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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/13 7:24:39 Professor of national people’s Congress：The rural land must be in the market but to prevent the public power occupation
"Summary of the bulletin"
Dual structure of urban and rural areas are the major obstacles to the integration of urban and rural development. Sound institutional mechanisms must be formed by industry promotes agriculture, urban areas, industry and agriculture for mutual benefit, in urban and rural areas of new urban-rural relationship of workers and peasants, for equal participation of peasants modernization process, to share results of modernization. To speed up the construction of new agricultural management system, giving people more property rights, advancing the following key elements: equal exchange and balanced allocation of public resources, and improve institutional mechanisms for the healthy development of urbanization.
To establish a fair, open and transparent market rules, improve mainly decided by the market pricing mechanism, establishment of the integrated urban and rural construction land market, improve the financial market system, deepen the reform of science and technology.
Urban-rural integration
To get farmers to equal participation in the modernization process
"Reading"
Chinese Academy of social sciences ring Pan jiahua, Director of the city: land ownership in China was State-owned, belong to the second group, farmers in a collective, as a member of the group, he is the ownership of the land.
The ownership in two ways: first, building land. Farmers were self-sufficient peasant economy, also belong to the family-run, with the right to some kind of private or self-employed, at least part of the farmers ' right to myself can run.
Second is contract with remuneration linked to output responsibility fields, this part is right. Right in the middle of our legal system is not clear, we only said that provisions remain unchanged for 30 years or years unchanged, but remain unchanged for many years does not mean that our farmers have the right to control, own or converting such property rights. In practice these rights should be a property. This part of the property, such as telling our farmers the land, if the land revenue to farmers, and enjoyed by farmers in their farming income, it should be said to farmers, and he enjoys a property of the benefits does not necessarily mean that gain is from the land development rights, also belongs to the land lease rights, or farming to profit by his own interests.
If you speak in the plenary session documents, to let farmers own more than one property, there must be an attempt, was contracted by the private plots of land, farmers, farmers in some form to be able to flow in the market, such a benefit, to guarantee farmers ' lives, because the land is the life and production of farmers.
View from urban development issues, the third plenary session of the decision is very clear, and breaking the dual structure of urban and rural areas, promote urban-rural integrated development planning is very good, clear picture, is "industry promotes agriculture, urban areas, industry and agriculture for mutual benefit, in urban and rural areas of new urban-rural relationship of workers and peasants".
From this point of view, we do have a plenary session planned such a blueprint, we break the binary structure, urban and rural integrated development, there is a very clear direction, and we also have a very clear industry promotes agriculture, urban areas is a feasible method.
Land market
Establishing a unified urban and rural areas construction land market
School of agriculture and rural development at Renmin University Professor Zheng Fengtian: the establishment of urban and rural construction land market of the United, collective land must be allowed access. More than a dozen years ago, Guangdong, Zhejiang has made local land market regulations, in many parts of the country in the pilot.
But because of various strict limits, farmers of their contracted land, residential land, housing cannot be used as capital flows, it is difficult to have property income. But the reality is the rural collective construction land invisible market, to repeated use, lack of secure land rights guaranteed, how to break the ice, so that farmers are also in the process of industrialization and urbanization can actually benefit needs reform.
Circulation of rural collective construction land is also subject to various constraints limit, how to set up a free circulation of rural collective construction land market is very important, only the achievement of collective-owned construction land in countryside and city-owned construction land, "same price with the same right to" equality of factor markets, can really flow. The future should allow free transfer of rural collective land use rights, mortgages and rent. Should also allow the sale of farmers ' houses, mortgages and rent.
Establishment of urban and rural construction land market of the United, collectively-owned land into the city is the inevitable trend of the future, but only a clear property rights and allocation mechanism, prevent the public power to occupy.
China's rural land is widespread clearance of the subject, body, malfunction, indeed the future right of card, clear the rights of farmers, construction on the basis of property rights trading markets, opening rural sleepy capital.
Farmland around the Bourse pilot, there are many issues, such as free of cultivated land occupied by assignment, transfer, lease, used for non-agricultural construction, low price assignment, transfer and lease of rural collective land for construction, casual change of building use and land ownership are not clear, and so on. These should be gradually improved in future trials.
