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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/12 12:35:24 Programming， starting from kindergarten
Program should begin with kindergarten-programming, computer-IT information Programming, starting from kindergarten
Paul Gibson as frustration began to teach young people encounter in programming. He was Ireland, a computer scientist at the National University. In 1998, he was shocked by the inability of college freshmen. "I found 99 years old college student to understand my own master when he was 12 of basic programming concepts. "Gibson recalled. He was a ZX81 (1981 United Kingdom company Sinclair released a home computer) taught myself programming. "I realized that before they went to College, I never touch any programming. So I think that may be one of the problems we face are (programming) started too late. "Gibson middle school programming class when he became famous, Dublin began his teaching in primary schools in the area.
By 2000, Gibson has taught eight or nine years old junior Java game design issues. Children at that age's success made him wonder: began at least can be as small as a few programming?
Gibson read in educational psychology, before the children can read and teach others to no avail. But when he scored when experimental teaching a classroom of children aged five or six, these kids are incredibly easy to master what he teaches.
Through a custom Java applets, he was able to teach kindergarten kids to write "three chess killed three sons" (early Tic-Tac-chess games), for each group of children step by step to be given. Using color pellets and rope, he taught children to create graph theory algorithms-a crucial part of computer science. "We believe our results show that you can teach them computer science before children learn to read and write. "Gibson (now in France to teach) wrote in an article in a paper published in 2012.
Computer scientist Paul Gibson designed algorithms in order to teach the children the concept of classification games.
"Children between the ages of 5-11 learning algorithms and computation show highlighting the potential I think if you wait until they are teenagers to learn the basics would be a great pity. "This idea was still too radical for many educators. Although the education programming for children and adolescents is becoming a trend, Bill Gates and basketball star kelisiboshi (NBA Miami Heat power forward), people are advocating, but very few people think that kindergarten children can learn to manipulate the computer.
It is widely believed that a child's intelligence could not understand the programming so obscure and difficult topic. But such negative thoughts and Gibson and other pioneer is contrary to the experience of the teacher, nor with the theory of language acquisition. A large number of studies have shown that younger brains are more readily absorbed the language, so the younger the child when to start learning a foreign language, the better. This is also why a lot of pushy parents called for intensive Chinese course in kindergarten-they want, in this era of the rise of Asia, let your kids learn from a Central Asian language win when at the starting line.
Those parents did not think was so that their children master Chinese brain mechanism could also make the children quickly learn computer language. Kindergarten children cannot become C++ experts, but they can certainly let them ride began to cultivate the future of programming skills. Us (United States) schools should encourage the development of such skills as one of the priority tasks, because, the code will be the lingua franca of the world in the future, rather than Chinese.
You probably remember the turtle paint. In the early 80 's and medium, with its iconic Logo programming language the turtle cursor swept the United States elementary school. Children use simple Logo commands to create intricate line drawings, when expectations are hoping they will be able to skillfully gradually into the average family's Apple II computers. Too bad it's an ambitious goal had not been achieved. Main problem is not the Logo itself, but rather dull teaching methods. Many teachers had students push to the front of the computer for an hour each week are almost always granted them.
Logo looks forward to fall to the ground in time for popular multimedia devices. Object library and beginning to explore the computer search tools. "The CD drive appears, and then the World Wide Web, so you don't need to know instructions and computer interactions. "IELTS · law explained. She is a Professor of education at the University of Pennsylvania, research pioneer in the field of learning technologies.
Although the computer became a hit in the majors, but programming has disappeared from elementary school for decades. A cultural consensus seemed to be forming: the child should learn some vague "computer skills", but why are programming – well, that is for adults to prepare.
However, in the last five years, many revolutionary activities began to prove the absurdity of this recognition. In addition to Gibson, Tic-Tac and graph theory courses, and Scalable game design-design courses at the University of Colorado, used to teach children to write their own "Frogger" game (a classic arcade game). P.S. 185, located in Harlem (New York's oldest ghetto) Center for early education, 4-year-olds began to use a language called Cherp performs housekeeping robots. Overseas also no lack of action: in Estonia there is a scheme called ProgeTiiger, dedicated to teach kids basic programming in the first year.
These programs have one thing in common: they are focused on teaching children to remember a specific tool use, but let them know all will be exposed to basic concepts in programming: sequence, conditions of debugging. For example, Scalable game design teacher in guiding the kids first when writing the first Frogger urging them to think about it: a game in which the main? (Frogs, and deadly transport) what interactions between them? Kids can learn to set the rules and conditions, ends up in a logical, runnable as a whole.
Scalable game design courses do teach first grade children out of video games.
Young children can accomplish such a complex task is not surprising, we already know they have talent in learning languages, please? Five-year-olds can learn Spain language or Chinese beating older than people, because (at least in theory) young brains are more likely to form "procedural" memories--a deeply imprinted in the memory of our nerve, transfer only when involved in a knee-jerk reaction without consciousness.
