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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/15 12:48:32 Central financial and economic leading group officials told Congress decided to draft revised
--Visiting Deputy Director of the Office of the Central leading group on finance and Yang Weimin
Xinhuanet, Beijing, November 15 (reporter Han Jie)-18 consideration of the third plenary session of the party by the CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform decision, proposed a comprehensive reform of the overall goal, the General directions, schedules, and reforms to make system deployment.
First open the plenary session Communique outlined how the reform roadmap? Many new references, new window, behind the new initiative, which unleashed important reforms signal? Xinhua interviewed participants in the decision of the drafting group of the central financial work leading group Yang Weimin, Deputy Director of the Office.
"A theme of six main lines of" locking the broad direction of reform
Yang Weimin: 18 set by the third plenary session topic is comprehensive reform, which is 6 times since the third plenary session of the third plenary session was different. Despite the previous plenary session focusing on reforms, but the theme is only one aspect of the reform, this plenary position deepen reform, including economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization and construction of national defense and the army, the party system, and many other reforms. Determine theme, the Socialist cause with Chinese characteristics, "five in one" the overall layout is adapted to or commensurate with the current reform situation, storming the reform period and the Sham Shui Po District, only by adhering to the comprehensive reform in order to continue to deepen the reform.
Plenary noted that comprehensive reform's general objective is to improve and develop the Socialist system with Chinese characteristics, promote the modernization of national governance and capacity, overall orientation is adhering to the Socialist market economy reform. Plenary 6 "focus", which are economic, political, cultural, social and party construction in 6 areas of ecological civilization, reform of the main line, reflects the 6 areas of the basic ideas of reform.
With economic reforms in the area of, for example, the plenary "closely around the market plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources to deepen economic reform", means that the basic economic system, market economy, tax and finance, land, macro-control in all economic areas, such as reform of the system, all around the "make market plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources," the main line to expand and advance. Plenary that each area has its own particular thread and orientation, deepen reforms not only overall direction will not get lost, each area's reforms will not be biased.
Economic reform "loco" traction effect
Yang Weimin: while the plenary topics is comprehensive reform, but insisted that issues guiding principles, deepening reform of the economic system as a comprehensive focus, emphasizing the traction of the reform of the economic system reform in other areas. This is the decision of the drafting process is to grasp the important principles. The decision identified 15 areas of reform, 6 are economic, one closely related to the economic system of ecological civilization, accounted for nearly half of all reform tasks.
Emphasis is focused on economic system reform, because our country's most prominent development is the most fundamental issues. China is in across the "middle-income trap" stage, the next development faces many challenges and risks, changes in conditions to support rapid growth in the past, only to speed up economic reform in order to free up more momentum in the field.
"Comprehensive reform leading group" + "reforms timetable" reform efforts unprecedented
Yang Weimin: reform initiatives there will always some worry that it is difficult to put in place. The plenary adopted a number of strong initiatives to show that the new Central leading collective firm commitment to reform, and implementation and reform "do not talk big."
A central set up comprehensive reform leading group, responsible for the overall design, integrated and coordinated, holistic reform process, to monitor the implementation. Reform distribution of benefits has been adjusted to the current critical period, a Department push for comprehensive reform alone are hard to come by, you need a high level body to grasp the overall situation, making decisions, integrated and coordinated all aspects of condensed reform consensus to implement supervision and inspection to prevent reforms "talk big".
Second was crystal clear on "by 2020, the decisive results on reform in important fields and crucial links" timetable. This means that the remaining 7 years must complete the reform put forward by the decision of the tasks, the timetable set for the various departments and local reforms last border and bottom line, shows that these reforms be inspections, assessments, can be implemented.
After more than half a year drafting, and survive the decision sentence after sentence is to reform, Word by Word. About 20,000 words of space, 15 60 specific tasks in the field, is to reform everything, or a direction of reform, and or a goal, or a reform initiative, implementation of significant influence in the development and institutional mechanisms in this field, some of them even brought about fundamental changes.
