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published in(发表于) 2013/11/12 0:10:53
Media reading plenary “Decides“ how

Review: based on the previously published agenda, 18 closing of the plenary session later in the day, China's road map for the reform to be announced in the next decade. Recalling the previous plenary session, will generally consider the adoption of a "decision". This is known as guiding the development of China's "programmatic document", is how should it be produced? Through plenary drafting experts xiangjie "decided" the birth process.

　　Composition of the drafting group?

　　Head of the central command take into account local leadership

Yuquan Hill is located in the western suburbs of Beijing, since the Jin dynasty is the "Yen Ching Restaurant eight" one. Economist GAO Shangquan, no stranger here. He has three times decided last reform decision drafting, are carried out here.

Disclosure of content from Xinhua News Agency, each time the plenary session decided to file through the complex of the drafting process generally takes six months. And the first step was the establishment of the drafting group. Teams usually set up in plenary meeting in spring of the year, Member of the Standing Committee under the direct supervision of the work.

Usually, the head of the drafting group by the party and State leaders "King".

GAO Shangquan, told the Beijing Youth daily, 16 of the third plenary session of the drafting group was established on April 18, 2003. When the control of "SARS" the most tense moment, the head was then-Premier Wen Jiabao, Deputy Director of State Council Vice Premier Zeng Peiyan. Wen Jiabao has served as head of the drafting group of the plenary more than once, in 1994, when he was a member, he oversaw the work of the drafting group.

Members typically consists of the drafting group composed of experienced leaders from all sectors and local, is absorbed according to the theme of each plenary meeting of experts and scholars in related fields.

A case study of 14 files resolution drafting member of the third plenary session. When he was Deputy Director of the Research Office of the State Council Wang Mengkui arrived aboard the memories, the Panel members to a total of 25 people, including Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council he Chunlin, Deputy Head of Zheng bijian, the Deputy Finance Minister, Mr Xiang Huaicheng, Vice Mayor of Shanghai Xu kuangdi, and others.

"As far as I know, the local leaders ' participation in the plenary session of the Central Committee the drafting of important decisions, this is the first time. Since then, and many times in the party's National Congress in plenary session of the Central Committee decided to draft, with the participation of local leaders. "Wang Mengkui said.

14 plenary session focusing on socialist market economy, so that team members have people Zhao haikuan, Honorary Director of the Institute of banking and finance, Director Zhang Zhuoyuan, an expert of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute.

17 the third plenary session of the theme is agriculture, so members of the drafting group had come from the Party Central Committee and the State Council departments concerned, agricultural province of Anhui and Jilin, two comrades, as well as long-term studies on agriculture, rural areas and farmers, experts and scholars.

　　Drafting how to start?

　　Break down the task difficulty discussion

The drafting group is set up, usually preliminary to determine a file's framework, including broken down into several parts, each part is more or less how much. After laying the framework and the implementation of "plan", is divided into several groups, "small groups", by the "small group" is responsible for a part of the specific content of the formulation.

14 third plenary session decision drafting, for example. Wang Mengkui has suggested that framework is divided into an initial period of ten most, 53, later summed up to combine for 50. GAO Shangquan said he and Professor Zheng xinli, Deputy Director of the Research Office of the State Development Planning Commission, Zhang Zhuoyuan, formed a "small group" is responsible for "fostering and developing the market system" section.

As "programmatic" file, the whole resolution will have a decisive influence on China's economic development. Elaboration of every language, every opinion is well thought out. When the parties had different views, often repeated discussions to reach consensus.

Was impressed by GAO Shangquan, is "labour market" written 14 plenary session the decisions on several issues of establishing a socialist market economic system.

The 90 's of the last century, has been underway for more than 10 years of reform and opening, in official documents of the party, there is still the "labor market" and "employment market". Views: How can labour entering the market? Labour market affects the master status of working class. While noble and others argue, is an integral part of the market of production factors in the labour market.

