Go homepage(回首页) Upload pictures (上传图片) Write articles (发文字帖)
The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/12 0:18:04 Tomb Raider two teeth to unlock mysteries of Cao Cao’s life
Due to family genes does not matter, "Prime Minister Cao Cao Cao is Han dynasty descendants" this assertion is incorrect, while existing Shi gene consistent with Cao Cao's family genes don't, so Cao Cao Shi adopt statement inaccurate.
Papers published in international academic journals
11th, history and anthropology, Fudan University joint research team released the latest results of DNA studies on Cao Cao's family. Experts say the push through modern gene and DNA testing of two-factor-authentication, believing that Cao Cao's family DNA y chromosome SNP mutation of type O2*-M268.
The team by Fudan University Professor, Vice President of the Chinese society for the history of the Wei, Jin and South Korea Seung led and key laboratory of contemporary anthropology, Fudan University Professor Li Hui. Relevant papers published in international journals on the journal of human genetics.
Can take DNA to verify authenticity of Cao Cao's Tomb
Some geneticists say, strongly disputed the authenticity of the tomb of Cao Cao in Anyang, Henan province, can be verified through modern DNA of Cao Cao's descendants.
On December 27, 2009, the Henan provincial cultural heritage Bureau, Anyang City, Henan province, rural West Village South, eventually confirmed that Cao Cao's Tomb.
, The national cultural relics Bureau of Henan Anyang, Eastern Han dynasty Tomb of Cao Cao's Tomb, but faked civil question graves's voice has not been there.
CAs Beijing Genomics Institute Assistant Director Yu Jun said the ancient fossil teeth, and so even though DNA damage may occur, and so on, but also can be carried out through a section of DNA sequencing, if you want to verify whether Cao Cao himself found in Anyang, Henan province, in theory, can be compared with those of human DNA launched anti-concluded.
Secret
Tomb Raider two teeth solve Cao Cao's life mystery
In 2009, the external announced the discovery of Cao Cao's Tomb in Anyang, Henan province, news that caused a huge stir, authenticity and is always accompanied by controversy. That same year, human genetics lab of Fudan University began a major project, tries to push against Cao Cao by Cao Cao's descendants DNA pedigree.
Collect blood samples "blood renqin"
According to Xinhua, the team says, since 2009, the above-mentioned research group of experts have been gathering throughout the country of Cao Cao's descendants (male) venous blood samples. Collection objects including 79 Cao of 280 men and 446 Xiahou family surnames, such as clothes, male volunteers, total final sample of more than 1000 patients.
Meanwhile, 258 research group of experts to the country last name genealogy Cao (Shanghai Library, 118 of them) do a thorough combing research, and with the historical and local history reference, trying to find Cao movement for possible clues. "Tsao ancestors of all branches and the current flows with historical records residence on Cao Cao's descendants could match. "Han-sheng said that after this step of research, the team selection 8 supports genealogy, historical analysis Tsao ethnic groups with a certain credibility.
Found 8 after Cao group, experts tell their DNA were determined. "The total of 3 billion base pairs of human DNA into 23 pairs of chromosomes and mitochondria, unique to the male y chromosome, base pairs are also relatively stable is the most suitable test object. "Li Hui said," after a complex sequence of y chromosome DNA testing and eventually found 6 of which family belongs to the O2*-M268 genotypes, 6 intersection O2*-M268 ancestors of the type specimen from 1800 to 2000 years ago, this is the age of Cao Cao's life. ”
Li Hui believed that these families together to check out a very rare chromosomal types, about 5% of the proportion of the national population. "Assuming that they were fake, the coincidence probabilities is equal to the product of the population the proportion of genotypes, which is 5% 5 times. So, they fake the possibility of only three out of 10,000. In forensic science can therefore finds that they are true descendants of Cao Cao. ”
Comparison of past and present "a done deal"
On December 28, 2011, the team announced that it had positioned DNA of Cao Cao's family, and find the most likely the 6 numbers of Cao Cao's descendants, immediately triggered a strong reaction. At that time, Li Hui estimated the type belongs to Cao Cao is the possibility of 92.71%.
While the genes of modern descendants surnamed Cao, Fudan University research group successfully launched against Cao Cao's family's DNA, but the study was not over. As early as at the beginning of 2011, Han sheng, Li Hui came to the tomb of the CAO clan – in bozhou city, Anhui Province. Active local heritage authorities together with the research group of experts found two teeth in the Treasury – were in the 70 's of the last century from the CAO clan grave "bullions pit first," tomb unearthed.
Combined with archaeological excavations and the leader of the CAO clan mausoleum Paris, and excavation of human oral and "Yuen Bao pit-tomb of the first" indoor brick Tomb inscriptions from the central location of the tomb "hejian Fu ming" to finalize the two teeth are derived from Cao Cao's uncle grandfather with hejian Cao Ding. Team brought home a better preservation of the teeth back to the laboratory of human genetics of Fudan University ancient DNA testing.
The end of 2012, according to gene and DNA of modern two-factor-authentication,--100% research group at the final conclusions to determine DNA of Cao Cao's family. Genealogical records for modern 8 independent of the direct descendants of the CAO family, family y chromosome 6 rare O2*-M268, significant combined reached P=9x10 5, prove that Cao Cao's y chromosome is the type. Bozhou, Anhui Cao Cao remains of ancestors burial tomb of bullions, 1th (Cao Tengdi hejian Cao Ding) also belong to this type, closely associated with the modern Cao Cao's descendants. Shi, Cao Shen posterity is not that type. Therefore, the father of Cao Cao's coming from inside the family, adoption, the family was not Cao Shen clan.
