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The author:(作者)左published in(发表于) 2013/11/13 7:29:27 Tongzhihui： promoting balanced public resources in both urban and rural configurations
Promoting balanced public resources in both urban and rural configurations
Shao Haipeng
Abstract: the dual structure of urban and rural areas are the major obstacles to the integration of urban and rural development. Sound institutional mechanisms must be formed by industry promotes agriculture, urban areas, industry and agriculture for mutual benefit, in urban and rural areas of new urban-rural relationship of workers and peasants, for equal participation of peasants modernization process, to share results of modernization. To speed up the construction of new agricultural management system, giving people more property rights, advancing the following key elements: equal exchange and balanced allocation of public resources, and improve institutional mechanisms for the healthy development of urbanization.
Tongzhihui (researcher, Institute of the Renmin University of China and the development of the country strategy):
The plenary session suggested that the dual structure of urban and rural areas are the major obstacles to the integration of urban and rural development. I personally think that facilitate the process of integration of urban and rural, urban and rural dual structure of these elements can become the engine of progress towards the promotion of urban and rural integration, case by case.
For example, the urban-rural dual system of construction land use forms the basis for financial, which finances a high house prices, the farmers and the Government issues such as conflict, but land finance also obtained substantial progress of infrastructure construction in China is an important reason. To increase the Government's fiscal revenue source today, appropriate land reform is financial, but can't erase this from the urban-rural dual structure of the historical merits of the local financial system.
One of the new rural and urban workers and peasants in urban and rural areas, roads and the overall development mechanism in two ways, elimination of industry and agriculture, between rural and urban areas, is the goal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The report pointed out that must sound institutional mechanisms, forming industry promotes agriculture, urban areas, industry and agriculture, one of the new rural and urban workers and peasants of urban and rural relations of reciprocity.
From the detailed development mechanism will definitely have to involve fiscal systems, land systems, agricultural management system reform, in order to promote integrated urban and rural areas. As a goal for urban and rural integration, can measure the performance of local governments with more scientific, measuring development performance in the entire country, from urban and rural areas-one goal to balance urban and rural development, which will enable us to find more innovative mechanisms for promoting development.
The report pointed out that advancing the following key elements: equal exchange and balanced allocation of public resources, and improve institutional mechanisms for the healthy development of urbanization.
In reality, of labour market makes the rural labor force in cities and industries began to share the fruits of development, rural land in the area of agricultural industrialization and the suburbs of market will not be equal exchange, the main reason is not in the land use control based on the market price of the land.
Executive powers in some areas involving circulation farmers ' agricultural land at low prices, or take advantage of farmers scattered status of contract right through and conquer at the low flow farmland and countryside in the process of urbanization, the existing expropriation price and land a large gap in the market, prices of agricultural land and agricultural land had been recruited as there is inequality in the process of State-owned construction land exchange problems.
In addition, unreasonable taxes system was originally part of rural land use efficiency of distortion, and equity issues. Balanced allocation of public resources between urban and rural areas is also prominent issues, increasing population pressures, delayed white city development opportunities in big cities.
Therefore, we need to promote balanced urban-rural allocation of public resources, and improve institutional mechanisms for the healthy development of urbanization. Achieving healthy urbanization, livable built in rural areas where the average income and access to social, urban and rural coordinated development.
The report also noted that, to speed up the construction of new agricultural management system. Personally, that distinguish it from the original, including this year's "first document", the mere mention of new enterprises in rural areas.
We never lack variety, but various benefit strong competition between each, often earned money from small farmers, the prospects for increasing smallholder agriculture has not even give up farming because of farming at a loss.
Agricultural management system means cooperation system to become the dominant system of agricultural management systems, agricultural industry chain profit farmers from owning, operating in this layout based on all aspects of body position and role. System dominated by the beneficiaries and farmers.
Operating system cannot allow the agricultural socialization service system dominated rural areas outside the capital, earned money from farmers as producers, compressed farmers ' profits. Instead, you should truly combination of centralization and decentralization within the system. "Commission", it cannot be said to be what form of "Commission". Failure to cooperate in financial "system", not a "Commission", farmers cannot benefit of "manpower", not a "Commission".