On the seminar, Member of the Standing Committee's resolution file at a time, noble was invited to attend. In order to secure the support of top management, statements in the noble courage, said five reasons stating the importance to the establishment of a market economy established the labour market. At that meeting, did not continue the discussion, CPC Central Committee General Secretary Jiang Zemin said: at present labour market, society can accept?

GAO Shangquan, told the North Green newspaper reporter, the day after the speech, Wen he went to preside over the work of the drafting group. "I'm a little guilty, I said he shouldn't speak at the Standing Committee yesterday. But I had a frivolous, if you do not speak, concepts may not come out of the labour market. "Noble" remember, Wen replied: "I agree with your opinion, but is there any central file and I have no grasp on. ”

Later, Premier Wen Jiabao took all the noble materials sent to Chinese President Jiang Zemin on the labour market, Chinese President Jiang Zemin had been forwarded to the Central Standing Committee. "The labour market" was eventually written resolutions.

　　Senior leaders how to get involved?

　　Proposed general idea to research around the

Drafting of plenary decision document is carried out under the direct leadership of the Standing Committee the Standing Committee of. Typically, each time before deciding on drafting, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee to decide the General train of thought, basic framework, key elements, such as giving directions. During the drafting process, and also at various times depending on the file's progress, to provide guidance.

Noble recalled participating in the 1984 third plenary session when drafting resolutions, at that time there was still a lot of people think "planned economy" and "economy" is the opposite of. Has participated in 12 major report drafted by the head of a Department in a letter to the Department concerned said, "must not put our economy into commodity economy". Therefore, during the drafting process, the "commodity" write file encountered considerable resistance, the initial outline "planned economy and market regulation as Supplement".

According to Professor Zhang Zhuoyuan, an outline of the history of new China Economics Editor (1949-2011) records, the then CPC Central Committee General Secretary Hu Yaobang after seeing this outline is not fulfilled, restructured its drafting team. Repeatedly after seeking the views of Central, the "planned economy" written decision. Deng Xiaoping in the evaluation of this document of the meeting said, "this file of economic reform ... ... Some of our ancestors did not say so, some of the new words. ”

Prior to the plenary session, leaders of the Central Government to conduct research across the country, has gradually become a practice.

16 third plenary session before the drafting, Hu Jintao in Beijing, Tianjin, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi and other research. Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, ZENG Qinghong, Huang ju, Wu guanzheng, Li Changchun and Luo Gan, Member of the other Standing Committee, also sent all over the country, and to conduct studies to contribute to the formation of the file.

17 before the third plenary session, Hu Jintao to Henan, Anhui and other places to visit, and went to chuzhou fengyang Xiaogang village, rural reform and development. Subsequent plenary session adopted the decision on promoting rural reform, development of a number of important issues.

This plenary session is entitled "deepen reforms". North Green daily news and statistics, since its 18, XI Jinping, Li keqiang conducted 17 leaves for research, 16 of them have referred to "reform".

　　Drafting documents how "brainstorming?

　　51 seminar 3,000 people participate in the discussion

During the drafting process, the drafting group was not "behind closed doors".

According to Xinhua News Agency, decided in 17 the third plenary session of the drafting process, the drafting group into 7 research groups, sent to 12 provinces and villages inside the field research. During the investigation, a total of 51 seminar and heard 860 leading officials, experts and scholars and the views and suggestions of the masses at the grassroots level.

Dozens of amendments, the drafting group to raise the basic version of the documents submitted, Member of the Standing Committee for consideration. According to the Standing Committee to discuss modifications to the consideration of the Standing Committee of.

File on the Member of the comments made during the discussion would be revised to develop exposure drafts will be distributed to all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, as well as the Central and the State Council departments, major units of the army for their comments.

According to Wang Mengkui recorded 14 exposure drafts of the resolutions of the third plenary session, has received 138 reports and amendments, including 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), 92 departments and 16-bit old comrades. These reports and amendments, carefully read and study it are transferred to the drafting group.

