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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/15 12:57:22 National security authority into a major national standard
National security authority into a major country comes standard with the United States and Britain, Russia and India have set up Japan is setting up the composition brings together five countries in the Foreign Affairs, defence, intelligence officials by leaders of the national security authority command
The National Security Council has become a standard in many countries in the world. Journalists retrieve found that United States was the first establishment of the National Security Council in the country, at present there are about more than 20 countries to have the same name or a similar body, the State security service.
Our inventory of United States, and Russia, and India 5 major countries, such as the national security authority, found all to bring together diplomacy, defense and intelligence officials, are held by the President of the National Security Committee head first.
United States
Title: Chairman of the National Security Council: President
Founded: 1947
Composition: Vice President, Secretaries of State, defense, Energy Minister, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of staff, the Director of Central Intelligence
Focus, plan important events are handled
China modern international relationship Institute United States Institute Deputy Director Wang Hong just morning accept legal evening under reporter interview Shi introduced, United States National Security Committee of main duties focuses on Yu integrated plotting and command coordination, needs processing of to external affairs mostly, but while also to coordination both at home and abroad of overall, on United States interests has important effects of affairs are to after the institutions to coordination processing, has must strategy effects and burst of major event also are to after the institutions of hand.
"It's hard to think what major event does not pass through its hands. "Wang Honggang said that Iranian nuclear issue," 9·11 "event and China policy decision by a national security authority.
Wang Honggang, said the United States set up the National Security Council, is based on problems during World War II as a backdrop, when the need for such a body to co-ordinate and harmonize and make decisions. In recent years, portions of this formalism in the Commission's decision-making process (such as time and location of the meeting, participants, etc) increasingly fades, but in the United States's position in national security and foreign policy is increasingly important.
Can well coordinate with each Department, National Security Council, is the choice of the country's foreign policy. Hand-picked by the President, national security adviser, but generally they are cronies of the President, do not require approval by Congress.
Russia
Name: the Chairman of the Security Council: President
Founded in: 1992
Composition: Prime Minister, Minister of defence, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Secretary for the foreign intelligence service, the Federal Security Service, and so on
Principle of the Conference adopted by a majority of its recommendations to the President
The Federal Security Council is Russia's top security decision-making body, the main task is to host national security related files, for the President's decision to approach national security affairs, convened by the President heads to participate in several important ministries, ministries are integrated into a unified national security policy.
Routine to preside over the meeting chaired by the President, at least once each month. Principles adopted by a simple majority of the Conference, and the decision was promulgated by the President of the command directly after entry into force. Federal Security Council in a number of important foreign policy plays an important role. In September 1992, was first established, on the Federal Security Council of the Russian Government for concessions on the southern Kuril Islands issue after protests, Yeltsin canceled a visit to Japan planned.
India
Name: National Security Council Chairman: Prime Minister
Founded in: 1998
Composed of: National Security Adviser, Defense Minister, Foreign Minister, Interior Minister and Minister of finance
Defeat hacker attacks increasing role in various areas highlighted
India was founded before the establishment of the national security authority, its national security decision-making mechanism is not perfect. India's opinion said, lack of holistic and long-term national security decision is India half a century after independence a major blunder, national security decision making does not totally solve sudden threats and emergencies. It has also prompted India's decision in 1998 to establish a comprehensive national security decision-making mechanism.
After the establishment of the National Security Council, India's nuclear test conducted a comprehensive assessment and planning, Sino-Indian relations and on how to deal with Iraq issues such as sending troops carry out a rational analysis and careful consideration. This will not only benefit India domestic political stability and economic development, but also to improve India's position in the international.
After entering the 21st century, India the National Security Council has played an increasingly important role in all fields, such as in 2010, India during the Commonwealth Games, India several Government Web sites, and many domestic websites are subjected to constant attacks from hackers, however, under the leadership of the National Security Council, India quickly set up networks group, thwarting all of hacker attacks.
United Kingdom
Founded: 2010
Composed of: Deputy Prime Minister, Finance Minister, Minister, Secretary of State for foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, homeland defence ministers, military and intelligence agency heads
Potential threat to respond to natural disasters
United Kingdom deal primarily with domestic natural disasters, terrorist threats, National Security Council, and so on. As early as July 3, 2007 car bombing plot in London and Glasgow Airport attack when all the main suspects have been apprehended, United Kingdom new Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that the National Security Council, a body will be established in order to better respond to potential threats.
Counter-terrorism research center of the China institutes of contemporary international relations, Fu xiaoqiang told law night reporter, which help the United Kingdom Government has played a key role in the Northern Ireland.