"Rural land market" competitive mechanisms should be introduced. Listing of collective land in rural areas, is clearly unfit for government auctions of the old, must be targeted at breaking the monopoly of the primary land market, and with the Government's land auction form a rival competition, land prices cannot be controlled. Rural land market really to tame prices take effect, apparently required introduction of competition mechanism, as well as renewal of interest.
After the third plenary session, breakthrough hopes of land reform in the following areas: one is to reduce the size of or even cancel land expropriation; second, to break the current division of construction land use in urban-rural dual system, allowing urban and rural construction land to land with the same powers with interests three farmers to contract land rights to obtain a mortgage, dispose of, transfer of rights.
Case
Guangdong farmers rent land to make money to buy a House to buy a car
Has media reported, Guangdong farmers of privately trading has more general, and spontaneous formed has a homestead circulation of underground market, some villagers in by rental Homestead Shang by built housing obtained more long-term of stable proceeds, and some villagers is will themselves hands of Homestead right and attached in its Shang of buildings through various forms transfer, and rental, again with these money in town buy room buy car, had up city people life.
Statistics show that Pearl River Delta region through the use of circulation of rural collective construction land actually has more than 50% of collective-owned construction land. Collective land may not be developed from the local regulations, can only be used for the following items: one was to set up a wide range of industrial and commercial enterprises; the other is toward public facilities and public welfare undertakings; three is the construction of rural villagers ' houses.
Guangdong land reform has a lot to be drawing on parts of the country. Restricting China's urbanization is an important issue for the development of the current urban-rural dual system. China's huge number of rural collective construction land issues such as widespread use of irrational and inefficient.
Reform of the urban-rural dual structure, promote economic and social development in urban and rural integration process for new-type urbanization process find a way, is an important aspect of promoting fairness and justice. While giving people more property rights, agrarian reform and pointed out the direction for the next step, to improve farmers ' living standards, to further stimulate farmers ' enthusiasm has passed an important signal. --China (Hainan) reform and Development Research Institute Mr. Chi Fulin