17 the third plenary session of the draft resolution, in the middle of the democratic parties, the National Federation of leaders and personages without party affiliation to seek their views, over a total of more than 3,000 people participate in the discussion, the drafting group has received various opinions and suggestions of 2,193.

Seminar is in the process of drafting another way to absorb the wisdom.

16 the third plenary session of decisions, for example. In August of that year decided to draft to be issued shortly after, when he was General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Hu Jintao presided over the non-party people Forum. A few days later, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao at the meeting of the State Council of economic experts. Meanwhile, the drafting group invited experts, scholars and business leaders over more than 10 seminars were held.

In addition, some ministries, research institutions will be carried out in accordance with the central demands special research, provide reference for decision-making.

For example, 16 third plenary session in the drafting process, over more than 20 surrounded by ministries and State-owned assets management and supervision system of property rights, and problems of rural land system, the social credit system, launched in last two months ' special research, formed a number of special reports of great reference value.

　　Drafting documents how to modify?

　　Dozens of modify the closing day of the Congress will change

According to public disclosure reports, decided last file modified after dozens of times usually, framework, from vocabulary words. 17 plenary drafting resolutions, for example, the drafting group had met before in 6 months time, the 9 plenary meeting 30 team meeting, a formal amendment 41 draft.

Each plenary resolutions files are from carefully worded, not only of thoughts in advance, during its sessions will vary depending on the issues, even on the day of closing of the plenary session was last modified.

In 2003, held during the third plenary session of October 11 to 14th. Put together a 3 day in the plenary, decided to discuss the draft for discussion. The night of October 11, Hu Jintao, Member of the Standing Committee meeting which convened, the drafting group according to the amendments, overnight 24 changes to the draft decision. On 12th and 13th in the afternoon, the drafting group held consecutive plenary meetings, the discussion paper further modifications. The morning of 14th, according to the morning plenary discussion, the drafting group to discuss the draft once again modified.

GAO Shangquan, told the North Green newspaper reporter, the views put forward at the meeting involved in food production, poverty alleviation and development, work safety, science and technology and other aspects, but in General not "disruptive" comments.

　　Memory

　　Resolution files what are the characteristics?

　　More than 10,000 words in length text concise and understandable

Today, if you don't count the closing 18 plenary session, seven times since the third plenary session of the third plenary session, resolutions produced a total of 5 files. North Green newspaper reporter discovered that these file word counts between 12,000 to 16,000 words, often divided into several chapters, each established under several sections of the frame.

Wang Mengkui said, such a framework facilitates cutting tendrils, lays out a clear outline of the imaginary words in favour of avoiding the inevitable the introduction the elucidation, highlight each of the "dry".

A feature file is text concise resolutions. Premier Wen Jiabao has said that drafting resolutions files are to be focused, not exhaustive. Text concise, plain language, ordinary party members and the masses understand.

Chang xiuze, an economist for this is on this. In 2003, he received the requirement in macro-economic Research Institute of the NDRC,-16, the third plenary session of the Convention on several problems of perfecting socialist market economy system decision drafting reports on the property rights of fundamental research. He argues that property rights regime, should include the definition of property right, configuration, property transactions and property protection four institutional pillars. Ends up in the report, the drafting group in charge of specialist met with Chang xiuze.

Chang xiuze told North Green newspaper reporter, incorporated his views on the final resolution, but on the wording, definition of "clear belonging", configuration of property rights into "duties and responsibilities", protection of property rights to "protect the strict" property right Exchange into "flowing smoothly".

"Such a statement is much easier for ordinary people to understand. "Chang xiuze said. This edition/reporter Liu Yi

　　Information

　　Those who have decided last year "decision"

1984 the third plenary session of the decision on economic reform. Is divided into ten chapters, about 16,000 words.

1993 the third plenary session of the decision on some problems of establishing a socialist market economic system. Is divided into ten chapters in 50 articles, about 16,000 words.

In 1998 XV plenary session the decisions on some major issues of agriculture and rural work. Is divided into ten chapters, about 13,000 words.