Participation in the drafting and revision of the decision, remembered two important principles: first, write only when drafting the reform, especially written for substantial reforms, development in principle, not write; second, modifications, might undermine efforts to reform unless there is sufficient reason, generally does not change. Increasing task of reform, there is a certain consensus, as long as there is the greatest common divisor are written on. Heard many participants say didn't think were very surprised that reform is unprecedented, fully reflects the party dared to adhering of reform determination and courage, the courage to acting.
Market in the allocation of resources from the "fundamental role" with the words "a decisive role"
Yang Weimin: communiqué from the market in the allocation of resources in the past, "an essential role" with the words "a decisive role" change of two words, is of great significance, is the decision the biggest bright spot and major theoretical innovations, is the connotation of socialist market economy in China "quality" enhance and deepen economic restructuring and reform in other fields in the future the basic guidelines. Impact their future would be as much as 14 plenary session target of establishing a socialist market economic system.
Why do we have to change? Capture the essence of socialist market economy--with few resources to produce as many products as possible. Past emphasis on market allocation of resources in the "fundamental role" in bringing the market in the allocation of resources under the State macro-control function, but cannot maximize marketing efficiency. The Word change, has held the most deep-seated problems of China's economic system reform, means that the allocation of resources on the issue of other actors such as Governments, can influence and guide the allocation of resources, but the decision can only be a market.
Two main line and the road map is clear economic system reform. Now everyone is looking for a breakthrough in the reform of, the bulletin to bring the market plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources, defined the next breakthrough in reforms and the road map. All economic sectors of the future reforms is to play a decisive role as ruler of the market in resource allocation. This year, promoting some reforms, including economic growth in the first half, outsiders are looking forward to the Government, but did not move, embodied the role depends on stabilizing financial markets.
Third, captures the root of China's real economic problems. Although more than 30 years of reform, initially established a socialist market economic system, but the current economic system is far from perfect in so many ways, the core issue is the Government's direct allocation of resources too many excessive and unreasonable intervention. Overcapacity, severe urban disease, excessive use of farmland, local government debt risks, environmental protection, etc, to a large extent related to government intervention. Adhere to market-oriented reforms, is at the root of solving the economic problems.
Clearly define the functions and the role of Government
Yang Weimin: stressed markets play a decisive role in the allocation of resources and by no means negate or weaken the role of Government. In the modern economy, the market and the role of Government as important, but a different connotation. Allocation of resources is concerned, Government's role is to guide and influence the allocation of resources, rather than directly to the allocation of resources.
Meanwhile, only define the functions and role of the Government, the Government ONSide, to make the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources, we can solve the current issue coexisting responsibilities offside, vacancy, is not in place by the Government. The decision clearly defines the functions and role of the Government, can be summed up as 5 functions, 20 characters: the macroeconomic control, market supervision, social administration, environmental protection, public services.
In addition, relative to the party's top 16, the plenary did not mention economic adjustment, since the concept is too broad, and leave room for government intervention in the allocation of resources, conflict with markets determine the allocation of resources.
Promote the modernization of national governance systems and governance capacity made new goals
Yang Weimin: highlight communiqué was presented to the plenary promote the modernization of national governance systems and capacity to govern new target, this is a brand new concept and formulations. We used to say building a modern, separately from the economic, political, cultural, and social development perspective, new target will be made in terms of institutional modernization, enriching the connotation of China's modernization.
National Administration is testing whether a social institution more perfect, more stereotypes important symbol system construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics put forward higher requirements.
Bulletin with "community governance" to replace "social management", reflects the pluralism of. Difference is that governance is governance and management of Government, market and society organization, party, national people's Congress, the Government and the CPPCC with plural subjects, such as the governance of the country, rather than just relying on a force, which was an expression of democracy. Bulletin on "advancing the institutionalization of deliberative democracy widely multi-layer development", national governance is important part of the system and its governance capacity.
A mature social system has to rely on the law. Communiqué cited a need to improve the system in various areas, suggesting that future state governance would be the rule of law, is no longer a simple command or administrative means alone.