On the whole, the third plenary session involving "three agricultural" reforms on fully embodies the reform of comprehensive and highly integrated urban and rural development and mutual influence, also highlighted the key areas of reform, the specific reforms clear direction to all interested parties, but also show a very wide range of room for reform. It can be predicted that according to the direction provided by the third plenary session, intensive "three agricultural" reform measures will be launched step by step.
推动公共资源在城乡间均衡配置
邵海鹏
摘要：城乡二元结构是制约城乡发展一体化的主要障碍。必须健全体制机制，形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农城乡关系，让广大农民平等参与现代化进程、共同分享现代化成果。要加快构建新型农业经营体系，赋予农民更多财产权利，推进城乡要素平等交换和公共资源均衡配置，完善城镇化健康发展体制机制。
仝志辉(中国人民大学国家与发展战略研究院研究员)：
此次三中全会提出，城乡二元结构是制约城乡发展一体化的主要障碍。我个人认为，从推动城乡一体化的进程来讲，城乡二元结构中的某些要素可以成为逐步推动城乡一体化的动力，需要具体问题具体分析。
比如，城乡二元的建设用地使用制度构成土地财政的基础，而土地财政造成了房价高企、失地农民与政府冲突等问题，但是，土地财政同样是我国基础设施建设获得长足进步的重要原因。今天要增加政府财政的收入来源，适当改革土地财政是对的，但是不能就此抹杀这一源于城乡二元结构的地方财政制度的历史功绩。
城乡一体的新型工农城乡关系，可以从总体道路和发展机制两个方面来讲，取消工农、城乡差别，是中国特色社会主义的目标。《报告》指出，必须健全体制机制，形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农城乡关系。
从具体的发展机制上，肯定要涉及财税制度、土地制度、农业经营体制等方面的改革，如此才能推动城乡一体。把城乡一体作为目标提出来，可以更科学地衡量地方政府的政绩，衡量整个国家的发展实绩，从城乡一体目标来统筹城乡发展，同样会使我们找到更多推动发展的创新性机制。
《报告》指出，推进城乡要素平等交换和公共资源均衡配置，完善城镇化健康发展体制机制。
现实中，劳动力市场化使得农村劳动力在城市和工业开始分享发展成果，农村土地在农业产业化和城郊农村的市场化领域都不能做到平等交换，主要原因在于不能在土地用途管制的基础上实现土地的市场定价。
一些地方行政权力介入低价流转农民农地，或者利用享有承包权的农户的分散地位实行各个击破，低价流转农地，城郊城市化进程中，现有征收价格和市场地价差距很大，在农地流转价格和农地被征为国有建设用地过程中都出现不平等交换问题。
此外，不合理的税收制度更扭曲了原属于农村的土地在使用中的效率扭曲和公平问题。公共资源在城乡间的均衡配置也是突出问题，加大了大城市人口压力、白白延误城镇发展机会。
所以，我们需要推动公共资源在城乡间均衡配置，完善城镇化健康发展体制机制。实现健康的城镇化，使得农村也建成宜居和获得社会平均收入的地方，使得城镇和农村协调发展。
《报告》还指出，要加快构建新型农业经营体系。个人认为，这区别于原来包括今年“一号文件”中，仅仅提到的新型农村经营主体。
我们从来不缺各种主体，但是各种强势主体之间的竞争各取其利，往往是赚了小农户的钱，小农户靠农业增收的前景一直没有，甚至因为经营农业亏本而放弃农业。
农业经营体系意味着合作制要成为农业经营体系的主导性制度，农业全产业链利润应主要归农民所有，在这个基础上布局各个环节的经营主体的位置和作用。体系的主导者和获益者要是农民。
经营体系建设不能让农业社会化服务体系为农村以外的资本主导，赚作为生产者农户的钱，压缩农户利润空间。而应该在体系内真正做到统分结合。这时的“统”，就不能什么形式都说成是“统”。没有合作金融的“统”，不叫“统”，农户不能分利的“统”，不叫“统”。
总体上说，三中全会涉及“三农”改革的有关表述充分体现了改革的整体性、城乡发展的高度融合和相互影响，也突出了重点领域的改革，给有关方面的具体改革明确了方向，也展现了非常广阔的改革空间。可以预见，根据三中全会提供的方向，密集的“三农”改革措施将会有步骤地推出。
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