2003 plenary session of the decision on the several problems of perfecting socialist market economy system. Is divided into 12 chapters 42, about 12,000 words.

2008 plenary session the decisions on promoting rural reform and development in a number of major issues. Is divided into six chapters, about 15,000 words.

Cartographic/Sha Nan

(Original title: third plenary session "Decides" how? )

　　导读：根据此前公布的议程，十八届三中全会将于今天闭幕，中国未来十年改革路线图即将揭晓。回顾以往历次三中全会，一般都会审议通过一份“决定”。这份被称为指导中国发展的“纲领性文件”，是如何出炉的呢？曾亲历三中全会文件起草的专家详解“决定”诞生过程。

　　起草小组如何组成？

　　中央领导挂帅 兼顾地方负责人

　　位于北京西郊的玉泉山，自金代就是“燕京八景”之一。经济学家高尚全对这里并不陌生。他参加过三次三中全会决议关于改革决定的起草工作，都是在这里进行的。

　　从新华社披露的内容看，每次三中全会决定文件都经历了复杂的起草过程，一般用时半年。而第一步，就是成立起草小组。小组通常在全会召开当年的春天成立，在中央政治局常委会直接领导下工作。

　　起草小组的负责人通常由党和国家领导人“挂帅”。

　　高尚全告诉北京青年报记者，十六届三中全会的起草组是2003年4月18日成立的。当时正是防治“非典”最紧张的时刻，组长是时任国务院总理温家宝，副组长是国务院副总理曾培炎。温家宝曾担任过多次全会文件起草组组长，1994年时任中央书记处书记的他，就曾负责起草小组的工作。

　　起草小组的成员通常由来自各部门和地方经验丰富的领导干部组成，也会根据每次全会的主题吸收相关领域的专家学者。

　　以十四届三中全会决议文件的起草成员为例。时任国务院研究室副主任王梦奎回忆，小组成员共25人，包括国务院副秘书长何椿霖、中宣部副部长郑必坚、财政部副部长项怀诚、上海市副市长徐匡迪等人。

　　“据我所知，地方领导同志参加中央全会重要决定的起草，这是第一次。此后，党的全国代表大会的报告和许多次中央全会决定的起草，都有地方领导同志参加。” 王梦奎说。

　　十四届三中全会聚焦社会主义市场经济，因此小组成员中有人民银行金融研究所名誉所长赵海宽、中国社会科学院财贸所所长张卓元等专家。

　　而十七届三中全会的主题是农业，所以起草组成员有来自党中央、国务院有关部门、安徽和吉林两个农业大省的负责同志，以及长期研究农业、农村、农民问题的专家学者。

　　起草工作怎么展开？

　　分解任务 难点反复讨论

　　起草小组成立后，通常会初步确定文件的框架，包括分成几部分、每一部分大致有多少条。大框架打好后，实行“任务分解”，把小组再分成若干“小小组”，由每个“小小组”负责某个部分具体内容的拟订。

　　以十四届三中全会决定文件起草为例。王梦奎曾撰文称，初步定的框架是分为十大部分、53条，后来归纳合并为50条。高尚全说，他当时和国家计委研究室副主任郑新立以及张卓元教授组成一个“小小组”，负责“培育和发展市场体系”这一部分内容。

　　作为“纲领性”文件，全会的决议会对中国经济发展产生举足轻重的影响。每一句措辞、每一个观点的阐述都经过深思熟虑。当遇到各方有不同意见时，往往要经过反复讨论才能达成一致。

　　让高尚全印象最深刻的，是“劳动力市场”写入十四届三中全会《关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》的过程。

　　上世纪90年代，改革开放已经进行了十余年，在党的正式文件中，出现的仍然是“劳务市场”和“劳动就业市场”。当时有种看法是：劳动力怎么能进入市场呢？劳动力进入市场会影响工人阶级的主人翁地位。而高尚全和其他一些人主张，劳动力市场是生产要素市场不可缺少的组成部分。

