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published in(发表于) 2013/11/12 0:13:42
People’s daily concerns “urbanization is kidnapped by real estate“

Some place emphasis on three very different real estate development appeared "deficiency" in Mong Kok. Real estate development is a manifestation of urbanization, to avoid "as" circle

Editors: in recent years, urbanization construction in full swing, corresponding with the exception is real estate development is thriving. Local demand for land sales and land impulse, to real estate developers hit it off. In many places, real estate development and construction has become synonymous with the development of urbanization. A noteworthy phenomenon is that in the context of the market trend of urbanization, keen, Metro approved construction of the new district around, the actual operation on medium and small cities, especially three or four tier more known only by the industrial town of direct real estate market development, urbanization be kidnap suspect in real estate. What do you think about this phenomenon?

Xu Zhengzhong: current urbanization process, the contradictions of real estate has become an important focus of buyers looking helplessly, "mortgage slaves" plodding, "Uncle", "twin sister" monopoly houses, developers earn pours. Urbanization is real estate seem to indeed urbanization is suspected of being kidnapped by real estate.

Need to attach great importance to is that many urban real estate development now faster than the pace of development of various kinds of auxiliary, a "demolish building" or "building demolition" phenomenon. Three or four lines in particular cities and some towns, to serve as a beginning construction, but untraceable industries related, built the House unoccupied, form a ghost town, "" ghost town ". Some place emphasis on three very different real estate development appeared "deficiency" in Mong Kok. Real estate development is a manifestation of urbanization, to avoid the "room" of the vicious circle.

Of course, in accelerating the urbanization process, the real estate industry still was one of the most benefit. Industrial transfer, movement of population, wealth, and will lead to increase of the real estate industry space. We need to guard against is partial to figure out "land of urbanization", "cement urbanization." Urbanization tends to take economic development as the goal, to industrialization as the main line, led by the local government, land appreciation as the primary engine, material capital intensive, high cost and low income. It must bring elements of structural imbalance, space imbalance, imbalance of the industrial structure, this is a complete departure from this essence of urbanization is one of the towns. To establish a livable and humane city, should also pay attention to the urbanization of the population, sustainable urbanization, ecological urbanization, to meet the diverse needs of the residents, so that it has a full selection of space. Construction is by no means rural mosaic tiling, but the integration of modern technology and modern art show. In the course of construction of the new city, new products, especially those of urban complex life science and technology industry will come to their good growth opportunities, will also become a real estate needs.

Under the current system, local financial expenditure responsibility, had to land financial, rely on considerable debt financing platform. A new round of institutional reform should be on the premise of adjusting the structure of fiscal expenditure straightening out the central-local fiscal relations, forms public service orientation "Yonge" ""

Edit: Although urbanization is inseparable from the real estate, but urbanization should not be real estate. The view was expressed that kidnapped urbanization not real estate, but government-led, facilitated the kidnapping of urbanization of the real estate. What do you think?

Xu Zhengzhong: in the real world, there are Government-guided, driven urbanization kidnapped the real estate phenomenon, which is mainly caused by financial institutions. Under the current system, local financial expenditure responsibility, had to land financial, rely on considerable debt financing platform. For debt, real estate becomes "two fiscal" and "cash machine", and some places even becomes "financial" and "money tree". According to official figures a rough estimate, Government and banking 2012 obtained from real estate income of 4.7917 trillion yuan, 75% of the total real estate sales of 6.4 trillion yuan for the year. Although the industry for such a simple addition calculation methods have different views, but the Government took from the real estate industry high proportion of land sales and taxes has become an indisputable fact. Among them, land leasing has always been the Government received the largest share of revenue from the real estate industry, are accounted home sales value of about 40%. Some local governments are ready to "one House eat four": "eat" land leasing, "two eating" transfer housing derived from 20% of taxes, "three ways" estate tax, "four eating" estate tax. A new round of institutional reform should be on the premise of adjusting the structure of fiscal expenditure straightening out the central-local fiscal relations, forms public service orientation "Yonge" "" relationship. Future Governments will be competing at another level: the more open market better than anyone, who services more efficient than, greater compliance with the market better than anyone, "rules of the game" more equitable and harmonious urban and rural areas better than anyone.