Now Cao Cao's descendants have 9 found (of which 6 genealogy records), respectively from jixi, Anhui shucheng, Anhui haozhou, Anhui Jiangsu Yancheng, Jiangsu haimen, Guangdong's xuwen, Rushan, Shandong donggang, Liaoning tieling, Liaoning.
This version of the section (apart from signature,)/Beijing News reporter Jin Yu
(Original title: two teeth to unlock the mysteries of Cao Cao's life)
由于家族基因间没有关系，“曹操是汉代丞相曹参后人”这一说法有误；而现有的夏侯氏基因与曹操家族基因也不一致，因此曹操从夏侯氏抱养的说法也不准确。
论文在国际学术杂志发表
11日，复旦大学历史学和人类学联合课题组发布了关于曹操家族DNA研究的最新成果。专家表示，通过现代基因反推和古DNA检测的双重验证，认为曹操家族DNA的Y染色体SNP突变类型为O2＊-M268。
该课题组由复旦大学历史系教授、中国魏晋南北朝史学会副会长韩昇和复旦大学现代人类学教育部重点实验室李辉教授领衔。相关论文发表在国际学术杂志《人类遗传学报》上。
可借DNA验证曹操墓真伪
有基因学家表示，此前引发强烈争议的河南安阳曹操墓真伪，可以借助曹操后人的现代DNA来进行验证。
2009年12月27日，河南省文物局公布，河南省安阳市安丰乡西高穴村南，最终得到确认就是曹操墓。
之后，国家文物局认定河南安阳东汉大墓墓主为曹操，但民间质疑墓穴造假之声一直未绝。
中科院北京基因组研究所副所长于军表示，古人化石如牙齿等虽然可能出现DNA破损等情况，但还是可以通过其中一段DNA进行测序，如果要验证河南安阳发现的到底是不是曹操本人，理论上是可以与后人DNA反推出来的结果相比较得出结论。
■ 揭秘
古墓两颗牙解开曹操身世谜团
2009年，河南安阳对外宣布发现曹操墓，消息一出即引发巨大轰动，并始终伴随真伪争议。同年，复旦大学人类遗传实验室开始展开大规模项目，试图通过曹操后人DNA来反推曹操身世。
征集血样“滴血认亲”
据新华社消息，课题组表示，2009年至今，上述课题组的专家一直在全国各地采集曹操后人(男性)的静脉血样本。采集对象包括79个曹姓家族的280名男性和446个夏侯、操等姓氏在内的男性志愿者，最终的样本总量超过1000例。
与此同时，课题组专家对全国各地258个曹姓家谱(其中118个在上海图书馆)做了全面的梳理研究，并与史书和地方志参照，试图找到曹氏迁徙的可能线索。“比如曹氏各个分支的祖先以及现居住地与历史记载上曹操后代的流向能不能相吻合。”韩昇说，经过这一步骤的研究，课题组筛选出8支持有家谱、经过史料分析具有一定可信性的曹氏族群。
找到这8支曹氏族群后，专家再对他们的DNA进行了检测。“人类DNA共有30亿个碱基对组合成23对染色体和线粒体，男性独有的、碱基对也比较稳定的Y染色体是最合适的检测对象。”李辉说，“经过复杂的Y染色体DNA全序列检测，最终发现其中6个家族属于O2＊-M268的基因类型，这6支O2＊-M268类型样本的祖先交汇点在1800年至2000年前，这正是曹操生活的年代。”
李辉认为，这些家族共同检出了一个非常罕见的染色体类型，这个比例在全国人口只占到5%左右。“假定他们都是仿冒的，那么巧合概率就等于这个基因型所占人口比例的乘积，也就是5%的5次方。所以说，他们假冒的可能性只有千万分之三。因此在法医学上可以认定，他们是真实的曹操后代。”
古今对比“板上钉钉”
2011年12月28日，课题组宣布已定位曹操家族DNA，并找到最有可能是曹操后代的6支族群，立刻引发了强烈反响。当时，李辉估算该类型属于曹操的可能性是92.71%。
尽管根据现代曹姓后人的基因，复旦大学课题组成功反推出曹操家族DNA，但研究并未结束。早在2011年初，韩昇、李辉来到曹氏宗族墓所在地——安徽亳州。在当地文物主管部门的积极配合下，课题组专家在库房内找到两颗牙齿——均是在上世纪70年代从曹氏宗族墓“元宝坑一号墓”中出土。
结合曹氏宗族墓考古挖掘领队李灿和现场挖掘人的口述和“元宝坑一号墓”墓室内中央位置的墓砖铭文“河间明府”，最终确定两颗牙齿均来源于曹操叔祖父河间相曹鼎。课题组带回一颗保存较好的牙齿回到复旦大学人类遗传学实验室开展古DNA测试。
2012年底，根据现代基因和古DNA的双重验证，课题组得出最终结论——100%确定曹操家族DNA。家谱记载为曹操直系后代的现代8个独立家族中，有6个家族的Y染色体为少见的O2*-M268，显著性达到P=9×10﹣5，证明曹操Y染色体是该类型。而安徽亳州的曹操祖辈墓葬元宝坑1号墓的遗骨(系曹腾弟河间相曹鼎)也属于此类型，与现代曹操后人紧密关联。夏侯氏、曹参后人都不是该类型。故此，曹操之父来自家族内部过继，该家族并非曹参本族。
目前找到的曹操后人有9支(其中6支有家谱记载)，分别来自安徽绩溪、安徽舒城、安徽亳州、江苏海门、广东徐闻、江苏盐城、山东乳山、辽宁东港、辽宁铁岭。
本版稿件(除署名外)/新京报记者 金煜
(原标题：两颗牙解开曹操身世之谜)
赞