Integration of urban and rural development from a positive angle solved many problems, including how to enter the urban area, and social and welfare of farmers, urban and rural areas and dual system development. This is a very clever suggestion, governance level suggestion solved a lot of problems, for the development of future policy development provides better space, how to reform the identity system, country people are better integrated city, city dwellers have a better investment to the country. --Executive Vice President of the Institute of public policy at Renmin University Mao Shoulong
This version of the article tuzhonghang intern/Beijing news reporters Xu Oulou
(Original title: giving people more rights of property)
【公报摘要】
●城乡二元结构是制约城乡发展一体化的主要障碍。必须健全体制机制，形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农城乡关系，让广大农民平等参与现代化进程、共同分享现代化成果。要加快构建新型农业经营体系，赋予农民更多财产权利，推进城乡要素平等交换和公共资源均衡配置，完善城镇化健康发展体制机制。
●要建立公平开放透明的市场规则，完善主要由市场决定价格的机制，建立城乡统一的建设用地市场，完善金融市场体系，深化科技体制改革。
城乡一体
让农民平等参与现代化进程
【解读】
中国社会科学院城环所所长潘家华：中国土地所有制一是属于国有，二是属于集体，农民在一个集体里作为集体的一员，他对土地是有所有权的。
这个所有权通过两种方式：一是造房子的宅基地。农民是自给自足的小农经济，也属于家庭经营，带有某种私有的或者自我经营的权利，至少经营权是属于农户自己可以支配的部分。
二是联产承包责任田，这部分也是有使用权的。这些权利在我们过去的法律体系中间应该说是不明确的，我们只是说要规定30年不变或多少年不变，但多少年不变并不意味着我们农民有权利支配、拥有或转换这样一些财产权。实际上这些使用权应该是一种财产权。而这部分财产权，比如讲我们征收农民的土地，如果让农民享有这个土地收益的话，以农民种地所享受的收益，应该说对农民来讲，他享受的是一种财产权的收益，并不一定这个收益是来自于土地开发的权益，还是属于土地租赁的权益，或者自己种地所获取利润的权益。
如果三中全会文件中所讲的，能够让农民拥有更多的财产权，就要有这样一种尝试，让宅基地、农民的自留地、农民的承包地能够以某种形式在市场上流转，形成这样一种收益，能够保障农民的生活，因为土地是农民的生活和生产资料。
从城市发展这个问题来看，三中全会的《决定》是非常明确的，对打破城乡二元结构，促进城乡一体发展规划了非常好的、清晰的蓝图，就是“以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农城乡关系”。
从这个意义来讲，我们确实有了三中全会规划的这样一个蓝图，我们打破这样的二元结构，城乡一体发展就有了一个非常明确的方向，而且也有了非常明确的以工促农、以城带乡的这样一种可行的方法。
土地市场
建立城乡统一建设用地市场
中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院教授郑风田：建立城乡统一的建设用地市场，就必须让集体土地入市。早在十几年前，广东、浙江就有地方提出地方性的集体土地入市法规，全国不少地方也在试点。
但由于各种严格的限制，农民的承包地、宅基地、住房不能作为资本流动，很难带来财产性收入。但现实情况却是农村集体建设用地隐形市场活跃，违法用地屡禁不止，用地流转权利缺乏可靠保障，如何打破坚冰，让工业化与城镇化过程中农民也能够真正受益，需要进一步改革。
农村集体建设用地流转目前还受到诸多制约限制，如何建立起一个农村集体建设用地的自由流转市场非常重要，只有实现农村集体建设用地与城市国有建设用地“同地同价同权”要素市场平等化，才能真正的流转。未来应该允许农村集体宅基地使用权自由转让、抵押和出租。还应该允许农民住房的买卖、抵押和出租。
建立城乡统一的建设用地市场，农村集体建设土地入市是未来的必然趋势，但前提是须明确产权主体及权益分配机制，防止公权力侵占。
目前我国的农村土地普遍存在主体虚位、主体混乱问题，未来应该确权发证，明确农民的权益，在此基础上建设产权交易市场，开启农村沉睡的资本。
各地农地直接入市试点也有不少问题，比如随意占用耕地出让、转让、出租用于非农建设，低价出让、转让和出租农村集体建设用地，随意改变建设用途，用地权属不清等。这些都应该在未来试验中逐步完善。
“农村土地入市”还需引入竞争机制。农村集体土地的上市，显然不宜走政府拍卖的老路， 必须以打破土地一级市场的垄断为目标，并与政府土地拍卖形成分庭抗礼的竞争态势，地价才有望不受操控。农村土地入市要想真正对抑制房价起效，显然更需竞争机制的引入以及利益关系的重建。
三中全会后，希望土地改革在以下几方面取得突破：一是缩小乃至取消征地规模；二是打破目前分割的城乡二元建设用地制度，让城乡建设用地能够同地同权同利；三是农民承包土地获得抵押权、处置权、转让权。
■ 案例
广东 农民出租土地赚钱买房买车
有媒体报道，广东农民的私下交易已较为普遍，并自发形成了一个宅基地流转的地下市场，一些村民在靠出租宅基地上所建房屋获得较为长期的稳定收益，而一些村民则将自己手中的宅基地使用权及其附在其上的建筑物通过各种形式出让、出租，再用这些钱在城里买房买车，过起城市人生活。
资料显示，珠三角地区通过流转的方式使用农村集体建设用地实际已超过集体建设用地的50%。当地规定集体土地不得开发商品房，只能用于以下项目：一是兴办各类工商企业；二是兴办公共设施和公益事业；三是兴建农村村民住宅。
广东的土地改革有不少值得全国借鉴的地方。制约我国城镇化发展的一个重要问题是现行的城乡二元土地制度。目前我国数量庞大的农村集体建设用地普遍存在利用不合理、效率低下等问题。
改革城乡二元结构，促进城乡经济社会发展的一体化进程，为新型城镇化进程找出了一条路，是促进公平正义的一个重要方面。而赋予农民更多财产权利，也为下一步农村改革指明了方向，对于提高农民生活水平，进一步激发农民积极性传递了重要信号。 ——中国（海南）改革发展研究院院长迟福林
城乡一体化发展从正面角度破解了很多难题，包括农民如何进入城市、社会福利、城乡两张皮和二元体制发展。这是个非常巧妙的提法，治理层次的提法破解了很多问题，也为未来政策的发展提供了更好的发展空间，如何改革身份制度问题，让乡下人更好地融入城市，让城里人更好地去乡下投资。 ——中国人民大学公共政策研究院执行副院长毛寿龙
本版采写/新京报记者 涂重航 实习生 徐欧露
（原标题：赋予农民更多财产权利）
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