　　在一次中央政治局常委会就决议文件的讨论会上，高尚全获邀列席。为了争取到高层的支持，高尚全鼓足勇气发了言，一口气说了五条理由，说明确立劳动力市场对于建立市场经济的重要性。当时会上没有对此进行继续讨论，时任中共中央总书记江泽民只说了一句：提出劳动力市场，社会上能不能接受？

　　高尚全告诉北青报记者，发言后的第二天，他去找了主持起草小组工作的温家宝。“我有点内疚，我说自己昨天不该在常委会上发言。但是我当时有个冲动，如果不发言，劳动力市场的概念可能就出不来了。”高尚全记得，温家宝回答说：“我赞成你的意见，但能不能上中央文件我也没有把握。”

　　后来，温家宝把高尚全关于劳动力市场的材料报送给江泽民，江泽民又批转给各中央常委。“劳动力市场”最终写入了决议。

　　高层领导如何参与其中？

　　提出总体思路 赴各地进行调研

　　三中全会决定文件的起草是在中央政治局常委会直接领导下进行的。通常，在每次决定起草前，中共中央总书记都会对决定的总体思路、基本框架、重点要点等作出指示。在起草过程中，也会多次根据文件的进展，提出指导性意见。

　　高尚全记得，在参加1984年十二届三中全会决议起草时，当时社会上仍有不少人认为“计划经济”和“商品经济”是对立的。曾参加十二大报告起草的一位部门负责人在给有关部门的信中说，“绝不能把我们的经济概括成商品经济”。因此，在起草过程中，把“商品经济”写入文件遇到很大阻力，最初的提纲仍是“计划经济为主，市场调节为辅”。

　　据张卓元教授主编的《新中国经济学史纲(1949-2011)》记载，时任中共中央总书记胡耀邦看到这个提纲后很不满意，因此重新调整了文件起草班子。中央在反复征求各方意见后，把“有计划的商品经济”写入决定。邓小平在评价这次会议文件的时候说，“这次经济体制改革的文件好……有些是我们老祖宗没有说过的话，有些新话。”

　　在三中全会召开前，中央领导人赴全国各地进行调研，也逐渐成为一项惯例。

　　十六届三中全会文件起草前，胡锦涛分别在北京、广东、四川、天津、湖南、江西等地调研。吴邦国、温家宝、贾庆林、曾庆红、黄菊、吴官正、李长春、罗干等中央政治局其他常委，也分赴全国各地，进行调查研究，对文件的形成作出贡献。

　　十七届三中全会前，胡锦涛到河南、安徽等地考察，并前往滁州市凤阳县小岗村，考察农村改革发展情况。随后的三中全会通过了《关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》。

　　本届三中全会的主题是“全面深化改革”。据北青报记者统计，自十八大以来，习近平、李克强进行了17次离京调研，其中16次都提到“改革”。

　　起草文件如何“集思广益？

　　51次座谈会 3000人参与讨论

　　在文件起草过程中，起草小组并非“闭门造车”。

　　据新华社报道，在十七届三中全会决定起草过程中，起草组分成7个调研组，分赴12个省区走村入户实地调研。调研期间，共召开51次座谈会，听取了860位领导干部、专家学者和基层群众的意见和建议。

　　在进行数十次修改后，起草组先要把基本成稿的文件提交中央政治局常委会审议。根据常委会讨论意见修改后，再提交中央政治局审议。

　　文件在中央政治局讨论意见上作出修改后，就形成了征求意见稿，会下发到全国各省、自治区、直辖市以及中央和国务院各部门、军队各大单位征求意见。

　　据王梦奎记录，十四届三中全会决议的征求意见稿，总共收到138份报告和修改意见，包括30个省(自治区、直辖市)、92个部门和16位老同志的。这些报告和修改意见，都转到文件起草组认真阅读和研究。