The Government's leading role in construction of towns, to focus on preventing "dual-dual" development, which prevents development of urban-rural dualistic and dualistic development between rich and poor within the city. Fusion real estate development, prevent social mosaic. At the same time, design to the top levels of Government, the rational allocation of public resources. Urbanization of urbanization is the key to get peasants to enjoy public benefits, housing, education, medical and other aspects are universal service to form a "middle class", "City" fusion of good shape.

New-type urbanization is not only live in the city, is happy in the city. From the three aspects of Government, is to protect the full movement of people, promote the high degree of integration of the industry, providing universal service

Edit: at present, the new town construction is an important hand in boosting domestic demand. Many local governments used to rely on for investment, projects, especially in the real estate project to boost economy. While rising, high prices, not only failed to stimulate domestic demand, but are largely stifled consumer demand and urbanization, became farmers, college graduates remain insurmountable barriers. New-type urbanization, how should Government do?

Xu Zhengzhong: new urbanization is not only live in the city, happy town, not just farmers, but also so that they can enjoy equal public services with the public, which requires government from three aspects, namely guarantees full mobility, the promotion of industries of high degree integration and the provision of universal service.

According to my observation, a person's contribution to society associated with three elements: first, the mobility of people, mainly in the number moving; the second is the number of career change; the third is the duration of their education. Since reform and opening up, our population flows are increasingly common, labor market incentives to stimulate people's desire to flow, prompting workers to actively look for the best jobs for themselves. In process of urbanization, the Government is to ensure full movement of people, break the shackles of traditional household registration system, guarantee the farmers move to cities and intercity transfers for the public order. Promoting urbanization is not only simple farmers, increase the proportion of the urban population and urban area, even the household registration system, lifestyle, employment, social security, industrial structure and human quality of literacy and other towns. Urbanization is an integrated development process.

Urbanization is an economic complementary, natural and gradual process, lasting power is economic growth. An overview of the history of the rise of great powers in the world, from traditional society to a modern society, is indispensable to social development of top-level design, this design is construct social General Service System. Social General Service system, laying the Foundation for all-round social progress, effectively avoiding disintegration, fragmentation and imbalance of different interest groups in society, it is divided into three subsystems, namely social General Service of humanity, universal social service of industry knowledge and information society services.

Urbanization is not a simple increase in the proportion of urban population and area expansion, industry support, UN-Habitat, such as environment, social security, lifestyle from "village" to "City" transformation. City is a diverse and open platform, allowing all kinds of factors of production in the city take time to collision, coupling, sublimation, in terms of technology, skills and creativity of tuk-tuk drivers constructing modern eco-city in the new economy.

In the process of urbanization, to focus on the protection of farmers ' rights and interests and solve rural land circulation and scale operation issues, non-agricultural conversion in rural land issues and farmers problems.

　　Don't push farmers go upstairs (scholars · focus on unhealthy trends in urbanization ⑧)

　　Huazhong University of science and Professor of Chinese rural Governance Research Center He Xuefeng

In recent years, some local split villages and settlements, removal of farmer occupies a large old houses, access to farmers ' and land reclaimed for farmland, and through "linking urban and rural construction land increase and decrease" policy into equivalent sizes of cities added construction land targets.

After the old peasant houses have been demolished, where to go? Was built to let farmers take up a relatively small land area new House, built for farmers or the building; the second is to mobilize farmers to buy their own homes. Government built new houses for farmers will not be fully free, but according to certain standards to provide subsidies, farmers live in self-built or Commission rules Commission Regulation Tongjian to pay additional costs for new homes.

Local Government's goal is to obtain indicators of urban construction land, normally does not take fully into account the interests of farmers, will minimize the cost of split villages and settlements. The old village house for the farmer is concerned, no new benefits. In order to remove the old build, local government investment is huge.

