Go homepage(回首页) Upload pictures (上传图片) Write articles (发文字帖)
The author:(作者)归海一刀published in(发表于) 2013/11/14 3:08:10 Hunan Liuyang Commission margin 11
Original title: Liuyang margin of ICAC investigations: "antiseptic" experimental economics for 11 years
Low-key introduction of the independent Commission against corruption bonding system 11 years later, the national "383" reforms referred to in the programme "clean pension" deep inland to Hunan Liuyang city of Central News focus.
The morning of November 12, Bureau of Liuyang city society Tower more than 20 square meters of Office, has more than 30 years of service staff member tanyiting (not his real name) opens his pay book in front of the reporter, 2,680 Yuan in wages, there was a $ 90 worth of wages particularly stands out. This is Liuyang launched more than 10 years of "honest guarantee."
In 2002, the Liuyang city to establish the independent Commission against corruption the bond system, tanyiting is one of the first beneficiaries. In accordance with such a system, individuals and organizations signed an agreement to join the Civil Service Commission deposit system, and set up a special account. Security deposit is payable by individuals and collective support of the ICAC consists of two parts, part I 5% of the basic wage paid in the month, supporting collective units according to individual twice times the deposit paid.
If violations of civil servants involved in this system, in addition to administrative and legal punishment, subject to appropriate discipline, and appropriate proportion of funds are deducted from the margin of the ICAC.
After 11 years when, an information display of the Liuyang Commission for discipline inspection, currently the city's participation in the civil service of integrity security system has amounted to more than 1600 people, more than most is a Deputy Chief-level leading cadres. 11, a total of 57 public servants because of violations of law and discipline was going to get the Commission margin 164,300.
"We want to use a certain amount of economic levers, adding some can see tangible costs of corruption, so that corrupt elements will not only have to bear political punishment, also would have to pay the economic costs, which is more than simple ground party lectures or watch anti-corruption education movie, more durable and long-lasting role. "The Liuyang Commission for discipline inspection who explained to this reporter.
However, there are also basic rank civil servants to the independent Commission against corruption margin actually sceptical. "Trying to baishilai a month worth of bonds have cadres and corruption of the ICAC? Dreaming 90 bucks can only buy some green onions. "Including the tanyiting number of respondents say that they are a similar meaning.
Tanyiting interviewed the same day evening, 18 plenary session issue a communiqué, proposes to "strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation of mechanism and system protection." On anti-corruption institutional innovation in all kinds of designs and disputes, are destined to persist.
No discipline for 38 years, retirement is expected to get 70,000
Liuyang, integrity of the bond system, was founded in 2002, held 16 years.
"Liuyang corruption situation is grim, and almost every year there are two officials suspected of corruption, the system can be said to be forced out by corruption. "Recalling the background of integrity bonds issued that year, 68 years old retired cadres of the Education Bureau of Liuyang Liu Zhongchun (not his real name) laments.
Journalists to receive related documents show that from 1987 to 2001, the Liuyang Commission for discipline inspection and supervision Bureau for investigation a total party cadres 1442, 96 people per year on average. From 1997 to 2001, an average annual increase to 175 persons. This means that the population of more than 1.3 million people in the county-level city, one out of every two days on average workers dropped.
In 2001, the Liuyang municipal party Committee held conferences against corruption, asked the City Commission for discipline inspection and supervision Bureau study periods of rapid economic growth against corrupt forms taken prevention and control measures of continuous evolutionary transformation and took out the programme as soon as possible. Subsequently, the Commission margin system came into being.
Liuyang City Commission for discipline inspection said they chose the personnel Bureau, Finance Bureau and local taxation Bureau, the trade and Industry Bureau and other units as the independent Commission against corruption margin pilot. Specific operations are: all cadres and workers entering the deposit system of the ICAC in these sectors, according to the executive staff, monthly withholding some funding from the individual wages, while units in accordance with the 1:2 standard matching funds, specialized accounts into his personal integrity.
"At that time we will be paying part of the criteria at is just 55 Yuan/month, Deputy of 50 Yuan/month, Ke, Deputy Chief, respectively, 40 Yuan/month for 45 Yuan/month, Deputy Chief of the following 30 yuan/month. "The previous Commission for discipline inspection said, twice times the unit of the civil service pay on the basis of proportional matching deposit matching funds from the following respectively to 110 Yuan/month, 100 yuan per month, 90 Yuan/month, 80 yuan per month, 60 Yuan/month.
