Go homepage(回首页)
Upload pictures (上传图片)
Write articles (发文字帖)

The author:(作者)归海一刀
published in(发表于) 2013/11/14 3:05:32
Expert analysis on the guanwaner Riddle of the tomb of Tang-free

Guanwaner's tomb was found more than two months on and explore how, and how repair of archaeological finds, could reveal why the epitaphs were "official Tomb ruined" mystery. Yesterday, this exclusive interview with the Tomb archaeological team leader Associate Professor Li Ming, provincial Archaeological Research Institute, this one by one.

　　Progress in Archaeology: excavation work has been completed

Guanwaner tomb is a city on the ramps, 5-yard, 5 hole, 4 niches, corridor and burial chamber tomb is composed of high level. It is regrettable, the tombs were excavated entering the burial chamber from the IV, the fifth courtyard directly, leaving coffin, bones are not kept. Upside is, epitaph appears to confirm that Tomb status.

Li ming said, the current archaeological excavations of archaeologists have completed the scene, archaeological data have been extracted out of the extraction, now doing late documentation, to repair the unearthed relics, epitaph of research content, organize report on archaeological excavations. And to protect the Tomb scene, took up with plastic film on top of the Tomb, in order to avoid destruction.

　　Lara Croft Tomb Raider fate: absolutely protected by the first

It is understood that shangguan tombs surrounding the two plots have already been enlisted, tombs are planning the location of flushing airport Metro Park Road, new district in the West, some people worry that if the road, devastating destruction of Tomb Raider. Recent media reports said shangguan heirs to the Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau reports submitted applications for protection of burial grounds, Henan province on the surname culture research association shangguan, Chairman of the guanminhua wish I could guanwaner on the Tomb moved back home to rebuild. So, what is the fate of the Tomb?

Li ming said, will certainly protect and build infrastructure. But how to protect, the current programmes have not worked out. According to the relevant regulations of the State, generally combined with archaeological survey of infrastructure, once the excavation has been completed, unless the value is particularly high, mostly backfilled. Because of the particularity of the Tomb, archaeological and conservation work will be more detailed. But protection does not mean pitch a tent, build a museum show, unearthed from the tomb of less kekanxing is poor. In fact, the backfill is the best way to protect ancient tombs, due are earthen sites, show, long prone to wall off, collapse, and so on.

Li ming said, every archaeological discovery has its uniqueness, and protection are not the same, current cultural relic departments is being developed for the tomb's protection programme, the programme will also balance, both to protect cultural relics, without affecting the municipal building.

　　Archaeological finds: the rehabilitation of more than 30 pieces, without Tang

Li ming said, guanwaner pottery figurines unearthed from the mausoleum niches on 100 pieces, has rehabilitated more than 30 pieces, are all female and male standing figurines standing figurines and animal figurines, Terra cotta pots, such as Horse and rider haven't repaired. These dynasties in the Tang tombs are very common, approximately Seventeen-Eight cm tall. Pigs, sheep and other animal figurines are also common. But having unearthed a Tang. Kaiyuan years, Empress to Emperor Xuanzong (690-741), is the heyday of Tang development. At this time, as two guanwaner on pottery unearthed from the tomb of why there are no? Jeff explained that the shape of the patio from 5, corresponding to their second level. But slightly smaller length and width of the tombs, unearthed only five officials to the level, this may be related to last's death, she was killed for being implicated, so buried and identity do not match.

　　Information

　　Guanwaner on

In 710, Li long JI coup punish fight Wei a party, including shangguan. Where she died and was buried, has long been a mystery. In September 2013, the archaeologists found a Tang Tomb near Xian xianyang international airport, and judge the owner of the Tomb when shangguan. About 25 km from Changan of the Tang dynasty city site of the Tomb, unearthed at epitaph records, the tomb of our Lord was buried in first year of Tang Jingyun (710) in August, consistent with the historical records.

