学的实验室中，课题组专家通过严密的科学程序提取该牙齿中的古DNA，经过6次同样严格的反复测试，每一次间隔一个月，该牙齿中的古DNA中Y染色体类型就是之前找到的O2＊-M268。
据《上海商报》、新华社、《东方早报》、《沈阳晚报》、《市场星报》、上海《青年报》报道
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复旦大学宣布确定曹操家族DNA 操姓非曹操后代
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(原标题：复旦宣布确定曹操家族DNA)
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