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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/15 12:50:35 China’s reeducation-through-labour system abolition， system level implementation of judicial protection of human rights
CNS, Beijing, November 16-question: will China's reeducation-through-labour system abolition of system level implementation of judicial protection of human rights
Reporter Ma Xueling
The CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform decision announced on 15th, which proposed the abolition of the system of reeducation through labor. At this point well-known dispute was finally settled. Which is designed to respond to public opinion bent on reform, "historic decision", was regarded as Central is committed to respecting and safeguarding human rights represented a key step.
Communists as a "historic decision" in response to public opinion protection of human rights
18 Party Congress after the closing of the third plenary session of the 3rd, as the most important document in the plenary, the CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform of the decision shall be published, the paper much attention for years to decide China's future 5-10.
Worth noting is that following the Communist Party for the first time in the plenary in the bulletin referred to "judicial guarantees of human rights" concept, this statement has been written in this programmatic document released late 15th. The decision article 34th wrote, "improving the system of judicial protection of human rights. States to respect and guarantee human rights. ”
But more interesting is that the decision article 34th made it clear that "the abolition of the system of reeducation through labour, improving the laws on illegal and criminal acts of punishment and correction, improving community corrections system. "This means that this existed in China for decades and the controversial system will become history.
In this regard, the zinc Wang Xi, a professor at Peking University law school in an interview with Xinhua reporters when very high marks, saying, "this is deepening in the concept of rule by law in China, improving the legal system, human rights protection at the system level and constantly be pushed through against the backdrop of the historic decisions taken. ”
At the China politics and Law University Ma Huaide look, this is a significant breakthrough, was a response to public opinion. He told Xinhua reporters on the road, though had a role in the history of the reeducation-through-labor system, insufficient legal basis does exist, but it is not conducive to the protection of human rights and other issues.
"The core value of respect for and protection of human rights as a national, and in this context that abolition of the system of reeducation through labor, I should say, it's time to be. "China University Law School Professor Jiao Hongchang interview with a Xinhua reporter said.
In Jiao Hongchang's view, this is not just a system of waste, and more is a national philosophy or spiritual manifestations.
Years controversy eventually subsided to "abolish" the "establishment" revealed multiple Essentials
As a peculiar system of reeducation-through-labor system was born in the 1950 of the 20th century, and today, the controversial system has been passed by more than half a century.
Introduce Ma Huaide, emergence of the reeducation-through-labour system, mainly on the floating population, particularly for rural-urban people with minor infractions to take control measures. Subsequently adopted several reforms and expansion of the scope, maintains the reeducation-through-labour system of social security, measures to combat crime, along with the expansion of the scope, is also increasingly showing the Chief color.
"This system existed for decades, despite the objective reason, and played a role in history, but its shortcomings became apparent. "As Jiao Hongchang says, academics, lawyers generally felt that the urgency of the abolition of the system of reeducation through labor. Especially near for some time now, anecdotal increasing calls for abolition of the re-education through labour system.
Referring to the disadvantages of such a system, said Wang Xi zinc, in history, although there are some special backgrounds, but with the advances of democracy and the rule of law and human rights in China, reeducation-through-labor system and the present law on the protection of human rights-related provisions of the Constitution, legislation, and the law on administrative punishments, such as existing regulations are in conflict.
Jiao Hongchang, Central this decided to abolish the system, there should be three contexts. First, the core of the rule of law in China is through the judicial protection of human rights, but procedurally, reeducation-through-labor system of human rights protection is inadequate. Second, early in the last century, China had signed the International Covenant on Civil and political rights, and reeducation-through-labor system obviously compatible with the principle of the right to personal liberty is not. In addition, this system is associated with the 2004 constitutional amendment is contrary to the respect for and protection of human rights values.
For this reason, public opinion, central to this important initiative reflected the multiple essentials, including "avoiding violations of civil rights events", "protection of authority of the law, protection for promoting the rule of law in China", "implementation of international obligations, and boost the country's image."