Define authority to act as the Central and local fiscal system reform priorities
Yang Weimin: plenary, finances are the foundations and pillars of governance, identifying tax system as an important part of national systems will be the next focus of reform. After nearly 20 years of tax reform, gradually exposed some deep questions of financial and taxation systems, such as scarce resources tax protection, taxation cannot give better play to adjust income gap, lack of sources of financing for land is the only way ... ... To crack the problem, you need to design the system reform of finance and taxation, and establish a scientific and financial and taxation systems.
Outside concern Central and place of purse strings and authority relationship problem, Central is received authority also is put purse strings, plenary made established authority and expenditures responsibility phase adapted of system, meant with Central and place of authority will will more clear defined, and according to authority determines General expenditures responsibility, achieved financial and authority relationship of overall balance, in this a process in the future should reduced arbitrary set special transfer paid.
"Regardless of their boss, Dick" more equitable treatment of all sectors of the economy
Yang Weimin: at present some obstacles in the development of the private economy, "glass doors", the root is ideologically we did not put the non-public ownership economy in equal status with the public-owned economy. Plenary session in a major breakthrough and innovation to improve the basic economic system, that is more equitable treatment and awareness of all sectors of the economy.
Is the plenary-State-owned economy and the non-State-owned economy is an important component of the Socialist market economy, an important foundation of China's economic development. We will be complemented by individual economy and private economy in the past, later admitted was an important part of the Socialist market economy, but added the "prescribed by law" within the premise of. Plan plenty of non-public ownership economy as an important component of the Socialist market economy, but not with the public-owned economy put together about it. Put together about this time is an important part of very clear, indicating that either there is no boss, Dick.
Second, protection of property rights, the use of production factors, to participate in market competition, legal protection, market access, supervision according to law, and other areas, have stressed that all sectors of the economy, such as equality, equity, justice, unity key words.
Third, introduce positive and mixed ownership economy. This is not a new concept, but with new meaning and orientation. Future development of State-owned capital controlled mixed-ownership economy, but also encourages the development of non-State-owned capital controlled mixed-ownership economy.
In addition, the decision on deepening the reform of State-owned enterprises and State-owned assets also has lots of new ideas, new tasks, the next step is bound to set off a second wave of reform of State-owned enterprises.
First systematic interpretation system of ecological civilization
Yang Weimin: tighter resource constraints in China at present, serious environmental pollution, ecosystem degradation, the situation remains grim, behind this reform in place, the system is not perfect, not the deep structural causes mechanism is not perfect. In this issue, the Government is not intervening too much, but too little intervention, not offside, but the Government is far from in place.
Plenary are centered around building a beautiful ecological civilization of China to deepen reform, for the first time establishes a system of ecological civilization, from the source, course and consequences of the whole process, according to the "sources, processes, strict management, the consequences of severely punishing vice versa", elaborates the Constitution and reform of the system of ecological civilization, major tasks.
Sources against system is to prevent damage to the ecological environment at the source of the Act, including sound natural resources asset property right system and use control systems;
Strict management system, is in the process of development and exploitation, set up a system of local and Enterprise behavior, including delineation of eco-line, resources paid use and ecological compensation system, give full play to leverage of tax and price;
Consequences and severely punish the regime, is to establish a system of strict liability for damage compensation. For violations of laws and regulations and the relevant provisions of the Act, many of the punishments of the past are symbolic, irreparable damage to ecological environment and people's health in the long-term. Future local leaders of eco-environmental damage caused by lifelong responsibility for enterprises to be severely punished, local pay lost "chops" costs that companies pay real money, make them afraid to damage the ecological environment in the future.
Eventually deepen reform to benefit the entire population
Yang Weimin: plenary session made it clear that reform should be "to promote social fairness and justice, to promote the well-being of the people as the starting point and ending point." This guideline suggests that comprehensive reform must ultimately benefit all the people.
Now the decision on deepening reforms of the education, health care and other social programs was not published in full, many people were looking forward to. Our current system does have some unfair and unequal system, such as natural monopoly industries, stakeholders needs to be adjusted, market access liberalization, allowing capital into other areas. How good development of the cake, the bulletin has clearly "more equitable benefit all people" of reform.