　　"Women Prime Ministers" shangguan

Guanwaner on (664-710 CE), also known as shangguan zhaorong, shanzhou shanxian County (now Henan sanmenxia) human, nvguan, poet of the Tang dynasty. Childhood family convicted in the Palace as a slave. At the age of 14 for bright good essay as Wu Zetian reuse, instructions in charge of Palace for years, bright, resourceful, "women Prime Ministers" in name. When Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, zhaorong, politics, and literary prominence. The received his posthumous poems of the Tang dynasty 32 songs.

　　Small breasts

Small breasts (about 665-713), the tanggaozonglizhi and the younger daughter of Wu Zetian, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, and Tang Ruizong's sister, brother is very popular among parents, particularly his mother Wu Zetian's favor, leaning right. 713 on suspicion of treason, were troops captured by Emperor Xuanzong, who died at home. Experts speculate that Princess Taiping had a high opinion shangguan.

　　The four mysteries

　　谜团 1

　　Who built this? Breasts out of the 500-horse silk "terrorists", is now 500,000

Epitaph of people's attention, said Li Ming, they also accelerate the archaeological report of the writing, is expected to announce the month. But for the attention of tombs built by whomsoever committed, then whomever destroyed, he speculated that the epitaphs, which associated with small breasts. Can be described as "into Princess Taiping, Princess Taiping also ruined".

The historical records, ad 710, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang's death, Li Longji coup punish Wei Hou, shangguan table loyalty can't be killed. Li Longji's father King Tang Ruizong, after the core is the famous Emperor Xuanzong Li Longji.

Li ming said that epitaph records is Jui-tsung ordered the burial of shangguan. But experts according to the historical records and epitaph speculated that the tomb was built by Tang Ruizong breasts lobbying primarily. Epitaph records after finishing his Jui-tsung ordered to bury, also clearly documented "mourning Princess Taiping, Envoy diaoji, present a gift to a bereaved family (f ù) donated 500 horses, the term aims to take precautions." Mean, small breasts quite distressed, sent his men to diaoji and pay for 500 silk, which in today's money. 500 silk during the Tang dynasty was a large sum of money, equivalent to around $ 500,000 in today's buying power.

Li Ming to speculate that the shangguan, when Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, Dahir in grass, often acclaimed Wu released anti-Royal, Lee should not have a favorable impression. On guanwaner's death, core weakness, power Princess Taiping greatly, at Princess Taiping's lobbying, ordered their duo were constructed by level guanwaner on the Tomb, buried with lower grade-level.

　　谜团 2

　　Who ruined Tomb? Due to implication of Princess Taiping, Emperor Xuanzong ordered the destruction of tombs

Small breasts as a tanggaozonglizhi with her young daughter, younger sister of the same parents of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, and Tang Ruizong, has always wanted to do a second Empress. Tang Ruizong, leaning power Princess Taiping, Li long JI to its greatest political rivals. Extension and the first year (712) August Rui Crown Prince Li Longji, themselves back for Overlord. The following year, Li long JI is quite suddenly, receive the death breasts ordered spade Ping Taiping Princess husband, Wu You-cum-graves.

Jeff surmised that guanwaner is considered to be small breasts on a party, raze Wu You-cum-grave, Tomb of guanwaner on also being implicated was destroyed as a result. He speculated that the tomb of Li long ji ordered an official should be destroyed.

　　谜团 3

　　Epitaph, why niche not being destroyed? Official destroy tombs, coffin and body were destroyed

According to reports, several official destroyed tombs of the emperors of the Tang dynasty.

Li ming said that apart from the Emperor ordered, at the time, the Minister must not destroy the Tomb. As shangguan's tomb was buried a few years, the construction programme should be very clear, thus undermining directly from the fourth courtyard when opened, coffin and body were destroyed within the burial chamber, and that is the reason of the Interior of the tomb was empty. When destroyed tombs, coffin and body were destroyed, while relics of epitaphs and niches, if encountered may have been destroyed, no met has escaped.

