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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/13 7:10:20 Cao Cao’s Tomb Archaeology： don’t know much about Fudan University study does not evaluate
Introduction: key laboratory of contemporary anthropology and History Department of Fudan University joint research group recently released on the latest outcome study on Cao Cao's family's DNA, and 100% to determine the DNA of Cao Cao's family for the first time, confirmed that Cao Cao is not a Minister, Cao Shen descendants and overthrew Cao Shi adopt the statement, relevant papers published in international journals on the journal of human genetics. After the release of news to spark some controversy, Cao Cao was questioned to determine what is the significance of the family DNA? Others do not understand the basis genealogy search of Cao Cao's descendants, how to ensure the reliability of the family tree? Beijing Youth daily yesterday, members of the contact group, further to ask these questions.
Questions
Study on Cao Cao's DNA to spend much?
Recently, Fudan University, Department of history and modern anthropological laboratory released the latest research, Cao across time and space through genetic techniques for "paternity", gradually cracked the mystery of its origins. Others question did spend a lot?
Research Group of specialist Li Hui told the North Green newspaper reporter, Cao Cao family DNA study did not project, doesn't cost much.
Question two
Determine the DNA of Cao Cao's family what is the meaning?
Some netizens questioned the determining significance of Cao Cao's family's DNA is what?
Fudan University, Member of the research team, always said, modern anthropological laboratory has been studying China and East Asia, origin and migration of peoples all over the world, they have proved by molecular biological methods, use prehistoric DNA can answer, and history not history, archaeology and other disciplines to answer questions. Significance of these studies, archaeology and history, you can answer, "who we are" and "where do we come from" and "we will evolve to where" this kind of problem.
Always says, history of Chinese surname is just part of their job. Molecular anthropology because of the need to meet a lot of people made a lot of samples of human, natural need to inform the public about research results, attract more people to provide samples and information. Anyang Tomb (Tomb of Cao Cao) remains of this discipline as an opportunity, its promotional aims to make history and archaeology of peers understanding of molecular anthropology's strengths and enhance mutual co-operation.
Question three
Measuring whether people surnamed Cao family tree the mark?
Research Group of experts across the country 258 Cao Combs named genealogy made comprehensive studies and history and local history reference, trying to find the migrating Tsao for possible clues, after this step of research, research group of a sheet of 8 support to the family tree. After a historical analysis of Cao group with certain credibility, to test their DNA. Y chromosome DNA sequencing of complex and eventually found 6 family of which belong to the O2*-M268 type of gene, this 6 O2*-M268 type of gene intersection sample ancestors before the 1800, this is the age of Cao Cao's life.
"This is not scientific, backstepping method in theory only proves these 6 surnamed Cao family from the same group. "Some netizens questioned: how to prove that the ancestors of these groups are of the devil? Netizens said the family might adopt in the long period, married into a variety of situations, how to ensure the reliability of the family tree?
Professor Li Hui told the North Green newspaper reporter from modern descendants surnamed Cao deduce common genetic types, there are further ancient DNA of Cao Cao's grandfather generation validation--from clans in bozhou, Anhui Cao Cao tomb "Yuen Bao Tomb pit first," two teeth unearthed in modern descendants surnamed Cao DNA regressive gene match.
Did these descendants may be the descendants of Cao Cao's branch of Uncle grandfather?
"Just say imagination is too rich, it is possible," Professor Li Hui replied, "Uncle grandfather Cao Cao's descendants in genealogy are said to be descendants of Cao Cao, a situation and how to explain it? "Li Hui said this family a fake with the coincidental probability is three out of 10,000, from forensic science was Cao Cao's descendants can be found on them.
Question four
Ancient DNA samples will not be contaminated?
News that the genes are affected by pollution, "Yuen Bao Tomb pit first," reliability of DNA two teeth?
Wang Chuanchao said one of the group, to enter the tomb was Cao Cao Cao's clan family who have a close relative, pit masters for Cao Cao's uncle grandfather message has been confirmed by the archaeological and historical scholars. Research Group got one tooth, dig a hole to get DNA testing bone meal, outer enamel layer protects the teeth tooth, DNA quality is still inside, teeth as samples in the study of ancient DNA is very persuasive.
Li Hui had said that select the y chromosome from the father of genetic testing and the mutation rate is extremely low, ancestral mutation information be retained in the offspring gene, so identification can be done via the ancient DNA.
Study on Cao Cao's DNA how much money?
In response to: project team specialist Li Hui told the North Green newspaper reporter, is not set up for study on Cao Cao's family's DNA, not too expensive.
Question II
Determining Cao Cao's family
DNA what is the meaning?
Response: proved by molecular biological methods, use prehistoric DNA can answer, and history not history, archaeology and other disciplines to answer questions. Can answer the "who we are" and "where do we come from" this kind of problem.