In Liuyang, a section directly under the Secretary, for example, pay 45 dollars a month, set 90 Yuan, their margin accounts of the ICAC a total of 135 dollars per month, a total of 1620 Yuan a year. If the calculated to retire after 30 years, total available margin of ICAC 48,600 dollars upon retirement.
"We count on a Bill, a 22 year old college graduate to enter government service, assuming that no violation occurred, then, retirement at age 60 level cadres capacity, integrity above margin you get 70,000 yuan. "The aforementioned Commission for discipline inspection said.
After a pilot period in several departments, in April 2004, the Liuyang Commission margin scheme in Liuyang city of the additional agreement, were fully incorporated into substantive above designated under section all leading cadres honest deposit system.
Prior to this adjustment will pilot Vice section and above all other units included general cadre is not in its column. Of course, full pilot unit margin does not cancel the General cadre of independent Commission against corruption, they still continue to benefit from this policy.
However, as far as newspaper reporter, Liuyang financial arrangements does not deposit funds of the ICAC, then collective supporting part of the funding comes from?
"Not a lot of money, usually by various units from the administrative savings in expenditures. "The previous Commission for discipline inspection said Liuyang total 37 townships and subdistrict offices, together with bodies such as the Committee of City Council, the city's total cadres at Deputy section above about 800 people, with 1200 Yuan/person/year average calculation of matching funds, support expenditures of about $ 1 million dollars a year.
In the statistics of those bad sectors alone is difficult to raise matching funds. Hunan Provincial Committee meeting in early 2005, a Member raised matching funds issued by the fiscal harmonization. But opponents believe that matching sources of funding include public finance, then get to keep taxpayers ' money was supposed to be a clean government personnel, "first to ask whether taxpayers agree, you need legal support."
11 penalty 160,000 for 57 people
Beginning of the implementation of the new deal, and Liuyang city civil service wage is about 1000 RMB/month or so, and decades of accumulated, margin of the ICAC is indeed a substantial income, but the problem is not easy to get the money in full.
In accordance with the provisions in Liuyang city, officials involved in the margin of the ICAC as soon as violations of, its margin of the ICAC will be withheld, in severe cases, can pull up all, not only supporting paid less in part, since the payment part may also be ordered to pull the handing over of financial.
"Our cadres the seriousness of violations of law and discipline, set up from 20% per cent deductibility, which is worn on the head to an official economic punishment ' magic spell '. "The Liuyang Commission for discipline inspection told reporters.
According to the sources, the cadres involved in margin system integrity if a warning inside the party or administrative reprimands, less 20%; party a serious administrative demerit or warnings, deduct 40%; dismissal or administrative demotion within the party, after deducting 60%; placed or administrative dismissal, less 80%, and expelled from the party or administrative dismissal, less 100%.
Files related to dispose of margin is based on the deduction of the independent Commission against corruption, after one of the officials, violations of law and discipline, and Liuyang city discipline inspection departments will dispose of the file sent a report to the independent Commission against corruption a margin account Bank, inform the Bank from the integrity of the individual officials security deposit deducted from funds in the special account, and transferred to the financial accounts.
After the implementation of the new policies the first deduction penalty case occurred in November 2003. For the time being, land and Mining Administration Bureau of Liuyang city leaders bear a due to dereliction of duty, apart from party disciplinary warning, also be deducted the total integrity of the deposited margin before April of the year 20%. At the same time, from April 2003 to March 2004, the unit shall bear a certain margin matching funds deposited with the independent Commission against corruption.
A few months later, in April 2004, when Wang huaiqing of Liuyang, a Secretary, bought the House after accepting what others sent more than 20,000 yuan worth of simple decoration, be deducted when the annual margin of ICAC 400 Yuan. Although very little money, but the damage to the credibility of the ICAC since Wang huaiqing lingering shadow.
As to the margin of the ICAC to receive, Commission for discipline inspection said if officials employed there are violations, "retired a year later, by the unit to apply the accumulated interest on the margin of the ICAC and its one-time payment to the officials themselves".
On any release from Liuyang city, cadres, and following the auditing, if there is no violation of laws or disciplines, you can lump deposit of the ICAC.
He disclosed that as of October 2013, Liuyang city civil servants involved in the margin of the ICAC has more than 1600 employees, deposit money of the ICAC, "due to personal integrity are automatically withheld and deposited in a bank account, Bank statistics only after know how many of the total at the end of".
Information provided by the Liuyang Commission for discipline inspection showed that since 2002 independent Commission against corruption bond system to date, Liuyang, a total of 57 officers have been deducted for violations of law and discipline Commission margin, reduce the total amount of 164,300.
A "de facto welfare" or "necessary cost"?