　　谜团 4

　　Who sent for finishing the anthology? Not Li long JI should be small breasts

Prior to this, many media that Li long JI might appreciate shangguan talent, shortly after his death, sent shangguan's poem collected into anthologies. Li ming said, guanwaner poems on finishing, mainly due to the small breasts sent for finishing, rather than Li Longji, and Li long ji believes that guanwaner is small breasts on a one-party, would have high ratings. Because of small breasts, accomplished in literature shangguan, his poetry was able to circulate. Our reporter Zhou Yantao

(Original title: guanwaner on why no pottery and Tomb (map))

　　上官婉儿墓被发现两个多月了，发掘进展如何，出土文物的修复进展如何，墓志能否揭开缘何遭“官方毁墓”谜团。昨日，本报独家专访该墓考古队领队、省考古研究院副研究员李明，对此进行一一回应。

　　考古进展：现场发掘工作已完成

　　上官婉儿墓是一座由墓道、5个天井、5个过洞、4个壁龛、甬道和墓室等部分组成的高等级墓。遗憾的是，该墓葬被人从第四、第五个天井直接开挖进入墓室，致使棺椁、尸骨未存。庆幸的是，墓志的出现确认了墓主身份。

　　李明说，目前考古人员已经完成了现场考古发掘，该提取的考古资料都已经提取完了，现在做后期资料整理，对出土文物进行修复，研究墓志内容，整理考古发掘报告。并对该墓现场进行了保护，墓的上方用塑料膜挡了起来，以免遭到破坏。

　　古墓命运：肯定会先保护起来

　　据了解，上官婉儿墓葬周边的两块地已经被征，墓的位置规划的是西咸新区空港新城园区道路，有人担心如果修路的话，古墓是否会遭到毁灭性的破坏。近日有报道称，上官婉儿后人也向陕西省文物局提交保护墓地的申请报告，河南省姓氏文化研究会上官姓委员会会长上官敏华希望能把上官婉儿墓迁回老家重建。那么，这座墓未来的命运如何呢？

　　李明说，肯定会先保护起来，然后进行基础建设。但如何保护，目前方案还没有制定出来。根据国家相关规定，一般配合基础建设的考古勘探，一经发掘完毕后，除非价值特别高的，大多都会回填。由于该墓的特殊性，考古和保护工作都会更细。但保护并不是说搭个棚子、建博物馆进行展示，该墓出土文物少，可看性比较差。其实，回填是对古墓葬最好的保护方式，由于是土遗址，展示的话，时间久了就容易出现土墙脱落、倒塌等问题。

　　李明说，每个考古发现都有其独特性，保护方式也都不一样，目前文物部门正在制定适合该墓的保护方案，方案也将平衡各方，做到既保护文物，又不影响市政建设。

　　出土文物：已修复30余件 无一唐三彩

　　李明说，上官婉儿墓壁龛出土了陶俑100件左右，目前已修复了30余件，都是男立俑、女立俑和动物俑，骑马俑等陶俑还没修复。这些陶俑在唐墓中都是很常见的，大约十七八厘米高。动物俑也是常见的猪、羊等。但没有出土一件唐三彩。武则天至唐玄宗开元年间（690—741年），是唐三彩发展鼎盛时期。此时，作为二品的上官婉儿墓中为何没有出土一件唐三彩？李明解释，从5个天井的形制来看，与其二品的级别相符。但墓葬的长度和宽度都略小，出土文物只相当于五品官员的级别，这可能与其最后的死因有关，她因受牵连被杀，所以陪葬品与身份不符。

　　资料

　　上官婉儿墓

　　公元710年，李隆基发动政变，诛灭韦后一党，其中就包括上官婉儿。而她死后葬于何处，一直以来都是一个谜。2013年9月，考古工作者在西安咸阳国际机场附近发现一座唐墓，并判断墓的主人当为上官婉儿。该墓距唐朝长安城遗址约25公里，据出土墓志记载，该墓墓主上官婉儿葬于唐景云元年（即公元710年）8月，与史料记载相符。

　　“巾帼宰相”上官婉儿

　　上官婉儿（664年－710年），又称上官昭容，陕州陕县（今河南三门峡）人，唐代女官、诗人。幼时因家族获罪入宫为奴。14岁时因聪慧善文为武则天重用，掌管宫中制诰多年，八面玲珑，足智多谋，有“巾帼宰相”之名。唐中宗时，封为昭容，在政坛、文坛有着显要地位。《全唐诗》收其遗诗32首。

