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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/13 7:19:28 Harbin rural old-age research： Super 60% worry about the basic source of livelihood
Two-track system of pension reform, "the aged with housing" ... ... Recently, a range of pension issues continue to dominate public opinion Center. And the public is concerned about the treatment of towns for retirees at the same time, another problem seems to be "shadowed corners"-rural old-age pension.
"In the city, pensioner population about 86.8%, where the pensioner population accounting for only 18.7%, a lot depends on family and land retirement. "At Beijing University on th China aging industry forum, State Council revealed HP.
"Aging in rural areas than in towns in China, incidence of poverty in rural elderly (mean ratio of total population of poor people-journalists) is also a town more than 3 times. "Central State Youth Federation Standing Committee, Deputy Head of the Central leading group on rural work Ding Zhiyong told China Youth daily reporter, he found in recent years," as the young adult population a large number of ' brain drain ', cultivated land occupied by more and more, rural old-age issue all the more urgent. ”
Ding Zhiyong 2011 Harbin 12 County survey, over 60 rural "empty-nesters", over 50%, 60.8% of the rural elderly people as the basic source of livelihood to worry about.
55 Yuan pension is only enough to buy a few boxes of cold medicine?
According to the national senior citizens ' work Committee Office: 1999 proportion of old people aged 60 and over in China, more than 10% the international "red line"; this year, that figure will exceed the 200 million mark, their levels will reach 14.8%.
One of the percentage of the elderly in the countryside? The sixth population census data, overall rural aging, 3% higher than in urban areas. According to another report in the people's daily, had the research group statistics, at the end of 2009, older rural population of more than 18.3%, the scale is 1.69 times times the city.
"Low fertility and the adult population exodus, was the cause of rural elderly groups ' growing ' the main reason. "Ding Zhiyong said," but the rural social security system is not perfect, the economic status of the elderly in the countryside, far worse than the town retirement ' vulnerable '. ”
Last May, some scholars refer to the national senior citizens ' work Committee Office data, urban per capita income of the elderly, is 4.7 times times the rural elderly. From the poverty rate perspective, about 10.1 million urban and rural poverty among older persons in the country, accounted for 8.6 million in rural areas, the incidence of poverty in the rural elderly are the town 3 times or more.
"At present, the rural elderly pension there are 3 main ways: social security pension and family pension and land retirement, sometimes also including social assistance. "Tang Jun, a researcher at the Institute of Sociology of CASS told the China Youth daily reporter, but with 55 Yuan a month for" starting-point "new rural old-age insurance," apparently unable to meet the day-to-day needs of older persons. "
New rural old-age insurance, also known as "new farmers" is a country not rural elderly people participating in the basic old-age insurance for urban workers, providing basic protection for the main channels. As from 2009, in 10% county of the country pilot, basic old-age pension set at 55 dollars per person per month. In other words, a rural workers to pay 100 Yuan a year, after the age of 60, will be able to receive the 55 Yuan monthly. To pay more too.
"Due to uphold ' coverage, essential ' principles, when 55 standard is definitely lower than ' low ' (that is, minimum living guarantee of rural residents-journalists) are lower, which is 57 dollars a month. "Tang Jun said," now, 4 years later, this standard has not changed much catch up with prices rising sharply. ”
Ding Zhiyong in the survey, has run into a similar embarrassment.
An old villager told him that monthly basic pension "when not sick, sick are in big trouble." The villagers ' accounts: a box of cold medicine 17.6 dollars every time you want to cure colds, at least a dozen boxes, "a monthly pension will be gone."
"Fewer items, low coverage, protection levels. "Ding Zhiyong that summed up the new rural old-age insurance of the imperfections. In October this year, according to research reports published by the Institute of Gerontology, people's University, 2010, can rely on pensions as a major source of income for older persons in rural areas, only 4.6%, while this percentage among urban and rural old people in an average of 24%.
Reports also indicate that since 1990, more than 20 years, urban elderly activity rate has been falling, now maintained at around 5%, but "the 41.2% of old people in rural areas, still rely on earned income to feed themselves." Senior Vice President, Renmin University of China said Peng Du, Director of the Institute of Gerontology.