18, the decision was adopted at the third plenary session of the new session of the CPC Central Committee to mobilize the whole party and people of all ethnic groups to deepen the reform of the programme of action and the bugle call. Under the current situation, only a comprehensive reform, to lead the country's development across the "middle-income trap" stage, overcoming social contradictions and risks promoting overall construction of well-off society and promoting the Chinese dream of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
——访中央财经领导小组办公室副主任杨伟民
新华网北京11月15日电(记者韩洁)党的十八届三中全会审议通过了《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》，提出了全面深化改革的总目标、总方向、时间表等，并对改革做出系统部署。
先行公开的三中全会公报勾勒了怎样的改革路线图？诸多新提法、新亮点、新举措背后，释放出哪些重要改革信号？新华社记者就此采访了参与《决定》起草组工作的中央财经领导小组办公室副主任杨伟民。
“一个主题六条主线”锁定改革大方向
杨伟民：十八届三中全会确定的主题是全面深化改革，这与十一届三中全会以来的6次三中全会都不同。尽管前几次三中全会也都聚焦改革，但主题仅是某一方面的改革，而这次全会定位全面深化改革，包括经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明，以及国防和军队、党的建设制度等多方面改革。确定这样的主题，既与中国特色社会主义事业“五位一体”的总体布局相适应，也与当前改革形势相适应，在改革攻坚期和深水区，只有坚持全面改革，才能继续深化改革。
全会指出，全面深化改革的总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和能力现代化，总方向是坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向。全会提出了6个“紧紧围绕”，分别是经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、党建6个领域的改革主线，反映着6个领域改革的基本理念。
以经济领域改革为例，全会提出“要紧紧围绕使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用深化经济体制改革”，意味着基本经济制度、市场体系、财税金融、土地制度、宏观调控等所有经济领域的改革，都要围绕“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用”这一主线来展开和推进。全会提出的每一个领域都有自己特定的主线和方向，不仅全面深化改革总的方向不会迷失，每个领域的改革也不会偏向。
发挥经济体制改革“火车头”牵引作用
杨伟民：虽然全会主题是全面深化改革，但坚持问题导向原则，把经济体制改革作为全面深化改革的重点，强调发挥经济体制改革对其他领域改革的牵引作用。这也是《决定》起草过程中非常注意把握的重要原则。《决定》确定的15个方面改革任务中，6个是经济，1个是与经济密切相关的生态文明体制，占了所有改革任务的近一半。
之所以强调经济体制改革是重点，是因为当前我国存在的最突出最根本问题还是发展问题。我国正处在跨越“中等收入陷阱”阶段，下一步发展面临诸多难题和风险，过去支撑快速增长的条件也在变化，只有加快经济领域改革才能释放更多发展动力。
“全面深化改革领导小组”＋“改革时间表” 改革力度前所未有
杨伟民：对于改革举措，社会上总有人担心难以落实到位。此次全会通过一些有力举措向外界表明新一届中央领导集体坚定改革的决心，狠抓落实确保改革“不放空炮”。
一是中央成立全面深化改革领导小组，负责改革总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进、监督落实。当前改革已到调整利益格局的攻坚期，仅靠一个部门推动全方位改革是很难的，需要一个高层次机构来把握大局做决策，统筹协调各方面，凝聚改革共识，落实监督检查，防止改革“放空炮”。