Evidence shows that the brain in the process of growing up, procedural memory will gradually give way to "declarative" memories, this is used to increase your memory of the event. One downside of declarative memory, it requires concentration brain – when you're sitting on a plane when you tried to think of a verb, it is not so. If you're procedural memory the most sensitive when learning a verb, they naturally become your habits, it's a lot easier.
Seems no one has studied the specific of how we learn a programming language, but we have reason to believe that students studying in procedural memory is still alive when it's going to do more with less.
"My guess is, children and adults learn computer languages use common memory systems and their natural language is the same. "Maikeer·wuerman said that he was the Director of the brain and language lab, Georgetown University Medical Center (in Psycholinguistics and cognitive neuroscience effect). In music there is a crucial data point to support this view: the great violinist not only began to learn to play the violin in the twenties, they usually begins at the age of three or four, that it is procedural memory, the most sensitive times.
Music does not form a code please? --A series of must be processed in order to please the ears of abstract symbols?
The ideal situation is that kindergarten children are learning a foreign language every day to learn programming. But if the school can only choose between the two, then programming is undoubtedly more choice. The most obvious argument is economic: the demand for software developers is far greater than the supply, and by 2020 the demand growth is expected average 30%--than all other occupations demand more than twice times. (It is hard to imagine any circumstance requiring proficiency in the Chinese language will exceed this number of jobs. ）
However, teach programming not only for training army of programmers companies like Facebook and Google. As speak multiple languages as a child and later delivers a sense of intelligence, contact program as soon as possible to improve their education scholars call "computational thinking"-the ability to use abstract thinking to solve problems. Even for those programming people can't work up any enthusiasm forever, those interested in obtaining non-engineering students, understand the code remained significant.
As media theorists, daogelasi·lashikefu says, ignore programming is like learning to drive and not rely on other members. In the last 50 years, we deal with most of the Asians will not is not a foreign language, but a machine. So, we have to teach children how to control the machine, and don't let them control by a machine.
编程，应从幼儿园开始学 - 编程,计算机 - IT资讯编程，应从幼儿园开始学