More than half of the "empty nest" rate family support for the elderly become unsustainable?
There is an old Chinese saying goes, "old age". Newly enacted the protection of rights and interests of the elderly Act also expressly provides: "the elderly pension on a household basis. "The gerontology Research Institute at Renmin University research report shows that at present, China has about 40.7% of the elderly in family support. In rural areas, this proportion increased, accounting for 47.7%.
However, Professor of Peking University population Mu Guangzong told China Youth daily reporter, "empty nest" phenomenon (that is, their children because of work, study, marriage, long-term home, elderly couple alone in the nest. --Xinhua note) shocks her family's old-age care. In recent years, owing to "empty nest" rate rising sharply in rural family support for the elderly capabilities severely weakened, the rural pension "danger lurks everywhere".
"Rural compared to the problems of the city are more serious, because many of the once unable to care for the elderly in rural areas, there is no source of income, have to rely on their children's upbringing. "Peng Du said.
According to the national senior citizens ' work Committee Wu Yushao, Deputy Director of the Office said the number of empty nest elderly in China, for 2012, and this year will exceed the 100 million mark. According to Yan Qingchun, Deputy Director of the Office in September 2012, disclosure, at present, the urban rate of empty nest elderly in China by nearly half, to 49.7%, no such phenomenon in rural past, but with the large number of migrant peasant workers, their rate of the elderly in rural areas has reached 38.3%, "and rising faster than the city."
In the investigation of Ding Zhiyong, spreading to the countryside, "empty nest crisis", seems to have appeared.
Research shows that at the end of 2010, Harbin city domicile was 1.426 million of the elderly population over 60 years old, elderly population in agriculture to 698,000. The rural elderly, "empty nest" and "skip-a-generation empty nest" and "seasonal empty-nest" is higher than 50%, loss rate of 26.9%, disability, half lost to 17%.
"Rural youth to pursue their own values to work, resulting in a large number of rural ' empty nest '. "Ding Zhiyong found in Heilongjiang East South Korean Heung Village shangzhi city, 1580 to the village, are now left more than more than 100 elderly people, a truly" old village. " In fangzheng County of a village in Heilongjiang, leaving more than 30 more than staying at home for the elderly, "children not coming back once in 35 years. ”
"The ' empty nest ' who took care of the elderly? Sick who will care? House who is going to help? "This is Ding Zhiyong are worried about the problem.
Gerontology Research Institute at Renmin University study showed that some 40% urban and rural elderly, who was the family's burden. In the investigation of Ding Zhiyong, reflect "when no one cared for" the rural elderly, accounted for 52%. "Most of the elderly are alone at home, watch TV, play cards and chat with your neighbors, it really can't see the TV, can only listen to the radio. "This is Ding Zhiyong for rural" empty nest "drew a picture of daily life of the elderly," they take care of each other, have fun, have a serious illness before notifying their children come back home. ”
In addition, Mu Guangzong told China Youth daily reporter, reality, the rural pension "Tai Tau" relied on land and labour. However, with the advancement of industrialization and urbanization, "land endowment" mode is also constantly under attack.
According to statistics, China lost land or part of losing land farmers up to 50 million people, by 2030, the number will exceed 78 million. What does this mean for the rural elderly?
"Land is the farmers ' main source, is the main economic base of family support for the elderly. "Ding Zhiyong said," but with the increase of rural population and the high land consumption, ' no economic, no voice ', rural landless peasants front of elderly benefits due to the many ' marginalization '. In rural areas, the elderly with financial sources, scrambled to support their children, economic resources for the elderly ' deserted ' phenomenon is not uncommon. ”
Continues to hold land for the elderly, and count on a piece of land endowment, still resisted.