　　太平公主

　　太平公主（约665年－713年），为唐高宗李治与武则天的小女儿，唐中宗和唐睿宗的妹妹，极受父母兄长尤其是其母武则天的宠爱，权倾一时。713年因涉嫌谋反，被唐玄宗发兵擒获，赐死于家中。专家推测，太平公主十分器重上官婉儿。

　　四大谜团

　　谜团1

　　谁修建？太平公主出500匹绢“份子”，相当现在50万

　　对于人们关注的墓志内容，李明说，他们也在加快考古报告的撰写，预计到月底可以公布。但对于大家关注的墓葬是何人所建、又遭何人所毁，他根据墓志内容推测，这与太平公主有关。可谓是“成也太平公主、毁也太平公主”。

　　史书记载，公元710年，唐中宗驾崩，李隆基发动政变，诛韦后，上官婉儿表忠不成而被杀。李隆基的父亲继位为唐睿宗，睿宗之后就是著名的唐玄宗李隆基。

　　李明说，墓志记载是唐睿宗下诏安葬的上官婉儿。但专家根据墓志和史书记载推测，该墓主要是太平公主游说唐睿宗修建的。在墓志中记载完唐睿宗下诏安葬后，还明确记载“太平公主哀伤，遣使吊祭，赙（fù）赠五百匹，词旨绸缪”。意思是说，太平公主非常哀伤，派人去吊祭，并出钱五百匹绢，相当于今天的份子钱。五百匹绢在唐代是一大笔钱，相当于今天的50万左右的购买力。

　　李明推测说，上官婉儿在唐中宗时，在所草诏令中，经常推崇武氏而排抑皇家，李家对其应该不会有好的印象。上官婉儿死后，睿宗懦弱，太平公主权势极大，在太平公主的游说下，睿宗下诏按级别修建了上官婉儿墓，但陪葬品级别有所降低。

　　谜团2

　　谁毁墓？疑因受太平公主牵连，唐玄宗下令毁墓

　　太平公主作为唐高宗李治与武则天的小女儿，唐中宗和唐睿宗的胞妹，一直以来都想做第二个武则天。唐睿宗时期，太平公主权势极倾，李隆基为其最大政治竞争对手。延和元年（712年）八月睿宗传位太子李隆基，自己退为太上皇。次年，李隆基突然起事，赐死太平公主，下令铲平太平公主丈夫武攸暨的坟墓。

　　李明推测，上官婉儿被认为是太平公主一党，在铲平武攸暨坟墓时，上官婉儿墓也因此受到牵连而被毁。他推测，应该是李隆基下令进行的官方毁墓。

　　谜团3

　　墓志、壁龛缘何没有被毁？官方毁墓，棺椁和尸体是破坏主体

　　据介绍，唐朝几位皇帝都进行过官方毁墓。

　　李明说，在当时除了皇帝下令外，大臣都不能去毁别人的墓。由于上官婉儿之墓下葬没有几年，施工方案应该是很明晰的，因此破坏时直接从第四第五个天井挖开，将墓室内的棺椁和尸体进行了毁坏，这也是墓室内空无一物的原因。在毁墓时，棺椁和尸体是破坏的主体，而墓志和壁龛的文物，如果碰到了可能也被破坏，没有碰到也就幸免了。

　　谜团4

　　文集谁派人整理？不是李隆基，应该是太平公主

　　此前，不少媒体认为，李隆基可能欣赏上官婉儿才华，在其死后不久，派人将上官婉儿的诗作收集起来，编成文集。李明说，上官婉儿诗集的整理，主要是由于太平公主派人整理，而非李隆基，李隆基认为上官婉儿是太平公主一党，肯定不会有高的评价。正因为太平公主，在文学方面颇有成就的上官婉儿，其诗歌才得以流传。本报记者周艳涛

（原标题：上官婉儿墓为何没有唐三彩(图)）

赞