Policy on linking urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, the farmers ' as a rural construction land, but farmers ' access to free use of free only for personal use and cannot be traded. Therefore, give or take a peg to farmers ' and rural construction land which was confusing two different kinds of land. If farmers ' and rural construction land, then, Heath is to stay in the rural mass construction land, Heath can participate in link increases or decreases? If you can, not built farm house on the Heath, reclamation of wasteland is far below the cost of reclaimed land, why not go to the reclamation of wasteland on farmers ' and not want to screw? Farmers ' houses are farmers of decades of accumulated results, although the local government invested heavily built new houses for farmers, but as has already been mentioned, farmer does not get more benefits from the new House, and one is up. This count, the campaign will produce a lot of waste, and unpopular.

Current implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease peg, its starting point is without adding new land for construction cases, through system design, indicators of the rural construction land "diversion" for urban construction land. However, the misunderstanding of the policy of construction land in urban and rural construction land are two fundamentally different types of land law. In order to increase the indicators of urban construction land, to demolish farmers ' houses, destroyed hundreds of farmers living environment is desirable. Even if linked to the urban and rural construction land change, consider reclaimed wasteland, to achieve dynamic balance of total amount of cultivated land, out of city construction land targets.

Looked back at the willingness of farmers to go upstairs? Local governments do have a responsibility to provide farmers with better living environment? The answer is Yes. Currently, most farmers have the desire to build a new House. If local governments stepped in for farmers to plan new homes, providing infrastructure such as water circuit. Farmers to transform the old House, you can go to free access to land for planning new House, assuming the old land for reclamation. Thus, on the one hand, farmers used to larger Homestead can be freed, economizing on land, on the other, new settlements infrastructure improves, attractive to farmers. The responsibility of local government is comparatively little funding infrastructure. Local governments spend less money, farmers voluntarily to build new houses, land reclamation for agricultural land. Farmers ' lives more convenient, well-being increase, rural living environment improved accordingly. This is more too.

(Reporter Zhang Zhifeng finishing)

　　Urbanization of "classics" don't read Askew (reader Forum · focus on unhealthy trends in urbanization ⑧)

The Guangxi tengxian He Jiefeng

There is a remote mountain village, by expanding the polder town size, gain traction and accelerate development, but nearly 10 years of planning, delays in the construction. On surface transport routes in the center of town, and has land extensions, there is no "brake". The reason, according to inside sources, land financial sings "lead" cases, the remote mountainous town of polder land selling cars, where money is going to develop? Meanwhile, developers are unprofitable and capitalists who would pay to do? Government land sales and developers get the development money, abnormal development of urbanization in about two "grip".

On August 28 this year, CCTV broadcast feature films of the shanty town hot and sour bitter sweet. Renovation of shanty towns in Harbin, shanty towns people knees and begged the Government to reform their place of residence, but because the land has a crematorium, the developers just can't get over this land, and loss of business the Government has refused to do. Developers located in the center of the other plots are very interested in ten or twenty years to complete building shantytowns, to develop large demolition.

Struggling in the remote mountain area urbanization phenomenon is difficult to advance the transformation of shanty towns and Harbin, it is estimated that all parts of the country, not complicated. Government own land paid developers sharpening the head development money. When the Government can think about how to sell when they took the money, and what to read Askew.

　　Urbanization

　　Kidnapped by real estate (where the line of sight · focus on unhealthy trends in urbanization ⑧)

Zhao Beibei

In recent years, in some cases, by the Government to promote "urbanization movement" sensation, at the forefront of real estate development and construction is in full swing. Throughout the countryside, is common practice: on behalf of the Government in a variety of use of contracted land of farmers and their land for sale to developers, real estate development, campus development, farmers go upstairs living. Used to "listen to frogs" countryside, suddenly become "complex". "Make the villagers become public" under the slogan of many farmers or forced or had been hoodwinked into buildings without access to public benefits and lost the benefits to farmers. And stealing music, mostly earn a bowl full of pots of real estate developers.

Real estate kidnapping realities of urbanization, many people express concern and question, worry that this enclosure-build characterized city hurricane "urbanization" movement, which will bring many risks to China's economic and social development and some misfortune. In fact has thrown some risks.