Ding Zhiyong of Harbin 12 County investigation found that his farm only 20% of the rural elderly, residual or land exchange for rations, or cultivated land to their children or relatives, the latter accounting for about 44%. "After the old man out land to their children, and children in accordance with the area of cultivated land to elderly living, eating and living for the elderly, could well give the old man a small amount of pocket money. Also called alimony, mostly symbolic, with very little profit. "And he told reporters that" there are still some old, House in the land, when my son got married to his son that he can only moved to outside renters. ”
"The Government should be the first subject"
"Old" rural areas, are we going to do?
Mu Guangzong believes that "old before it grows rich" era, ' old age, should no longer be followed, "only to land and family" the traditional model, "rural old-age should be more funding and multi-layered, diverse, State and Government to take on more responsibility, the first responsibility of Government should be ' old age."
As early as in April 2011, the people's daily published an article suggested that the proportion of social security expenditure in fiscal expenditure in China, far below the per capita GDP levels similar to those of other countries, while the vast majority of social security expenditure for urban residents. "At this stage of construction of urban and rural social security system, with a focus on rural" and called for "raising finance for social security expenditure as a percentage of, and by urban and rural population ratio configuration."
Tang Jun told China Youth daily reporter, future, Government has increased financial input into the rural old-age problems, is the academic consensus.
"Recommended that pensions for the elderly in rural areas and urban residents alike, from ' basic ' and ' supplementary pensions ' two-part, and to guarantee their basic living standards, according to the necessities around spending figures may be, not to engage in a ' one size fits all '. "Tang Jun said," by 2009, identified $ 55 worth of basic old-age pension, affordability considerations, taking into account the farmers ' land after all ' back '. And now, system for a few years, also appears to have changed some, you might consider refining the criteria problems. ”
Ding Zhiyong believes that, in addition to "keep", "doctor" is the current most urgent needs of the elderly in rural areas, often has overwhelmed them.
"Now of ' new agricultural collection ' (is new rural cooperation medical--reporter note) policy, although eased has rural elderly of doctor difficult, and doctor your condition, but reimbursement ratio low, and into reimbursement range of project less, County township place of medical conditions limited, ' local see bad, field reported (PIN) can't ', still is rural elderly reflect up of problem. "Ding Zhiyong, told reporters," just imagine, if a rural man needs to live in cities, provinces, and certainly not small, average statistics, at least 10,000 ~2 million. And doctor fees, hospital bills need to advance their own, can't afford to pay for the elderly, and low claims ratio, part of the rural elderly ' poverty resulting from sickness '. ”
This reporter learned that, in recent years, China has stepped up protection for rural health, such as "new rural cooperative medical" standards increased to 240 Yuan per person per year, and treatment costs are especially high for "serious illness", supplement the Medicare reimbursement system was established. Ding Zhiyong proposes in the future, can also be granted to rural older people with more health benefits and care: "relief for destitute, senior citizens in rural elderly people to participate in the ' new farmers ' costs of participants, improve ' new farmers ' expense ratio, expand the scope of reimbursement. ”
For the landless rural elderly, Ding Zhiyong further suggested that can be considered "basic measures to protect the landless farmers": "for example, the landless farmers ' old-age insurance, the implementation of ' insurance policy insurance before they are enlisted, rigid ' approach and guarantee their basic living, relieved after they lost pension peace of mind. ”
"Empty nest" remarkably rural, pensions for the elderly to do? Mu Guangzong idea is to speed up the transformation of the rural old people's home, rural "scattered Endowment" to "focus on care for the elderly" rural "empty-nesters" open a green channel.
This coincides with Ding Zhiyong's proposal.
"Can take advantage of the rural old-age playroom or idle school buildings, the establishment of rural aged-service '. "Ding Zhiyong said," by the village Committee or Association of rural old workings. In life, medical, nursing, and other aspects of cultural life, focus on senior citizens, empty nest, and disabling difficulties in the needs of the elderly, and actively promotes neighbors helping each other. ”
China Youth daily reporter search found, Governments have begun to explore the road of new type rural endowment. Jindong district, Jinhua city, Zhejiang village of idle sites, built a "unified care during the day, night scattered" aged-service centers in rural areas; in Enshi, Hubei Province has established mutual care centres for the elderly in rural areas, "rural mutual aid pension."