二是鲜明提出“到2020年，在重要领域和关键环节改革上取得决定性成果”的时间表。这意味着剩下的7年时间必须完成《决定》提出的改革任务，这一时间表为各部门和地方设定了改革最后的边界和底线，表明这些改革任务是可检查、可评估、可落实的。
历经半年多时间起草，千锤百炼后的《决定》可谓句句是改革，字字有力度。大约2万字篇幅、15个领域60项具体任务，每一句话都是改革，或者是一个改革方向、或者一个改革目标、或者一个改革举措，落实下去都会对该领域发展和体制机制发生重大影响，有些甚至带来根本性的变化。
参与《决定》的起草和修改，记忆深刻的是两点重要原则：一是起草时只写改革，特别是写重大改革，发展的任务原则上不写；二是修改时，但凡有可能削弱改革力度的，除非有特别充足理由，一般不修改。增加的改革任务只要有最大公约数的、有一定共识的都写上。听到很多参会人员说没想到，很意外，改革力度前所未有，充分体现了党中央敢于碰硬、勇于担当的改革决心和勇气。
市场在资源配置中起“基础性作用”改为“决定性作用”
杨伟民：公报将过去的市场在资源配置中起“基础性作用”改为“决定性作用”，两字之变，意义十分重大，是《决定》最大的亮点和重大理论创新，是对我国社会主义市场经济内涵“质”的提升，也是未来深化经济体制改革及其他领域改革的基本方针。其未来影响将不亚于十四届三中全会提出建立社会主义市场经济体制改革的目标。
为什么要改？一是抓住了社会主义市场经济体制的本质特征——用尽可能少的资源投入生产尽可能多的产品。过去强调市场在资源配置中起“基础性作用”，在国家宏观调控下发挥市场配置资源作用，但都不能最大限度提高市场效率。此次两字之变，抓住了我国经济体制改革最深层次的问题，意味着在配置资源问题上，其他力量如政府，可以影响和引导资源配置，但决定者只能是市场。
二是明确经济体制改革的主线和路线图。当下大家都在寻找改革的突破口，公报提出使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，明确了下一步改革的突破口和路线图。未来所有经济领域改革都要以是否发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用为标尺。今年推动的一些改革，包括上半年经济增速下滑，外界都期待政府出手，但并没有动，就体现了要依靠市场发挥稳定经济的作用。
三是抓住了我国现实经济问题的根。虽然30多年改革，初步建立社会主义市场经济体制，但目前经济体制在很多方面很不完善，核心问题还是政府对资源的直接配置过多、不合理干预太多。产能过剩、城市病严重、耕地占用过多、地方债风险、生态环境保护等，很大程度上都与政府干预多有关。坚持市场化改革方向，是解决现实经济问题的根本。
清楚界定了政府职能和作用
杨伟民：强调市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用，绝不是否定或弱化政府作用。现代经济中，市场和政府的作用同样重要，但作用的内涵不同。就资源配置而言，政府作用是引导和影响资源配置，而不是直接配置资源。
同时，只有界定政府的职能和作用，政府不越位，才能使市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用，才能解决目前政府职责越位、缺位、不到位并存的问题。《决定》清晰界定了政府职能和作用，可概括为5项职能、20个字：即宏观调控、市场监管、公共服务、社会管理、保护环境。
此外，相对于党的十六大，此次全会没有提经济调节，因为这一概念过于宽泛，给政府干预资源配置留下空间较大，也与市场决定资源配置相矛盾。
提出推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的新目标
杨伟民：全会公报的一大亮点是提出了推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的新目标，这是一个崭新的概念和提法。过去我们说建设现代化，是分别从经济、政治、文化、社会建设的角度提出的，而新目标是从制度层面提出的现代化，丰富了我国现代化的内涵。
国家治理水平是检验一种社会制度是否比较完善、比较定型的重要标志，对中国特色社会主义制度建设提出了更高要求。
公报以“社会治理”取代“社会管理”，体现了主体的多元化。治理与管理的区别就在于治理是政府、市场、社会组织，党、人大、政府、政协等多元主体一起进行国家的治理，而不是仅仅依靠一种力量，这是民主的一种表现。公报提出的“推进协商民主广泛多层制度化发展”，就是推进国家治理体系和治理能力的重要一环。