"White belt" to fill? Academic advice education correction legislation
"After the abolition of the reeducation-through-labour system, for those between common law and crime and ' white zone ', how effective the law filled? "Have an opinion to express concern.
Destroy nothing. Jiao Hongchang, the Central announced the abolition of the system at the same time, also reveals the "establishment" appeared. Following the "abolition of the system of reeducation through labour", explicitly mentions that "to improve the law on illegal and criminal acts of punishment and correction, improving community corrections system. ”
"Central since the abolition of this system, must take into account the system of convergence, both Street and in the community, should establish an appropriate mechanism, that higher demands on the innovation of social management system. "Jiao Hongchang says, when the community could digest their persons, so as not to become a destabilizing factor in society, have to be considered.
Wang Xi-Zn also believes that "waste" at the same time, emphasizing the "establishment". And the future of "establishment", should not be the "essence", otherwise, the lost "waste" means. For some correction of the violation, the relevant legal system required further follow up.
Prior to this, following the abolition of the re-education through labour system reform is still a perception. Incriminate Ma Huaide views do not agree, he said, because the programme is not against the violation, rehabilitation and correctional, there is no way to truly reduce crime. Compared with them, he is more in favor of education correction legislation, which is currently the academics and practitioners become the consensus view.
Ma Huaide, reform of education and correction of legislation is crucial after the abolition of the system of reeducation through labor, it should accelerate the development of the education for correcting the violations Act, offences education correction object, duration, location, subject, be clearly defined procedures, and aims to give such a system there is a clear legal basis, rather than put them in illegal position.
Ma Huaide said, in addition, to improve the relevant system and shorten the duration of education correction, to achieve diversity in places of education correction, clear education correction objects, establishing education correction application is made by the executive authorities, court eventually decided the program systems effectively safeguard public interests, social order, while safeguarding the basic human rights of correction officers.