保罗·吉布森因为工作中遭遇的挫败而开始教青少年编程。他是爱尔兰国立大学的一名计算机科学家。1998年的时候他被大学新生的无能所震惊。“我发现十八九岁的大学生居然难以理解我自己12岁时就掌握的基本编程概念。”吉布森回忆道。他自己是在一台ZX81（1981年英国公司Sinclair发布的家用计算机）上自学的编程。“我意识到，他们在进大学上我的课之前从来没有接触过任何编程。所以我想，可能我们面临的问题之一是（学编程）开始得太迟了。”吉布森的中学生编程课出名以后，都柏林地区的一些小学也开始联系他授课。
到2000年的时候，吉布森已经在用游戏设计问题教八九岁的孩子初级Java了。在那个年龄段孩子身上取得的成功让他好奇：最小可以小到几岁开始编程？
吉布森在教育心理学中读到，在孩子能识字之前教别的没有用。但当他攻入五六岁孩子的课堂进行实验性教学时，这些孩子不可思议地轻松掌握了他教的内容。
通过一个定制的Java小应用程序，他得以教会幼儿园的孩子写出“三棋杀三子”（早期的井字棋游戏），孩子们以小组为单位一步一步定出规则。利用彩色小球和绳子，他教孩子们创造图论算法——计算机科学中关键的一个部分。“我们相信，我们的教学成果表明你可以在小孩学会读写之前就教他们计算机科学。”吉布森（现在在法国任教）在一篇2012年发表的论文中写道。
计算机科学家保罗·吉布森为了教孩子们算法的概念而设计的分类游戏。
“5至11岁之间的孩子在学习算法和计算上表现出的突出潜质让我觉得如果等到他们十几岁了再学这些基础知识就太可惜了。”这一说法对于很多教育学者来说依然太激进了。虽然教儿童和青少年编程越来越成为一股潮流，比尔盖茨和篮球明星克里斯波什（NBA迈阿密热火队的大前锋）之类的人都在倡导，但极少人认为幼儿园的孩子能学会操纵计算机。
人们普遍认为小孩子的智能水平还无法理解编程这样晦涩艰深的话题。但这种消极的想法和吉布森及其他先锋教师的亲身经历相违背，也不符合语言习得理论。大量研究表明大脑越年轻越容易吸收语言，所以在孩子越小的时候开始学外语越好。这也是为什么很多望子成龙的家长呼吁幼儿园开设深入的中文课——他们希望，在这个亚洲崛起的时代，让自己的孩子在学习一门核心亚洲语言时赢在起跑线上。
那些家长没有想到的是，让他们孩子轻松掌握中文的大脑神经机制也能让孩子快速学会计算机语言。幼儿园的孩子无法成为C++高手，但他们肯定可以开始培养将来让他们驰骋编程界的技能。我们的（美国）学校应该把鼓励发展那样的技能作为首要任务之一，因为，代码将会成为未来世界的通用语，而不是中文。
你或许还记得小海龟画图。在八零年代早期和中期，Logo编程语言带着它标志性的小海龟光标风靡美国小学。孩子们运用简单的Logo指令创作出复杂的线条图形，当时的期望是希望借此他们将能熟练操作逐渐进入普通家庭的苹果II电脑。可惜这一宏伟目标并未实现。主要的问题不是Logo语言本身，而是当时沉闷的教学方法。很多老师只是每周把学生摁到电脑前一个小时就完事大吉了。
对于Logo期待的落空正好赶上多媒体设备的流行。计算机于是从探索的对象沦为图书馆的搜书工具。“光盘驱动出现了，然后是万维网，所以你不需要知道指令就可以和电脑交互。”雅思民·卡法解释说。她是宾夕法尼亚大学的教育学教授，学习技术研究领域的先驱。
虽然计算机成了大学专业里的大热门，但编程可已经从小学消失了几十年。一个文化上的共识似乎形成：孩子应该学一些模糊的“计算机技能”，但编程嘛——嗯，那是给大人准备的。
然而在过去五年里，不少突破性的活动开始证明这一认识的荒谬。除了吉布森的井字游戏和图论课程，还有Scalable游戏设计——科罗拉多大学设计的课程，用于教小孩编写自己的“青蛙过河”游戏（一款经典的街机游戏）。在P.S. 185,位于哈莱姆（纽约历史最悠久的黑人区）的早教中心，4岁的孩子就开始使用一种叫Cherp的语言制作能执行家务的机器人。海外也不乏动作：在爱沙尼亚有一项名为ProgeTiiger的计划，致力于教一年级小孩基础编程。
这些课程有一个共同点：他们不是专注在教孩子记住某一具体工具的用法，而是让他们熟悉所有编程过程中都会接触到的基本概念：序列，条件，调试。例如，Scalable游戏设计的老师在指导孩子们编写第一个青蛙过河时首先督促他们想清楚：游戏里有哪几个主体？（青蛙，和致命交通工具）他们之间会产生哪些互动？孩子们渐渐学会制定规则和条件，最终形成一个有逻辑、可运行的整体。
Scalable游戏设计课程教一年级的孩子做出来的电子游戏。
年幼的孩子可以完成如此复杂的任务并不值得惊奇，我们不是已经知道他们在学习语言上的天赋了吗？五岁儿童能在学西班牙语或汉语时打败比他年长的人，因为（至少理论如是说）年轻的大脑更容易形成“程序性”记忆——一种深深烙印在我们神经中的记忆，调动时只是一个条件反射无需意识参与。
证据显示，大脑成长的过程中，程序性记忆会逐渐让位于“陈述性”记忆，这是我们用来积累事件的记忆。陈述性记忆的一个缺点就是，它要求精神集中大脑用力——当你坐在飞机上企图想起一个动词变位的时候，这可就不好使了。如果你在程序性记忆最灵敏的时候学习了动词变位，他们就自然地成为你的习惯，那一切就轻松多了。
似乎还没有人研究具体我们是怎么学习编程语言的，但我们有理由相信学生在程序性记忆依然鲜活的时候学习它会事半功倍。
“我猜测，孩子和大人学习计算机语言用到的通用记忆系统和他们学自然语言是一样的。”迈克尔·乌尔曼说，他是乔治城大学医学中心大脑与语言实验室的主任（在心理语言学和认知神经学领域影响巨大）。在音乐方面有一个关键的数据点可以支持这一观点：伟大的小提琴家不是在二十几岁才开始学拉琴的，他们通常始于三四岁，那正是程序性记忆最敏感的时候。
音乐难道不也是一种代码形式吗？——一系列必须按顺序处理才能取悦人耳的抽象符号？
最理想的情况是，幼儿园的孩子每天既学外语也学编程。但如果学校只能二选一，那么编程无疑是更明智的选择。最明显的论据是经济上的：对软件开发员的需求远远大于供应，并且预计到2020年这一需求会增长30%——超过其他所有职业平均需求量的两倍还多。（很难想象在任何情况下，要求精通汉语的工作岗位会超过这一数量。）
然而，教编程不仅是为了给脸书和谷歌这样的公司培养程序员大军。正如小时候说多门语言对后来的智力发展有益一个道理，尽早学接触编程能提高教育学者说的“计算思维”——运用抽象思维解决问题的能力。即使对于那些永远对编程提不起热情的人，那些有志于取得文学而非软件工程学位的学生，理解代码依然意义重大。
正如媒体理论家道格拉斯·拉什科夫所言，忽略编程就像不学开车而依赖别人载。在近五十年内，我们打交道的大多数不会是不会外语的亚洲人，而是机器。所以，让我们来教孩子如何控制机器吧，别让他们被机器控制。
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