Integrity bail system implemented for 11 years, controversy has never break.
"My length of service more than 30 years, monthly base pay is $ 1280, and clerk like me, and there are no powers and opportunities for corruption, were not much money a year to pull hundreds of this
What is going on? "As the Bureau of Liuyang city society tanyiting civil servants complained.
And Liuyang made modified Council of young clerk Chan Chi ming (pseudonym) of discontent is is, independent Commission against corruption margin is in civil servants retired zhihou issued, but civil servants retired Hou is not most deficiency money of when, "instead now is we most needs money of when, to buy room, married health kid, this when buckle money, to old has economic relative affluent Shi again to we, this seems to somewhat cart before the. ”
Chan Chi ming said that 10 years ago may also be money to dozens of dollars, but inflation, soaring prices, "I retired after more than 20 years, tens of thousands of honest margin there is much significance? ”
In addition, the financial margin derived from the administration of the ICAC, and policy covers only to cadres at Deputy section above, also caused some of the rank and file civil servants to question this is "taking taxpayers ' money to give leadership in disguise".
"De facto welfare story, it depends from which point of view. "The Liuyang Commission for discipline inspection who responded by saying that" run stand to ensure that public authority and civil service integrity this point of view, even if it is taxpayers ' money, which is a necessary cost, public should be some consensus. ”
More controversial is the bond's actual role and effectiveness of the ICAC. In the view of many, its form than substance. Tanyiting several society members believe that the amount of official corruption may cost millions now, only tens of thousands of dollars margin is not sufficient for the independent Commission against corruption officials consciously resist temptation.
In this regard, the Liuyang municipal party Committee Vice Secretary in 2005 was responding to the controversy over admission Commission margin "the biggest shortage is that the line of tiny, large gap with foreign experience, limited effect." But he pointed out that domestic institutional design must take into account economic, psychological endurance of the civil service.