First of all as a town of farmers, the bulk of rights violations. For land farmers into commercial land, land for construction purposes, many local governments and developers, forced Flash move means farmers are forced to sell land, House sites, live upstairs. Raised in the course of the conflict, not just to farmers was injured, has also increased social costs. Many farmers get the land compensation, not enough to buy commercial housing, patchwork, East through West lent. Many farmers after the stairs, lost the last living land, availability of employment and survival problematic, impoverished, reduced quality of life, it has become a major social problem.

Second, the massive human, blind city movement and unrealistic demands, coupled with supporting function to keep up, that "ghost town" or uncompleted, some developers are even liable to flee, not only caused great waste of resources, but also to support the assets of real estate developers, financial institutions make a big threat, and hopefully stymie inevitable.

Third, increasing government financial dependence and sold the land to the impulse. Needless to say, many local governments are very keen for urbanization, are "nutritional", their concerns are not the people in the town of, but urbanization. Today, the local government debt is an open secret that administrative costs are too high, "sangong" consumption, image engineering, prestige projects, extravagant government buildings, seek private gain at public expense of corrupt behavior abound, coupled with the existing cadre of defect, the performance appraisal system, fiscal system, so some places are mired in financial and land, I forgot. Urbanization construction in real estate development and infrastructure projects, require local governments millions of dollars invested, money not only is the fastest route from land, and local finance. So the situation is easy to make urbanization planning, decision-making was abducted by real estate.

IV, affected the healthy development of the economy. The real estate industry "outshines" become a pillar industry, real estate, economy to be curbed, and also increased the housing bubble, house prices remain high, far beyond the capacity of the people.

Han Jun, Deputy Director of development research center of the State Council said at a forum in the near future, "the new urbanized core, is the human right issues, issues, issues. If these three problems cannot be solved, urbanization can be a painful process for farmers. "Was supposed to increase farmers ' welfare, urbanization, may let their original sense of well-being has also been eroded. If a one-sided focus on promoting economic development of urbanization, lack of innovation, it is easy to overlook the autonomy of market players, the lack of strong protection for farmers ' interests. This urbanization is not only overestimated the economic effects of urbanization, and will lead to many social problems, is not sustainable.

　　Shangrao city, Jiangxi

　　Not as illegal land development land sector (exposure · focus on unhealthy trends in urbanization ⑧)

We were Guo village, Jiangxi Shangrao Xinzhou District North Gate Street 2 groups of villagers. In 2008, our group of more than 200 acres, more than 100 acres of vegetable fields, more than 100 acres of paddy field land and fish ponds, woodlands, were more than 800 mu of land in use by developers illegal housing development.

In our House, because he was afraid we were prevented the leaders pretend to be "shifting of Shangrao City section of the railway project" requisition. Later, we learned that are not projects land acquisition, Bureau of land and resources in Shangrao city, ask to see the approval of land requisition. City land Bureau to produce a Jiangxi provincial Government was ratified on August 18, 2003 under the approval form of construction land in Jiangxi province, approved first batch of 2003-urban construction land in Shangrao city of 42.0114 hectares. Involving 491 acres of land in my village. And this is another group of 491 acres is not just our group.

Illegal administrative action against the municipal Bureau of land and resources, we offer land to apply for a review of the Office of Jiangxi province, but provincial land in excess of the statutory time limit for inadmissible. We pass Court, December 25, 2012, the High Court judgement in Jiangxi province, removal of inadmissible decision of provincial land administrative reconsideration and ask them to renew a specific administrative act. But nearly a year later, provincial land is not as.

Illegal construction on land in our group from the company the aviation City real estate company. It is understood that the company has sold more than 700 suite, phase II of the construction and sale is now, there are more than 700 sets.