　　而十七届三中全会决议的征求意见稿，在向各民主党派中央、全国工商联领导人和无党派人士征求意见时，共有3000多人参加讨论，起草组共收到各方面意见建议2193条。

　　座谈会，是文件起草过程中另外一个吸收各方智慧的途径。

　　以十六届三中全会决定为例。当年8月决定征求意见稿下发后不久，时任中共中央总书记胡锦涛就主持召开了党外人士座谈会。几天之后，温家宝总理在国务院召开了经济专家座谈会。与此同时，起草小组还邀请专家、学者、企业负责人举行了10多场座谈会。

　　此外，一些部委、研究机构还会按照中央要求进行专题调研，为决策提供参考意见。

　　例如十六届三中全会文件起草过程中，20多个部委围绕产权制度、国有资产管理监督、农村土地制度、社会信用体系等问题，展开了历时两个月的专题调研，形成了一批极具参考价值的专题报告。

　　起草文件如何修改？

　　数十次修改 全会闭幕当天仍会修改

　　根据公开披露的报道，三中全会决议文件通常要经过数十次修改，大到文件框架，小至遣词用字。以十七届三中全会决议文件起草为例，起草小组在6个多月时间里共召开过9次全体会议、30次工作班子会议，正式修改41稿。

　　每次三中全会的决议文件都经过字斟句酌，不但在会前反复修改，在开会期间还会根据各方意见，甚至在全会闭幕当天还在做最后修改。

　　2003年，十六届三中全会在10月11日到14日期间举行。全会安排了3个半天，对决定讨论稿进行讨论。10月11日晚，胡锦涛主持召开中央政治局常委会会议，起草组根据修改意见，连夜对决定稿作了24处修改。12日晚和13日下午，起草组连续召开全体会议，对讨论稿作进一步修改。14日上午，根据当天上午全会讨论情况，起草组对讨论稿又进行了一次修改。

　　高尚全告诉北青报记者，会上提出的意见涉及粮食生产、扶贫开发、安全生产、科技教育等多个方面，不过一般来说没有“颠覆性”意见。

　　内存

　　决议文件什么特点？

　　长度一万余字 文字简练易懂

　　如果不算今天将闭幕的十八届三中全会，从十一届三中全会以来的七次三中全会，共产生了5个决议文件。北青报记者发现，这些文件的字数在1.2万到1.6万字之间，通常采取分为几大章、每部分下再设若干条的框架。

　　王梦奎曾介绍说，这样的构架便于剪除枝蔓，勾画出一个比较清晰的轮廓，也有利于避免起承转合所难以避免的虚话，突出每一条的“干货”。

　　文字简练是历次决议文件的一大特点。温家宝曾表示，起草决议文件要突出重点，不要面面俱到。文字要精练，用平实的语言，让普通党员和群众看得懂。

　　经济学家常修泽对此深有体会。2003年，在国家发改委宏观经济研究院工作的他接到要求，为十六届三中全会《关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》起草工作提供有关产权问题的基础性研究报告。他提出，在产权制度构成中，应包括产权界定、产权配置、产权交易和产权保护四个制度支柱。报告上交后，起草组有关负责人专门约见了常修泽。

　　常修泽告诉北青报记者，最终形成的决议吸纳了他的意见，不过在文字表述上，产权界定变为“归属清晰”，产权配置变为“权责明确”，产权保护变为“保护严格”，产权交易变为“流转顺畅”。

　　“这样的表述更容易让普通人理解。”常修泽说。本版文/本报记者 刘一

　　资料

　　那些年产生的三中全会“决定”

　　1984年 十二届三中全会 《关于经济体制改革的决定》。分为十章，约1.6万字。

　　1993年 十四届三中全会 《关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》。分为十章50条，约1.6万字。

　　1998年 十五届三中全会 《关于农业和农村工作若干重大问题的决定》。分为十章，约1.3万字。

　　2003年 十六届三中全会《关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》。分为十二章42条，约1.2万字。

　　2008年 十七届三中全会 《关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》。分为六章，约1.5万字。

　　制图/沙楠

(原标题：三中全会“决定”如何诞生？)

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