"Honest and clean government bond system is the essence of economic penalties, which is complementary to the party and Government disciplines. Backward people, party and Government disciplines disposition to them may not be sufficient to produce deterrent, only touch on their economic interests, to make them feel the feelings, plays a deterrent effects and corrections. "The Liuyang Commission for discipline inspection said 11 years only 57 people being detained in the margin of the ICAC, and the introduction of a margin of the ICAC from 1997 to 2001 before an annual average of 175 people in contrast to the Lok Ma, is a very good evidence.
The members of the Commission for discipline inspection, revealed to reporters, Liuyang, independent Commission against corruption will continue the bond system, "if new policies on clean annuity next in the Center, then make adjustments in accordance with the new policy."
It is understood that at the beginning of margin system integrity, Liuyang City Commission for discipline inspection has been conceived, could be considered in the future to link old-age insurance, pensions and other social security, will be bundled with the margin of the ICAC, then maybe we can really play the "guaranteed" results.
"The pilot is to reform, no matter how much margin the final effect of the ICAC, as an exploration of the reform, it should have been addressed and affirmation. "Liuyang city official says. 21st century business Herald
原标题：浏阳廉政保证金调查：“防腐”经济学的11年实验
低调实行廉政保证金制度11年之后，因国家“383”改革方案中提及“廉洁年金”，深处中部内陆的湖南浏阳市一下成为新闻焦点。
11月12日上午，浏阳市人社局大楼一间20多平方米的办公室里，有着30多年工龄的科员覃意婷(化名)当着本报记者的面打开自己的工资存折，2680元的工资中，有一条90元的工资项分外醒目。这就是浏阳市推行10多年的“廉政保证金”。
2002年，浏阳市建立廉政保证金制度，覃意婷是首批受益者。按照这一制度，公务员个人与单位签订协议加入廉政保证金体系，并设立个人专门账户。廉政保证金由个人交纳和集体配套两部分组成，个人部分按本人当月基本工资的5%交纳，集体配套部分由单位按个人交存的两倍交纳。
如果参与这一体系的公务员发生违法违纪行为，除了要受到相应的党纪、行政和法律处罚外，还会从廉政保证金中扣除相应比例的资金。
时过11年后，浏阳市纪委的一份资料显示，目前全市参与廉政保证金体系的公务员已达1600多人，大部分是副科级以上领导干部。11年间，累计有57名公务员因违法违纪被扣廉政保证金164300元。
“我们希望用一定的经济杠杆，增加一些看得见摸得着的腐败成本，使贪腐分子不但要承受政治处罚，还要付出经济成本，这比单纯地上党课或是看廉政教育电影，作用要更持久和长效。”浏阳市纪委一位人士向本报记者解释说。
不过，也有基层公务员对廉政保证金的实际作用持怀疑态度。“指望靠每月百十来元的廉政保证金让干部不腐败？做梦吧，90块钱也就只能买点大葱。”包括覃意婷在内的多名受访公务员都说了类似这意思的话。
覃意婷受访当天晚间，十八届三中全会发布公报，提出要“加强反腐败体制机制创新和制度保障”。有关反腐制度创新的各种设计及其争议，注定还会持续。
38年不违纪，退休可望拿7万
浏阳的廉政保证金制度，始建于十六大召开的2002年。
“当时浏阳的贪腐形势严峻啊，几乎每年都有两位数的干部涉嫌贪腐，这个制度可以说是被腐败形势倒逼出来的。”忆及当年廉政保证金出台的背景，68岁的浏阳市教育局退休干部刘仲春(化名)感叹。
记者获得的相关文件显示，从1987年到2001年，浏阳市纪委、监察局共立案查处党员干部1442人，平均每年96人。其中1997年到2001年，平均每年增至175人。这意味着在这个人口不过130多万人的县级市，平均每两天就有一名干部落马。
2001年，当时的浏阳市委召开反腐专题会议，要求市纪委、监察局研究经济高速发展时期针对腐败形式不断演化蜕变而采取的防范与制约措施，并尽快拿出方案。随后，廉政保证金制度应运而生。
浏阳市纪委人士透露，当时他们选择了人事局、财政局、地税局、工商局等单位作为廉政保证金试点。具体操作是：这些部门全体干部职工进入廉政保证金体系，按照不同的行政职级，从个人工资中每月扣缴部分资金，同时单位按照1：2的标准配套资金，存入个人廉洁专门账户。
“当时我们定的自缴部分标准是正处级55元/月、副处50元/月，正科、副科分别为45元/月、40元/月，副科以下30元/月。”前述纪委人士透露，对应地，公务员所在单位按照个人自缴的2倍比例配套缴存，配套资金从正处以下分别为110元/月、100元/月、90元/月、80元/月、60元/月。