In this regard, Wang Xi zinc pointed out, "this correction should be emphasized to prevent the deprivation of liberty or less strict restrictions, to introduce effective control, in particular the control of the judicial process. "(The end)
(Original title: China's reeducation-through-labour system abolition of system level implementation of judicial guarantee for human rights)
中新网北京11月16日电 题：中国劳教制度将废止 制度层面落实人权司法保障
记者 马学玲
《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》15日公布，其中提出将废止劳动教养制度。至此，经年争议终于尘埃落定。这一旨在回应民意锐意改革的“历史性决定”，被视作中央决意尊重和保障人权所迈出的关键一步。
中共作“历史性决定” 回应民意保障人权
中共十八届三中全会闭幕后的第三日晚间，作为全会最重要文件，《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》即获公布，这份文件因决定中国未来5至10年走向而备受瞩目。
值得注意的是，继中共首次在全会公报中提及“人权司法保障”概念之后，这一表述也被写入15日晚间公布的这一纲领性文件中。《决定》第34条明确写道，“完善人权司法保障制度。国家尊重和保障人权。”
而更为引人关注的是，《决定》第34条明确提出，“废止劳动教养制度，完善对违法犯罪行为的惩治和矫正法律，健全社区矫正制度。”这意味着，这项在中国存在数十年之久且饱受争议的制度将成为历史。
对此，北京大学法学院教授王锡锌在接受中新网记者采访时予以极高评价，他说，“这是在中国法治理念不断深入、法律制度不断完善、人权保障在制度层面不断得到推进的背景下所作出的历史性决定。”
在中国政法大学副校长马怀德看来，这是一个较大突破，也是对民意的回应。他向中新网记者谈道，劳动教养制度虽然在历史上曾有一定作用，但它确实存在法律依据不足、不利于人权保障等问题。
“把尊重和保障人权作为国家核心价值，在这一背景下废除劳动教养制度，应该说是正当其时。”中国政法大学法学院教授焦洪昌接受中新网记者采访时表示。
在焦洪昌看来，这不仅仅是一项制度的废立，更是一种国家理念或精神的彰显。
经年争议终平息 “废”“立”透露多重要义
作为一项中国独有的制度，劳动教养制度诞生于20世纪50年代，时至今日，这一饱受争议的制度已走过半个多世纪。
马怀德介绍，劳教制度的诞生，当时主要是对流动人口，特别是对农村流入城市又有轻微违法行为的人采取的一种管制措施。后来通过几次制度改革和适用范围的扩展，劳教制度变成维护社会治安、打击犯罪行为的措施，适用范围随之扩大的同时，方式也日益显出行政色彩。
“这一制度存在数十年，尽管有客观原因，且在历史上发挥了一定作用，但其弊端已日益显现。”确如焦洪昌所言，学术界、律师界普遍认为，废除劳动教养制度十分紧迫。尤其近一段时间以来，坊间对于废除劳教制度的呼声渐高。
谈及这一制度的弊端，王锡锌说，虽然在历史上有一些特殊的背景，但随着中国民主法制建设和人权事业的不断推进，劳动教养制度与当下宪法关于人权保障有关条款、立法法以及行政处罚法等既有法规都是相冲突的。
在焦洪昌看来，中央此次下决心废止这一制度，应有三方面背景。首先，法治中国的核心是通过司法来保障人权，但在程序上，劳动教养制度对人权保障是不健全的。其次，中国早在上世纪末就签署了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》，而劳动教养制度明显与其中人身自由权原则不相适应。另外，这一制度与2004年宪法修正案中有关尊重和保障人权的价值是相违背的。
基于此，舆论认为，中央这一重要举措体现多重要义，其中包括“避免侵犯公民权利事件发生”、“维护法律权威，为推进法治中国提供保障”、“履行国际义务，提升国家形象”等。
“空白地带”如何填补？ 学者建言教育矫治立法
“废除劳教制度以后，对于那些介于一般违法与犯罪之间的‘空白地带’，法律该如何有效填补？”有舆论如是表达关切。
不破不立。在焦洪昌看来，中央在宣布废止这一制度的同时，也透露出“立”的端倪。紧随“废止劳动教养制度”表述其后，文件明确提到，“完善对违法犯罪行为的惩治和矫正法律，健全社区矫正制度。”
“中央既然废止这一制度，肯定考虑了制度的衔接，无论街道还是小区，都应建立相应机制，这对社会管理体制创新提出更高要求。”焦洪昌说，届时，社区能不能消化容纳这些人，以免成为社会中不稳定因素，都需考量。
王锡锌也认为，“废”的同时，强调了“立”。而未来的“立”，不应是"换汤不换药"，否则，就失去了“废”的意义。对于一些违法行为的矫正，相关法律制度需要进一步跟进。
此前，废除劳教制度之后的改革方向尚有不同认识。马怀德对于入罪化观点并不赞成，他说，因为这一方案不利于违法行为人的改造和教养，也没办法真正意义上减少犯罪。与之相较，他更倾向于教育矫治立法，这也是目前学术界和实务界渐成共识的观点。
在马怀德看来，教育矫治立法是改革的关键，废除劳动教养制度之后，就应加紧制定《违法行为教育矫治法》，从违法行为教育矫治的对象、期限、场所、主体、程序等方面加以明确规定，目的是让这种制度有明确的法律依据，而不是让其陷入违法的困境。
马怀德说，此外，还要完善相关制度，缩短教育矫治的时间期限、实现教育矫治场所的多元化、明确教育矫治的对象，建立由行政机关提出教育矫治申请，人民法院最终决定的程序制度，切实地维护公共利益，社会秩序，同时保障被矫治人员的基本人权。
对此，王锡锌指出，“这种矫治应该强调防止对人身自由的剥夺或较严格限制，应该引入有效的程序控制，特别是司法程序的控制。”(完)
(原标题：中国劳教制度将废止 制度层面落实人权司法保障)
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