Response: from modern-day surnamed Cao who deduce common gene types, and ancient DNA to further verify that--from the excavation of the tomb of bozhou of Anhui Cao clans, the two teeth of modern surnamed Cao DNA regressive models for genetic matches.
Ancient DNA samples
Will be contaminated?
In response to tooth enamel on the outside layer protects the teeth, DNA quality is possible, teeth as samples in the study of ancient DNA is very persuasive.
Cao Cao gaoling of Anyang County, Henan province for map/Dongfang IC
News extensions
Cao Cao gaoling Archaeology:
Don't know much about Fudan University study does not evaluate
The end of 2009, Anyang City, Henan Province announced the discovery of Cao Cao's Tomb, 3 skeletons in graves, remains a male date at the age of 60, a presumption of the archaeological body of Henan is of the devil. The message triggered widely questioned.
January 26, 2010, Fudan University History Department and key laboratory of the Ministry of education announced in modern anthropology, Fudan University, advanced scientific means of human genome research, investigation and analysis of the Devil Gene, and to provide scientific basis for the authenticity of the Cao Cao Tomb.
According to media reports, key laboratory of contemporary anthropology and History Department of Fudan University joint task group on the latest outcome study on Cao Cao's family's DNA, and 100% to determine the DNA of Cao Cao's family for the first time. Press release, research group of experts said confirmed the Devil Gene, gene associated with Cao Cao must comply with it in the future.
According to the xinan evening news reported, Deputy Director of Henan provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, who participated in Cao Cao gaoling archaeological work of Jia Lianmin said, Cao Cao's family is a new idea and a new DNA identification methods, DNA identification of the ancients is a new archaeological research methods, but its authenticity cannot be fully accepted in academia. Like modern humans come into contact with human remains, it might make the remains have come to modern human DNA. Jia Lianmin said, no human remains for DNA testing for Cao Cao's Tomb, and Fudan University, "Cao Cao's family's DNA".
But Jia Lianmin told Beijing Youth daily interview yesterday denied that he had said these words. He said that is the natural sciences Fudan University, they do not understand, not to judge.
Will put the remains in the Tomb in Anyang and Fudan University, "Cao Cao's family's DNA" for comparison? Jia Lianmin told the North Green newspaper reporter, "did not rule out further identification with new technologies in the future, but now studies of Fudan University research group does not understand, do not do the evaluation. "The text of the present edition/reporter Gao shuying (apart from signature,)