"All in all, to solve the rural old-age dilemma, public finances in part to tilt, tilt to farmers in rural areas. "Mu Guangzong concluded by saying," this may be the ideal, requires the Central and local governments ' stand together ' but this depends above all on the cake in the Center is much larger, otherwise it is a pipe dream. We moderate Pratt welfare, senior citizens ' power-sharing should not be ignored. ”
(Original title: rural old-age pension, where road)
养老金双轨制改革，“以房养老”……近日，一系列养老话题持续占据着舆论中心。而公众在关注城镇退休人员待遇的同时，另一问题似乎成了“被遮蔽的角落”——农村养老。
“在城市，领取退休金的人群大概占86.8%，而农村领取退休金的人群仅占18.7%，大量靠的是家庭和土地养老。”在北京大学第八届中国老龄产业高端论坛上，国务院参事马力透露。
“中国农村的老龄化程度高于城镇，农村老人的贫困发生率(指贫困人口占全部总人口的比率——记者注)也是城镇的3倍以上。”中央国家机关青联常委、中央农村调研工作领导小组副组长丁智勇告诉中国青年报记者，他近年调研发现，“随着青壮年人口大批‘外流’、被占用耕地越来越多，农村养老问题显得更加紧迫。”
在丁智勇2011年对哈尔滨市12个县乡的调研中，60岁以上农村“空巢老人”的比例，已超过50%，60.8%的农村老人在为基本生活来源担心。
55元养老金只够买几盒感冒药？
全国老龄委办公室的数据显示：1999年中国60岁及以上的老人比例，超过了10%这条国际“红线”；今年，这一数字将突破两亿大关，老龄化水平将达到14.8%。
这其中，农村老人占多少比例？根据第六次人口普查数据，农村整体老龄化程度，比城市高出3%。另据《人民日报》报道，曾有课题组统计，截至2009年年底，农村老年人口的比重超过18.3%，规模是城市的1.69倍。
“低生育率和青壮年人口外流，是造成农村的老年人群体‘日渐庞大’的主要原因。”丁智勇说，“但是，农村社会保障体系的不完善，使农村老人的经济地位，远比城镇退休老人‘弱势’。”
去年5月，有学者引用全国老龄委办公室数据表示，我国城镇老人的人均收入，是农村老人的4.7倍。从贫困率角度看，在全国约1010万城乡贫困老年人中，农村就占860万，农村老人的贫困发生率是城镇的3倍以上。
“当前，农村老人的养老方式主要有3个：社会保险养老、家庭养老和土地养老，有时也包括社会救助。”中国社会科学院社会学研究所研究员唐钧告诉中国青年报记者，但是，以每月55元为“起点”的新型农村养老保险，“显然无法满足一个老年人日常的生活需求”。
新型农村养老保险又称“新农保”，是国家为未参加城镇职工基本养老保险的广大农村老人，提供其基本生活保障的主渠道。从2009年起，它在全国10%的县试点，基础养老金定为每人每月55元。换句话说，一个农村劳动者每年缴纳100元，60岁后，就能每月领取55元。多缴多得。
“由于秉持‘广覆盖，保基本’等原则，当时55元的标准肯定是低了，比‘低保’(即农村居民最低生活保障——记者注)还要低，后者是每月57元。”唐钧说，“如今4年过去了，这个标准基本没有变化，远追不上物价的涨速。”
丁智勇在调研中，已碰到了类似尴尬。