Jiangxi Shangrao Xinzhou District North Gate Street Guo village, 2 group

Yaominghaizhoujianjun Yao Wenhui villagers

　　有的地方强调三年大变样，房地产开发出现“虚火”过旺现象。房地产开发只是城镇化的一个表现形式，要避免“为房而房”的怪圈

　　编辑：近些年，城镇化建设如火如荼，与之相应的是房地产开发的异常红火。地方政府的卖地需求与卖地冲动，使之与房地产开发商一拍即合。在许多地方，房地产开发建设似已成城镇化建设的代名词。一种值得注意的现象是，在城镇化大趋势的市场背景下，各地热衷于新区、新城的报批建设，实际操作上中小城市尤其是三、四线城市则更多的只是以产业新城为名直接进行房地产市场开发造城，大有城镇化被房地产绑架之嫌。您怎么看待这一现象？

　　许正中：在目前的城镇化发展过程中，房地产已成矛盾的重要焦点，想购房者望价兴叹，“房奴”们埋头苦干，“房叔”、“房姐”垄断房源，开发商赚个盆满钵满。似乎城镇化就是房地产化，确实有城镇化被房地产绑架之嫌。

　　需要高度重视的是，现在许多城市房地产发展速度高于各种配套的发展速度，出现“拆了建”、“建了拆”的现象。尤其是三、四线城市和一些建制镇，以此为由头大搞建设，却由于产业等相关配套无法跟进，建成的房子无人居住，形成一个个空城、“鬼城”。有的地方强调三年大变样，房地产开发出现“虚火”过旺现象。房地产开发只是城镇化的一个表现形式，要避免“为房而房”的怪圈。

　　当然，在加速城镇化的过程中，房地产行业依旧是最受益的行业之一。产业转移、人口流动、财富增长，都将带来房地产行业的增量空间。我们需要防范的是片面搞“土地城镇化”、“水泥城镇化”。这样的城镇化往往以经济发展为目标，以工业化为主线，以地方政府为主导，以土地升值为主引擎，物质资本大量消耗，高成本、低收益。它必然带来要素结构失衡、空间失衡、产业结构失衡，这完全背离了城镇化是人的城镇化这一本质。要建立宜居、人性化的城市，更应该注重人口的城镇化、可持续的城镇化、生态的城镇化，满足居民的多样化需求，使其有充分选择的空间。市政建设绝不是农村的拼接和平铺，而是现代技术的集成和现代艺术的展现。在新城市建设过程当中，新的产品尤其是那些科技生活产业城市综合体将会迎来其良好的发展机会，也将成为房地产需求的产生地。

　　在现有体制下，地方财政支出责任大，不得不搞土地财政，靠融资平台大规模举债。新一轮体制改革，应在调整财政支出结构的前提下理顺中央与地方的财税关系，形成公共服务导向的“央”“地”关系

　　编辑：尽管城镇化建设离不开房地产，但城镇化绝不应是房地产化。有人认为，不是房地产绑架了城镇化，而是政府主导、推动的城镇化绑架了房地产。您怎么看？

　　许正中：在现实社会中，确实有政府主导、推动的城镇化绑架房地产的现象，这主要是财政体制造成的。在现有体制下，地方财政支出责任大，不得不搞土地财政，靠融资平台大规模举债。为了偿债，房地产成为“二财政”和“提款机”，有的地方甚至成为“主财政”和“摇钱树”。根据官方数据粗略估计，政府和银行2012年从房地产获得收入47917亿元，占全年房地产业销售额6.4万亿元的75%。虽然业内人士对这种简单相加的计算方法持不同观点，但政府从房地产行业中拿走的土地出让金和税费比例偏高已成不争的事实。其中，土地出让金历来是政府从房地产行业中收取的最大比重收入，一般会占到房屋销售价值的40%左右。有的地方政府已经准备进行“一房四吃”：“一吃”土地出让金，“二吃”转让住房所得20%的个税，“三吃”房地产税，“四吃”遗产税。新一轮体制改革，应该在调整财政支出结构的前提下理顺中央与地方的财税关系，形成公共服务导向的“央”“地”关系。未来各地政府将在另一个层面上展开竞争：比谁的市场更开放，比谁的服务效率更高，比谁更加遵守市场“游戏规则”，比谁城乡更加平等、和谐。