Japan
Name: Homeland Security Conference: Prime Minister
Established: in preparation
Composed of: Foreign Minister, Defense Minister and Chief Cabinet
The permanent "four Ministers" dedicated sector
Japan is working on the establishment of national security will be responsible for co-ordinating the meeting Japan's foreign and security policy in order to create an efficient foreign and security policy, established by the Prime Minister, the Chief Cabinet Secretary, the Foreign Secretary, the Defense Secretary "composed of four Ministers"; in the Cabinet (equivalent to China's State Council), the new "national security agency". The Agency works in all major provincial Office of intelligence liaison officer, play daily and systematically provide information to the Prime Minister, breaking Japan limitations of previous administrative systems, decision-making mechanism.
Analysts said that Abe's fundamental purpose is to strengthen the Prime Minister's unifying leadership, improving Japan speed and efficiency of the decision-making mechanisms.
About 60 staff responsible for the specific transaction, according to job content belong "strategy", "intelligence", "allies · friendly State" into three parts, according to geographical belonging "China · North Korea", "rest", among others.
Expert opinion if they send out troops to fight more by the national security authority for decision
Military commentator Song Zhongping told the legal evening news reporter interview this morning, said that appears from the States, the highest national safety Council is a national security authority, usually by the country's administrative head first, participation by the core leadership of the Government, composed of the highest deliberative body.
Countries, whether it is a foreign war or terrorism or other military operations, usually by National Security Council decisions, and then notify the military implementation. For example, United States National Security Council, United States foreign military tactics, such as the Gulf war, Iraq war, requires the Agency to consult, the final decision-making, and then tells the military to perform specific decision-making. In 2008, Russia Georgia war, but also by Russia's Federal Security Council green light decision, the last military execution.
United Kingdom constantly cope with United States participation in the Gulf war, Iraq war, operation, although only as a supporting actor, also require authorization from the National Security Council, before they can send troops.
Song Zhongping, a country established institutions such as the National Security Council, which is the country's internal affairs, each country needs its own national security on the core position of primacy and requires judgment and control of peripheral security environment.
Fu xiaoqiang introduction, current national security issues and their complexity, these nations have their own intelligence and security agencies, but also requires cross-sectoral coordination to cope with major problems and emergency situations and make decisions quickly. If you are experiencing problems were reported separately by departments, the speed is too slow, institutions and the establishment of the National Security Council will be more efficient. From another point of view, it does not represent any agency interests and prejudices, avoiding from the sectoral interests, can objectively reflect national interests.