一位老村民告诉他，每月基本养老金“没病时还可以，有病就麻烦大了”。这个村民算了一笔账：一盒感冒药17.6元，每次要把感冒治好，起码要吃几盒，“一个月的养老金基本就没了”。
“项目少、覆盖面窄、保障水平低。”丁智勇这样总结新型农村养老保险的不完善之处。今年10月，据中国人民大学老年学研究所发布的调研报告，2010年，农村能够依靠养老金作为主要收入来源的老年人，仅为4.6%，而这一比例在城乡老人间的平均值为24%。
报告同时显示，从1990年至今的20多年里，城市老年人的在业率一直下降，现在保持在5%左右，但“有41.2%的农村老人，仍要靠劳动收入养活自己”。中国老年学会副会长、中国人民大学老年学研究所所长杜鹏说。
过半“空巢率”让家庭养老难以为继？
中国有句俗话，“养儿防老”。新颁布的《老年人权益保障法》里也明确规定：“老年人养老以居家为基础。”中国人民大学老年学研究所发布的调研报告显示，目前，我国约有40.7%的城乡老年人靠家庭供养。在农村，这一比例更大，占到47.7%。
但是，北京大学人口所教授穆光宗告诉中国青年报记者，“空巢”现象(即子女因为工作、学习、结婚等原因长期离家，中老年夫妇独守空巢。——记者注)持续冲击着家庭养老模式。近年来，由于农村的“空巢率”急剧上升，乡村家庭养老功能严重弱化，农村养老“危机四伏”。
“农村的问题相比城市更严重，因为很多农村老人一旦生活不能自理，就没有收入来源，得依靠子女抚养。”杜鹏表示。
根据全国老龄委办公室副主任吴玉韶透露，中国的空巢老人数量，2012年为0.99亿人，今年将突破1亿大关。另据该办公室副主任阎青春于2012年9月披露，目前，中国城市老人的空巢率接近一半，达到49.7%，农村过去没有这种现象，但随着农民工大量外出务工，农村老人空巢率也达到38.3%，“并且上升速度比城市更快”。
在丁智勇的调研中，蔓延至农村的“空巢危机”，似乎已经显现。
调研显示，截至2010年年底，哈尔滨市60岁以上户籍老年人口为142.6万人，其中农业老年人口69.8万人。农村老年人“空巢”、“隔代空巢”和“季节性空巢”的比例高于50%，丧偶率达26.9%，失能、半失能的占17.0%。
“农村青年追求自身价值，外出打工，导致大量农村‘空巢化’。”丁智勇在黑龙江尚志市河东朝鲜族乡南兴村发现，原来1580人的村子，现在只剩下100多位老人，成为名副其实的“老人村”。在黑龙江方正县某村，只剩下30多位老人在家留守，“儿女们三五年也回不来一次。”
“‘空巢’老人的生活由谁照顾？生病谁来护理？家务活谁来帮忙？”这是丁智勇所担忧的问题。
中国人民大学老年学研究所发布的调研报告显示，约四成城乡老人自认是家庭的负担。在丁智勇的调研中，反映“需要时没有人照料”的农村老人，占到52%。“大多数老人独自呆在家里，有的看看电视、打打牌，有的与邻居聊聊天，有的耳聋眼花看不清电视，只能听听广播。”这是丁智勇为农村“空巢”老人日常生活画的一张像，“他们相互照顾、自娱自乐，有了大病才通知子女回家看看。”
此外，穆光宗告诉中国青年报记者，现实中，农村养老的“大头”依靠的是土地和劳动力。但随着工业化、城镇化的推进，“土地养老”模式也不断受到冲击。
据统计，目前我国完全失去土地或部分失去土地的农民达5000万人，预计到2030年，这一数字将超过7800万。这对农村老人意味着什么？
“土地是农民最主要的经济来源，也是家庭养老的主要经济基础。”丁智勇表示，“但随着农村人口的增加和大量耕地被占用，‘没有经济权，没有发言权’，农村失地老人在许多应得利益面前被‘边缘化’了。在农村，有经济来源的老人，子女争着赡养，无经济来源的老人‘无人问津’的现象，屡见不鲜。”
对仍然保有土地的老人来说，指望一块土地养老，依然阻力重重。