　　政府在城镇化建设中的主导作用，要注重防止“双二元”的发展，即防止城乡二元化发展以及城市内的贫富二元化发展。发展融合性的房地产，防止社会马赛克化。同时，政府要顶层设计，对公共资源进行合理配置。城镇化关键在于人的城镇化，要让进城农民享受市民待遇，在住房、教育、医疗等方面都得到应有的普遍服务，形成“产”“城”融合的良好格局。

　　新型城镇化不仅是住在城中，更是幸福在城中。政府需从三个方面着手，即保障人的充分流动、促进产业高度融合、提供普遍服务

　　编辑：目前，新型城镇化建设被作为拉动内需的一个重要抓手。很多地方政府习惯于靠搞投资、上项目特别是房地产项目来拉动经济。而日益攀升、居高不下的房价，不仅没有拉动内需，反而在很大程度上遏制了消费需求和城镇化进程，成了农民进城、大学毕业生留城难以逾越的门槛。搞新型城镇化，政府究竟应该如何作为？

　　许正中：新型城镇化不仅是住在城中，更是幸福在城中，不仅是让农民进城，还要让他们享受与市民均等的公共服务，这就需要政府从三个方面着手，即保障人的充分流动、促进产业高度融合和提供普遍服务。

　　据我观察，一个人对社会的贡献与三个要素正相关：一是人的流动性，主要是其搬家的次数；第二个是其更换职业的次数；第三是其受教育的时间长短。改革开放以来，我国的人口流动越来越普遍，劳动市场化产生的激励机制刺激了人们的流动欲望，促使劳动者去积极寻找适合自己的最佳岗位。政府在城镇化过程中就是要保证人的充分流动，打破传统户籍制度的束缚，保证农民向城市转移和市民在城市间转移的有序性。推进城镇化不仅是简单的农民进城，增加城市人口比例和城市面积，更是户籍制度、生活模式、就业方式、社会保障、产业结构和人的素质素养等一系列的城镇化。城镇化是综合集成的发展过程。

　　城镇化是一个与经济相辅相成、自然和渐进发展的过程，也是我国经济增长的持久动力。综观世界上大国崛起的历程，从传统社会走向现代社会，都离不开对社会发展的顶层设计，而这一设计就是构建社会普遍服务体系。社会普遍服务体系为社会的全面进步奠定基础，有效避免社会不同利益群体的分化、割裂和失衡，它又分为三个子系统，即人文社会普遍服务、产业社会普遍服务和信息知识社会普遍服务。

　　城镇化不是简单的城市人口比例增加和面积扩张，而是产业支撑、人居环境、社会保障、生活方式等由“乡”到“城”的转变。城市是一个多元开放的平台，能够让各类生产要素在城市中充分地进行碰撞、联结、升华，要在技术、技能和创意三轮驱动新的经济形态下构建现代生态城市。

　　在城镇化过程中，要注重保障农民权益，解决好农地流转和规模经营问题、农村土地的非农转用问题和农民进城务工问题。

　　不要逼农民上楼(学者观点·关注城镇化中的不良倾向⑧)

　　华中科技大学中国乡村治理研究中心教授 贺雪峰

　　近几年，一些地方开展拆村并居行动，拆掉农民占地较大的旧房子，获得农民宅基地，把宅基地复垦为耕地，进而通过“城乡建设用地增减挂钩”政策，变成相等面积的城市新增建设用地指标。

　　农民旧房被拆后，住到哪里去？一是让农民建占用宅基地面积比较小的新房子，或为农民建楼房；二是动员农民进城买房。政府不会完全免费为农民建新房，而是按一定标准提供补贴，农民住上统规自建或统规统建的新房都要付出额外代价。

　　地方政府的目标是为了获得新增城市建设用地指标，一般不会充分考虑农民的利益，只会尽可能降低拆村并居的成本。拆旧村建新居，对于农民来讲，没有产生新的福利。为了拆旧建新，地方政府投入巨大。