以浏阳市一个直属局正科级局长为例，其每月自缴45元，单位配套90元，则其廉政保证金账户每月共有135元，一年总共1620元。如果以30年后退休计算，退休时总共可获得廉政保证金48600元。
“我们算过一笔账，一个22岁大学毕业生进入政府机关工作，如果中间没有发生违法违纪，那么在60岁以处级干部身份退休时，可以获得7万元以上的廉政保证金。”前述纪委人士称。
在数个部门试点一段时间后，2004年4月，浏阳市下发《浏阳市廉政保证金制度补充协议》，将全市所有副科级以上实职领导干部悉数纳入廉政保证金体系。
这次调整将之前试点单位外的其他副科级以上干部全部纳入，一般干部则不在其列。当然，此前全员试点单位的一般干部的廉政保证金并未取消，他们仍继续享受这一政策。
可是，据本报记者了解，浏阳市财政并未安排廉政保证金专项资金，那么集体配套部分的资金从何而来？
“这个钱并不多，一般是由各个单位从机关行政经费节余中支出。”前述纪委人士透露，浏阳市共有37个乡镇街道办事处，加上市直局委等机构，全市共有副科级以上干部800人左右，以1200元/人/年的单位平均配套资金计算，每年配套支出约为100万元。
在那些经济效益不好的部门，仅靠单位筹措配套资金有难度。为此在2005年初的湖南省政协会议上，有委员提出由财政统一给出单位配套资金。但反对者认为，配套资金来源若纳入政府财政，那么拿纳税人的钱来养本该廉洁的政府人员，“首先要问问纳税人是否同意，还需要法律支持”。
11年罚57人扣16万元
新政实施之初，浏阳市公务员平均工资约1000元/月左右，数十年积累下来，廉政保证金的确是一笔可观收入，但问题是要全额拿到这笔钱并不容易。
按照浏阳市规定，参与廉政保证金的官员一旦有违法违纪行为，其廉政保证金就会相应扣发，严重者可全部扣完，不但单位配套缴存部分得不到，自缴部分也可能被罚扣上缴财政。
“我们按照干部违法违纪的轻重程度，设定了从20%至100%的扣除比例，这也是戴在参与官员头上的经济处罚‘紧箍咒’。”浏阳市纪委人士告诉记者。
据这位人士透露，参与廉政保证金体系的干部如果被党内警告或行政记过，扣除20%；党内严重警告或行政记大过，扣除40%；党内撤职或行政降级，扣除60%；留党察看或行政撤职，扣除80%；开除党籍或行政开除，扣除100%。
扣除廉政保证金的依据是相关处分文件，某个官员违法违纪后，浏阳市纪检部门会将处分文件送一份给廉政保证金账户所在的银行，通知银行从官员个人的廉政保证金专门账户中扣除相应资金，并划转至财政账户。
新政实施后第一个扣罚案例，出现在2003年11月。其时，浏阳市国土局矿管科干部熊某因工作失职，除受到党内警告处分外，还被扣除了当年4月前交存的廉政保证金总额的20%。同时，从2003年4月至2004年3月，单位不得为熊某交存廉政保证金配套资金。
几个月后，2004年4月，时任浏阳市某局局长的王怀清，因在买房子后接受了别人所送的价值2万余元的简单装修，被扣除当年度廉政保证金400元。虽然钱很少，但廉政信誉受损成为王怀清心中至今挥之不去的阴影。
至于廉政保证金的领取，纪委人士透露，如果官员在职时没有违法违纪行为，“退休一年后，由所在单位打申请，可以将累积的廉政保证金及其利息一次性发放给官员本人”。
而对于在任上调离浏阳市的干部，在进行离任审计后，如无违法违纪问题，可以一次性领取廉政保证金。
他透露，截至2013年10月，浏阳市参与廉政保证金的公务员已达1600余人，至于廉政保证金资金规模，“由于钱是自动扣缴和存入银行的个人廉政账户，银行要到年底统计后才知道总额有多少”。
浏阳市纪委提供的资料显示，自2002年实施廉政保证金制度至今，浏阳市共有57名公务员因违法违纪被扣减廉政保证金，扣减总金额为164300元。
“变相福利”还是“必要成本”？
廉政保证金制度推行11年，争议从未止歇。
“我工龄30多年，每个月基本工资是1280块，而且像我这样的科员，也没有什么腐败的权力和机会，本来钱就不多，一年还要扣那么几百，这
算什么事？”身为浏阳市人社局公务员的覃意婷抱怨说。
而浏阳市发改局的年轻科员陈志明(化名)的不满则在于，廉政保证金是在公务员退休之后发放，但公务员退休后并不是最缺钱的时候，“反而现在才是我们最需要钱的时候，要买房，结婚生孩，这个时候扣钱，到老了经济相对优裕时再给我们，这似乎有点本末倒置。”
陈志明表示，10年前的几十元钱或许还算点钱，但现在通货膨胀，物价飞涨，“到我20多年后退休，几万块的廉政保证金还有多大意义呢？”
此外，廉政保证金来源于单位行政经费，而且政策仅覆盖至副科级以上领导干部，亦令部分基层公务员质疑这是“拿纳税人的钱为给领导发变相福利”。
“变相福利的说法，这要看从哪个角度看。”浏阳市纪委人士回应说，“站在确保公权力运行和保证公务员廉洁这个层面来看，即使是纳税人的钱，这也是一个必要的成本，公众对此应该有一定共识。”
更大的争议在于廉政保证金的实际作用和效果。在不少人看来，它的形式作用大于实质。覃意婷的几位人社局同事认为，现在官员贪腐金额动辄上百万，区区几万元廉政保证金不足以令官员自觉抵制其他诱惑。
对此，浏阳市委一位副书记在2005年时曾回应争议也承认，廉政保证金“最大的不足在于额度小了，与国外的经验差距很大，限制了效果”。不过他指出，国内的制度设计必须考虑公务员的经济、心理承受力。
“廉政保证金制度的实质是经济处罚，这也是与党纪政纪进行互补。对个别后进人员，党纪政纪处分对他们来说可能不足以产生震慑作用，只有触及他们的经济利益，才能使他们感觉到痛痒，起到一定的震慑和惩戒效果。”浏阳市纪委人士表示，11年来仅有57人被扣廉政保证金，和实行廉政保证金制度之前的1997年到2001年平均每年175人落马相对比，就是很好的佐证。
这位纪委人士向记者透露，浏阳会继续推行廉政保证金制度，“如果接下来中央有关于廉洁年金的新政策出台，到时再按照新政策作调整”。
据了解，在廉政保证金制度推行之初，浏阳市纪委人士曾设想，未来可考虑将养老保险、退休金等一系列社保内容联系起来，将这些与廉政保证金捆绑一起，那样也许就能真正起到“保证”的效果。
“试点就是改革，不管廉政保证金最终实施效果如何，作为一项改革的探索，它都应该获得正视与肯定。”浏阳市相关负责人表示。 21世纪经济报道
赞