一个成熟的社会制度必须依靠法律。公报在不同领域列举了需要完善的制度，表明未来国家治理方式将是法治的，不再是简单命令式或单纯靠行政手段进行。
界定中央和地方事权成财税体制改革重点
杨伟民：全会提出，财政是国家治理的基础和重要支柱，点明财税体制作为国家体系重要组成部分将成为下一步改革的重点。历经近20年分税制改革，财税体制的一些深层次问题逐渐暴露，如稀缺资源缺乏税制保护、税制不能更好发挥调节收入差距作用、地方缺乏税源只能靠卖地方式筹资……要破解这些问题，需要对财税体制改革进行总体设计，建立科学的财税体制。
外界关注中央和地方的财权与事权关系问题，中央是收事权还是放财权，全会提出建立事权和支出责任相适应的制度，意味着中央和地方的事权将会更加明确界定，并根据事权确定大体支出责任，实现财力和事权关系的总体平衡，在这一过程中今后应减少任意设置专项转移支付。
“不分老大、老二” 更加公平地对待各种所有制经济
杨伟民：目前民营经济发展中的一些障碍、“玻璃门”，根子在于我们从思想上没有把非公有制经济放在与公有制经济同等的地位。全会在完善基本经济制度方面的一大突破和创新，就是更加公平地对待和认识各种所有制经济。
一是全会提出公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，都是我国经济发展的重要基础。过去我们将个体经济、私营经济作为补充，后来承认是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，但加了“在法律规定范围内”的前提。十五大把非公有制经济作为社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，但没有与公有制经济放在一起讲。这次放在一起讲都是重要组成部分，十分鲜明，表明二者没有老大、老二之分。
二是在保护产权、使用生产要素、参与市场竞争、法律保护、市场准入、依法监管等各方面，都强调各种所有制经济平等、公平、公正、统一等关键词。
三是提出积极发展混合所有制经济。这不是新概念，但有新的内涵和定位。今后既要发展国有资本控股的混合所有制经济，也要鼓励发展非公有制资本控股的混合所有制经济。
此外，《决定》在深化国有企业和国有资产改革方面也有很多新思路、新任务，下一步必将掀起国有企业改革的第二波高潮。
首次系统阐释生态文明制度体系
杨伟民：当前我国资源约束趋紧、环境污染严重、生态系统退化，形势依然十分严峻，这背后有改革不到位、体制不完善、机制不健全的深层面制度原因。在这一问题上，政府不是干预太多了，而是干预太少了，不是政府越位而是远没有到位。
全会提出要紧紧围绕建设美丽中国深化生态文明体制改革，首次确立了生态文明制度体系，从源头、过程、后果的全过程，按照“源头严防、过程严管、后果严惩”的思路，阐述了生态文明制度体系的构成及其改革方向、重点任务。
源头严防的制度，就是在源头上防止损害生态环境的行为，包括健全自然资源资产产权制度和用途管制等若干制度；
过程严管的制度，就是在发展和开发过程中，建立一套制度约束地方和企业行为，包括划定生态红线、实行资源有偿使用和生态补偿制度等，充分发挥税收和价格的杠杆作用；
后果严惩的制度，就是要建立严格损害责任赔偿制度。对违反法律法规和有关规定的行为，过去的处罚很多是象征性的，无法弥补对生态环境和人民健康带来的长期损害。今后对造成生态环境损害的地方领导要终身追究责任，对企业要严厉惩罚，让地方大员付出丢“乌纱帽”的代价，让企业付出真金白银，使之今后不敢再破坏生态环境。
全面深化改革最终要让全体人民受益
杨伟民：全会明确提出，改革要“以促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉为出发点和落脚点”。这一指导思想表明，全面深化改革，最终必须让全体人民受益。
目前《决定》关于深化教育、医疗等社会事业的改革举措并没有全文公布，很多人都在期盼。我国现行体制中确实有一些不公平、不平等的制度，如自然垄断行业，需要调整利益关系，放宽市场准入，允许其他领域的资本进入。对于如何分好发展的蛋糕，公报已经明确了“更多更公平惠及全体人民”的改革思路。
十八届三中全会通过的《决定》是新一届党中央动员全党全国各族人民全面深化改革的行动纲领和进军号角。当前形势下，只有全面深化改革，才能引领国家发展跨越“中等收入陷阱”阶段，克服各种社会矛盾和风险，全面推进小康社会建设，推动实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。
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