　　城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策，将农民宅基地当作农村建设用地，但农民宅基地是免费获得无偿使用的，只能自用，不能交易。因此，增减挂钩政策将农民宅基地与农村建设用地这两种不同性质的土地混淆了。如果农民宅基地也是农村建设用地，那么，农村大量存在的荒地就是待建设用地，荒地能否参与到增减挂钩中呢？如果能的话，荒地上没有建农房，复垦荒地的成本远远低于复垦宅基地，为什么不去复垦荒地而非要在农民宅基地上打主意呢？农民房子是农民几十年积累下来的成果，虽然地方政府投入巨资为农民建新房，但如前已述，农民并未从新建房子中获得更多福利，最多是一顶一。这样来算，这场运动将产生大量浪费，且不得人心。

　　当前实施的城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策，其出发点是在不增加新的建设用地的情况下，通过制度设计，将农村建设用地指标“挪移”为城市建设用地。但是，这个政策误解了城市建设用地与农村建设用地是两种根本不同性质土地的法律规定。为了增加城市建设用地指标，而去拆农民房子，破坏几百年的农民居住生态，实在不可取。即使要搞城乡建设用地增减挂钩，可以考虑复垦荒地，以此实现耕地占补平衡，挤出城市建设用地指标。

　　回头看，农民是否愿意上楼呢？地方政府是否有责任为农民提供更好的居住环境呢？答案是肯定的。当前，农民大多有建新房的愿望。若由地方政府出面，对农民新居点进行规划，提供水电路等基础设施。农民要改造旧房，可以到规划的新居点免费获取宅基地，前提是旧宅基地复垦。这样一来，一方面，农民过去占地比较大的宅基地可以腾出来，节约用地；另一方面，新的居住点基础设施改善了，对农民有吸引力。地方政府的责任只是投入相对较少的资金完善基础设施。地方政府花较少的钱，农民自愿建新房，宅基地复垦为耕地。农民生产生活更加方便，生活福利增加，农村居住环境相应改善。这才是一举多得。

　　(本报记者 张志锋整理)

　　城镇化的“经”别念歪(读者论坛·关注城镇化中的不良倾向⑧)

　　广西藤县 何杰锋

　　有一个地处边远山区的乡，欲通过扩大圩镇的规模，聚集人气促发展，但规划了近10年，却迟迟未能动工。而一些水陆交通要道上的中心乡镇，近几年不断征地扩展，仍无法“刹车”。究其原因，据圈内人士透露，在土地财政唱“主角”的情况下，边远山区的圩镇土地卖不动，哪有钱去搞建设？另一方面，开发商感到无利可图，谁会花钱去做赔本买卖？政府卖地和开发商搞开发赚钱，成为左右城镇化畸形发展的两只“魔掌”。

　　由此想起今年8月28日中央电视台播出的专题片《酸辣苦甜棚户区》。哈尔滨进行棚户区改造，棚户区老百姓跪求政府对他们的居住地进行改造，但因为该地块原来有一个火葬场，开发商看不上这块地皮，赔本的生意政府也不肯干。开发商对位于市中心的另一地块却很感兴趣，于是把那些才建成一二十年的楼房当成棚户区，进行大拆大建搞开发。

　　边远山区城镇化建设的举步维艰以及哈尔滨棚户区改造难以推进的现象，估计全国各地都存在，原因不复杂。政府一门心思卖地收钱，开发商削尖脑袋搞开发赚钱。当政府只想着如何卖地收钱的时候，什么样的经都会念歪。

　　城镇化

　　被房地产绑架之患(金台视线·关注城镇化中的不良倾向⑧)

　　赵蓓蓓

　　近些年，在一些地方，由政府推动的“城镇化运动”轰轰烈烈，走在前列的是如火如荼的房地产开发建设。在各地农村，常见的做法是：政府以各种名义征用农民手中的承包地及自家宅基地，出让给开发商，搞房地产开发、园区开发，让农民上楼集中居住。往日“听取蛙声一片”的乡村，转瞬间变成“眼前楼群一片”。在“让村民变市民”的口号下，许多农民或被迫或被忽悠住进了楼房，却未享受到市民待遇，且丧失了做农民的一些好处。而偷着乐的，大都是赚得钵满盆满的房地产开发商。