This version of text/journalist Alan Lee He Pei璠 Li Liang Zhang Xiuchen intern cartographic/Liao Yuan
November 15, 2013 Legal evening news(国安委成主要国家标配|国家安全委员会|各家|标配_新闻资讯
国安委成主要国家标配美 英俄印已设立 日本正在筹建 组成人员汇集外交、国防、情报高官 五国国安委由一把手挂帅
国家安全委员会已经成为世界上很多国家的标准配置。记者检索发现，美国是最早成立国家安全委员会的国家，目前约有20余个国家拥有同名或者类似机构，为国家安全服务。
本报盘点美国、俄罗斯、印度等5个主要国家的国安委，发现成员全部汇集外交、国防、情报高官，国安委主席也均由一把手挂帅。
美国
名称：国家安全委员会 主席：总统
成立时间：1947年
人员组成：副总统、国务卿、国防部长、能源部长、参谋长联席会议主席、中央情报局局长等
侧重统筹谋划重大事件都经手
中国现代国际关系研究院美国研究所副所长王鸿刚上午接受《法制晚报》记者采访时介绍，美国国家安全委员会的主要职责侧重于统筹谋划和指挥协调，需要处理的以对外事务居多，但是同时也要协调国内外的大局，对美国利益有重要影响的事务都要经过该机构来协调处理，有一定战略影响和突发的重大事件也都要经过该机构之手。
“几乎很难想到哪些重大事件不经过它的手。”王鸿刚说，伊核问题、“9·11”事件以及对华政策处理都要由国安委来决策。
王鸿刚介绍说，美国成立国家安全委员会，是以二战时期的诸多问题作为大背景的，当时需要这样一个机构去统筹和协调并作出决策。近年来，该委员会的决策过程中的形式主义的部分(如会议时间、地点、参与者等)越来越淡化，但在美国国家安全与外交决策中的地位却越来越重要。
国家安全委员会能很好地协调各个部门，是国家外交政策制定的不二选择。国家安全顾问由总统亲自挑选，一般为总统的亲信，不需要受国会的批准。
俄罗斯
名称：联邦安全会议 主席：总统
成立时间：1992年
人员组成：总理、国防部长、外交部长、对外情报局局长、联邦安全局局长等
向总统提建议会议采取多数通过原则
联邦安全会议是俄罗斯安全方面的最高决策机构，主要任务在于承办国家安全的相关文件，为总统决定国安事务的方针，由总统召集几位重要的部会首长参与，将各部的意见整合成统一的国家安全政策。
例行性的会议由担任主席的总统来主持，至少每个月进行一次。会议采取简单的多数通过原则，其决定由总统颁布命令后直接生效。联邦安全会议在一些重要的外交政策上发挥了重要作用。1992年9月成立之初，在联邦安全会议对俄政府在南千岛群岛问题上的让步表示抗议后，叶利钦取消了访问日本的计划。
印度
名称：国家安全委员会 主席：总理
成立时间：1998年
人员组成：国家安全顾问、国防部长、外交部长、内政部长、财政部长等
挫败黑客攻击各领域作用日益凸显
印度自建国到国安委成立之前，其国家安全决策机制并不完善。印度的舆论称，缺乏整体和长期的国家安全决策是印度独立后半个世纪内的一大失误，国家安全决策不能完全解决突发的威胁和紧急事件。这也促使印度在1998年决定建立一个全面的国家安全决策机制。
国家安全委员会成立后，对印度的核试验进行了全面的评估与规划，并对如何处理中印关系以及是否向伊拉克派兵等问题进行了合理的分析和周详的考虑。这不但有利于印度国内政局稳定和经济的发展，也提高了印度在国际上的地位。
在进入21世纪之后，印度国家安全委员会在各个领域都发挥了越来越大的作用，如在2010年印度举办英联邦运动会期间，印度的几个政府网站和国内许多网站都遭到黑客的不断袭击，然而，在国家安全委员会的领导下，印度迅速成立网络专家组，挫败了所有的黑客攻击。
英国
名称：国家安全委员会 主席：首相
成立时间：2010年
人员组成：副首相、财政大臣、外交和联邦事务大臣、国土大臣、防务大臣、军事和情报机构负责人等
应对自然灾害处理潜在威胁
英国国家安全委员会主要应对国内自然灾害、恐怖主义威胁等。早在2007年7月3日伦敦汽车炸弹袭击阴谋和格拉斯哥机场袭击事件的所有主要嫌疑人都已经缉拿归案时，英国当时新上任的首相布朗就宣布，将设立一个名为国家安全委员会的机构，以更好地应对潜在威胁。
中国现代国际关系研究院反恐研究中心的傅小强告诉法晚记者，该机构在帮助英国政府应对北爱尔兰问题上起到了关键性作用。
日本
名称：国家安全保障会议 主席：首相
成立时间：筹备中
人员组成：外相、防卫相和内阁官房长官等
常设“四大臣会议”专设中朝部门
日本正在筹备成立的国家安全保障会议将负责统筹日本的外交与安全政策，目的是为了能够迅速决定外交及安全保障政策，常设由首相、内阁官房长官、外相、防卫相组成的“四大臣会议”；在内阁官房(相当于中国的国务院办公厅)新设“国家安全保障局”。该机构的工作方式是在各个主要省厅设立情报联络官，起到对首相日常化、制度化提供情报的作用，打破日本以往行政体制、决策机制的局限。
有分析称，安倍此举的根本目的是加强首相的一元化领导，提高日本决策机制的速度和效率。
大约有60名工作人员负责具体的事务，按照工作内容分属“战略”、“情报”、“同盟国家·友好国”三大部分，按照地域分属“中国·朝鲜”、“其他地区”等部门。
专家观点一国若动兵多由国安委拍板
军事评论员宋忠平上午在接受《法制晚报》记者采访时介绍说，从各国情况来看，国家安全委员会是一个国家处理安全的最高权力机构，通常由该国的行政一把手挂帅，政府核心领导者参与其中，组成最高议事机构。
对于各国来说，无论是对外战争还是反恐或者其他军事行动，通常都是由国家安全委员会来决策，然后通知军方执行。例如美国的国家安全委员会，凡是美国要对外用兵，比如海湾战争、伊拉克战争等，都需要该机构来进行协商，最后作出决策，再通知军方来执行具体决策。2008年，俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚开战，也是由俄罗斯的联邦安全会议拍板决定，最后军方才能执行。
英国不断地配合美国参与到海湾战争、伊拉克战争等行动中，虽然只作为配角，也需要国家安全委员会作出授权，才可以派兵。
宋忠平表示，一个国家成立国家安全委员会之类的机构是该国家的内部事务，每个国家都需要把自己的国家安全放在首要地位和核心位置，需要有对周边安全环境的判断和掌控。
傅小强介绍，目前国家安全问题错综复杂，各国虽有自己的情报和安全机构，但是也需要跨部门的协调，以应对重要问题和突发情况并快速作出决策。如果遇到问题让各部门分开上报，速度就太慢了，而建立国家安全委员会这样的机构会更高效。从另一个角度讲，它不代表任何机构的利益和偏见，避免了从部门利益出发，这样可以客观体现国家利益。
本版文/记者张秀晨实习生李志豪何佩璠梁丽玩制图/廖元
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