丁智勇在对哈尔滨12个县乡的调研中发现，能自己种地的农村老人只占20%，剩余的或是把土地出租换得口粮，或是将土地交给子女或亲属耕种，后者约占44%。“老人把土地分给子女后，有的子女按照耕地面积给老人生活费，有的只管老人吃住，好一点的能给老人少量零花钱。所谓赡养费也大多是象征性的，金额很少。”他告诉记者，“还有一些老人，把土地、房子在儿子结婚时就给了儿子，自己只能搬到外面租房子住。”
“政府应该是第一责任主体”
面对渐渐“老”去的农村，我们该怎么办？
穆光宗认为，在“未富先老”的时代背景下，农民养老，不应再遵循“只交给土地和家庭”的传统模式，“农村养老应该是多资助、多层面、多元化的，国家和政府要承担起更多责任，政府应该是农民养老的第一责任主体”。
早在2011年4月，人民日报就曾刊文提出，我国财政支出中社会保障的支出比重，远低于人均GDP水平相近的其他国家，而社会保障支出中的绝大部分又用于城镇居民。“现阶段构建城乡统筹的社会保障体系，重点在农村”，并呼吁“提高财政用于社会保障支出的比例，并按城乡人口比例配置”。
唐钧告诉中国青年报记者，未来，政府加大对农村养老问题的财政投入，已是学界共识。
“建议农村老人的养老金和城镇居民一样，由‘基本养老金’和‘补充养老金’两部分构成，并且要以保障其基本生活为标准，根据各地生活必需品消费的数字而定，不搞‘一刀切’。”唐钧说，“2009年时，确定55元的基础养老金，有财政负担能力的考虑，也考虑到农民毕竟还有土地作‘后盾’。而现在，制度建立了几年，一些情况也发生了变化，是可以考虑完善标准的问题了。”
丁智勇则认为，除了“养”，“医”也是当前农村老年人最迫切的需求，亦常令他们不堪重负。
“现在的‘新农合’(即新型农村合作医疗——记者注)政策，虽然缓解了农村老人的看病难、看病贵状况，但报销比例低、纳入报销范围的项目少，县乡地方的医疗条件有限，‘当地看不好，外地报(销)不了’，仍然是农村老年人反映最多的问题。”丁智勇告诉记者，“试想，如果一个农村老人需要到市里、省里看病，病肯定不小，平均统计，至少需要1万～2万元。而且看病费、住院费需要自己垫付，老人垫付不起，报销比例又低，一部分农村老人也‘因病致贫’。”
记者了解到，近年我国已加大了对农村医疗的保障力度，比如“新农合”的补助标准提高到每人每年240元，并针对一些治疗花费特别高的“大病”，建立了补充医保报销制度。丁智勇则建议，未来，在医疗方面还可以给予农村老年人以更多优惠和照顾：“减免特困、高龄农村老人参加‘新农合’的参合费用，提高‘新农合’的报销比例、扩大报销范围。”
对失地农村老人，丁智勇进一步建议，可以考虑建立“被征地农民基本生活保障办法”：“比如，对被征地农民的养老保险，实行‘先保后征、刚性投保’办法，保障其基本生活，解除他们失地后养老的后顾之忧。”
对一些“空巢”现象突出的农村，老人养老该怎么办？穆光宗的想法是，加快农村敬老院的转型，使农村的“分散养老”变成“集中养老”，给农村“空巢老人”打开一条绿色通道。
这与丁智勇的建议不谋而合。
“可以利用农村老年活动室或闲置的校舍，建立‘农村居家养老服务站’。”丁智勇表示，“由村委会或农村老年协会具体运作。在生活、医疗、护理、文化生活等方面，重点考虑高龄、空巢和失能困难老人的需求，并积极促进邻里之间互帮互助。”
中国青年报记者检索发现，各地政府已经开始探索这种新型农村养老道路。比如浙江金华市金东区利用村庄闲置的场所，建设起了“日间统一照料、夜间分散居住”的农村居家养老服务中心；湖北恩施建立了农村老年人互助照料活动中心，进行“农村互助式养老”。
“总之，要解决农村养老困局，公共财政要在一定程度上向农村倾斜、向农民倾斜。”穆光宗最后说，“这可能是理想的说法，需要中央和地方财政‘联起手来’，但这首先取决于中央的蛋糕做得多大，否则就是空想。我们适度普惠性的福利，不应该忽视老年农民的共享权力。”
(原标题：农村养老，路在何方)
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