　　对房地产绑架城镇化的现实，许多人表示担忧和质疑，担心目前这种以圈地建房造城为特征的急风暴雨式的“城镇化运动”，会给中国经济、社会发展带来诸多隐患及后患。实际上有些隐患已经显现。

　　首先是对作为城镇化主体的农民权益的侵害。为了把农民手中的土地变为商业用地、建设用地，不少地方政府与开发商联手，采用强征暴迁的手段，强迫农民出让土地、宅基地，上楼居住。其间引发的矛盾冲突，不仅使农民很受伤，也增加了社会成本。许多农民所获得的土地补偿，不足以购买商品房，还要东拼西凑、东借西借。不少上楼后的农民，失去了过去赖以为生的土地，就业无着落，生存成问题，生活无保障，生活质量下降，这又成一大社会问题。

　　其次，大规模的人为、盲目的造城运动，脱离实际需求，加之配套功能跟不上，以致“鬼城”或烂尾楼频现，一些开发商甚至卷款而逃，不仅造成资源上的极大浪费，也给支持房地产开发商的金融机构的资产安全带来很大威胁，呆账坏账在所难免。

　　第三，加剧了政府对土地财政的依赖和卖地冲动。毋庸讳言，许多地方政府之所以对城镇化建设极为热衷，是“醉翁之意不在酒”，他们关心的并非城镇化中的人，而是城镇化中的地。如今，地方政府债台高筑已是公开的秘密，行政成本过高，“三公”消费难止，形象工程、政绩工程、奢华的政府办公楼、损公肥私贪腐行为的大量存在，加之现行干部任用、政绩考核制度、财税制度上的缺陷，使有的地方深陷土地财政而不可自拔。而城镇化建设包括房地产开发的基础设施配套工程，需要地方政府大量的财力投入，卖地不仅是来钱最快的捷径，而且收入也归地方财政。如此境况很容易使城镇化的规划、决策被房地产绑架。

　　第四，影响了经济的健康发展。房地产业“一枝独秀”，成为支柱产业，使得实体产业、经济受到遏制，也加大了房地产泡沫，使房价居高不下，远远超出人们的承受能力。

　　国务院发展研究中心副主任韩俊近期在一个论坛上表示，“新型城镇化的核心，就是人的问题、地的问题、权的问题。如果这三个问题不能解决好，城镇化对农民来讲可能是一个痛苦的过程。”本来是要增加农民福祉的城镇化，却可能让其原有的一点幸福感也受到侵蚀。如果城镇化片面着眼于推动经济发展，却缺乏相关制度创新，就容易忽视市场主体的自主性，缺乏对农民合法权益的有力保护。这种城镇化不仅高估了城镇化的经济效应，而且会催生许多社会问题，是不可持续的。

　　江西上饶市

　　违法占地搞开发 国土部门不作为(曝光·关注城镇化中的不良倾向⑧)

　　我们是江西省上饶市信州区北门街道郭门村2组村民。2008年，我们组200多亩水田、100多亩菜地、100多亩宅基地以及鱼塘、林地等共800多亩土地全部被开发商违法占用搞商品房开发。

　　在拆我们的房屋时，因怕我们阻拦，有关领导谎称是“上饶市城区段铁路北移工程”征地。后来，我们得知并不是铁路工程征地，就去上饶市国土局，要求看征地批文。市国土局出示了一份江西省政府于2003年8月18日批准的《江西省建设用地审批表》，批准上饶市2003年度第一批次城市建设用地42.0114公顷。其中涉及我村土地491亩。而这491亩地是其他组的地，并不是我们组的地。

　　针对市国土局的违法行政行为，我们向江西省国土厅申请复议，但省国土厅以超过法定时限为由不予受理。我们又通过法院起诉，2012年12月25日，江西省高级法院作出终审判决，撤销省国土厅行政复议不予受理的决定，要求其重新做出具体行政行为。但近一年过去了，省国土厅仍不作为。

　　在我们组土地上违法建设商品房的公司是中航城地产公司。据了解，该公司一期已卖出700多套房，现在建设和预售的是第二期，也有700多套。

　　江西上饶市信州区北门街道郭门村2组

　　姚明海 周建军 姚文辉等村民

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