(Original title: Fudan University responses to "Cao Cao's DNA" four questions)
导读：复旦大学历史学系和现代人类学教育部重点实验室联合课题组日前发布关于曹操家族DNA研究最新成果，首次100%确定曹操家族DNA，证实曹操并非汉相曹参后代，同时推翻了曹操为夏侯氏抱养而来的说法，相关论文发表在国际学术杂志《人类遗传学报》上。消息发布后引发一些争议，有人质疑确定曹操家族DNA的意义是什么？还有人不明白依据家谱寻找曹操后人，怎样保证这些家谱的可靠性？北京青年报记者昨日联系课题组相关成员，进一步询问这些疑问。
疑问一
研究曹操DNA花费大不大？
近日，复旦大学历史学系和现代人类学实验室发布最新研究成果，通过遗传基因技术为曹操跨越时空进行“亲子鉴定”，逐步破解了其身世之谜。有人质疑花费是不是很大？
课题组专家李辉告诉北青报记者，对曹操家族DNA研究并没有立项，花费也不太大。
疑问二
确定曹操家族DNA意义是什么？
一些网友提出疑问，确定曹操家族DNA的意义是什么？
复旦大学研究团队成员之一严实称，现代人类学实验室一直在研究中国乃至东亚、全世界的民族起源和迁徙问题，他们的工作证明了用分子生物学方法、用DNA可以解答史前和历史上一些没能被历史、考古学等学科解答的问题。这些研究的意义与历史学、考古学一样，可以回答“我们是谁”、“我们从哪里来”以及“我们会演化到何处去”这样的问题。
严实称，中国的姓氏史只是他们工作的一部分。分子人类学因为需要接触很多人，取得大量的人类样本，自然需要向公众宣传研究成果，吸引更多的人提供样本和信息。安阳大墓(曹操墓)的遗骨只是宣传这个学科的一个契机，其宣传目的是能让历史学和考古学的同行了解分子人类学的长处而加强相互间的合作。
疑问三
参测曹姓人的家谱是否靠谱？
课题组专家对全国各地258个曹姓家谱做了全面的梳理研究，并与史书和地方志参照，试图找到曹氏迁徙的可能线索，经过这一步骤的研究，课题组筛选出8支持有家谱。经过史料分析具有一定可信性的曹氏族群，对他们的DNA进行检测。经过复杂的Y染色体DNA全序列检测，最终发现其中6个家族属于O2*-M268的基因类型，这6支O2*-M268的基因类型样本的祖先交汇点在1800年至2000年前，这正是曹操生活的年代。
“这也太不科学了，反推的方法理论上只能证明这6个曹姓家族来自同一群体。”有网友如此质疑：如何证明这些群体的先人就是曹操？还有网友称，家族在漫长的时期里可能会有抱养、入赘等各种情况，如何保证家谱的可靠性？
李辉教授告诉北青报记者，从现代曹姓后人反推出共同的基因类型后，还有曹操爷爷辈的古DNA来进一步验证——从安徽亳州曹操宗族墓“元宝坑一号墓”中发掘出的两颗牙齿的DNA与反推的现代曹姓后人的基因吻合。
这些后人有没有可能是曹操叔祖父那一支的后人呢？
“只能说想象力太丰富了，有可能，”李辉教授反问，“曹操叔祖父的后人在家谱上都称是曹操的后代，这种情况又怎么解释呢？”李辉曾表示，这几个家庭假冒的巧合概率是千万分之三，因此从法医学上可以认定他们是曹操后代。
疑问四
古DNA的样本会不会受到污染？
有消息称，基因也会受到污染，“元宝坑一号墓”中的两颗牙齿做DNA比照是否可靠？
课题组成员之一的王传超称，能进入曹氏宗族墓的都是曹操家族有身份有地位的近亲，墓坑主人为曹操叔祖父的消息已经得到考古和历史学界确认。课题组拿到了一颗牙齿，凿洞取骨粉进行DNA检测，牙齿外面的牙釉层可以保护牙齿，里面的DNA质量还是可以的，牙齿作为样本在古DNA研究中是很有说服力的。
李辉此前曾称，检测选取的Y染色体从父遗传且突变率极低，祖先的突变信息会在后代基因中保留下来，所以可通过古DNA做鉴定。
研究曹操DNA花了多少钱？
回应：课题组专家李辉告诉北青报记者，对曹操家族DNA研究并没有立项，花费也不太大。
确定曹操家族
DNA意义是什么？
回应：证明了用分子生物学方法、用DNA可以解答史前和历史上一些没能被历史、考古学等学科解答的问题。可以回答“我们是谁”、“我们从哪里来”这样的问题。
回应：从现代曹姓后人反推出共同的基因类型后，还有古DNA来进一步验证——从安徽亳州曹操宗族墓发掘出的两颗牙齿的DNA与反推的现代曹姓后人的基因吻合。
古DNA样本
会不会受到污染？
回应：牙齿外面的牙釉层可以保护牙齿，里面的DNA质量还是可以的，牙齿作为样本在古DNA研究中是很有说服力的。
河南省安阳县的曹操高陵供图/东方IC
新闻延展
曹操高陵考古方：
对复旦研究不了解不评价
2009年年底，河南省安阳市宣布发现曹操墓，墓坑中的3具尸骨中，一具男性遗骸测定年龄在六十岁，河南一考古队据此推定男尸是曹操。该消息引发广泛质疑。
2010年1月26日，复旦大学历史学系和现代人类学教育部重点实验室联合宣布，将利用复旦大学人类基因调查的先进科学手段，调查分析曹操基因，进而给曹操墓真伪提供科学的依据。
据媒体报道，复旦大学历史学系和现代人类学教育部重点实验室联合课题组发布关于曹操家族DNA研究最新成果，首次100%确定曹操家族DNA。发布会上，课题组的专家称，确证了曹操基因，今后跟曹操有关的基因都必须符合它。
据《新安晚报》报道，河南省文物考古研究所副所长、曾参与曹操高陵考古工作的贾连敏称，用DNA鉴定曹操家族是一个新思路和新方法，DNA鉴定古人是新兴的考古研究方法，但目前其权威性并不能得到学术界的完全认可。比如现代人接触到遗骸，就可能使得遗骸沾染了现代人的DNA。贾连敏还表示，不会对曹操墓内的遗骸进行DNA检测，去和复旦大学的“曹操家族DNA”比对。
但贾连敏昨日下午接受北京青年报记者采访时否认曾说过上述话语。他说，复旦大学所做的是自然科学，他们不了解也不会去评价。
是否会将安阳大墓内的遗骸去和复旦大学的“曹操家族DNA”进行比对？贾连敏告诉北青报记者，“以后不排除用新技术做进一步的鉴定，但是现在对复旦大学课题组的研究不了解，不做评价。”本版文/本报记者 高淑英(除署名外)
(原标题：复旦回应“曹操DNA”四大疑问)
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