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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/17 8:54:12 40 years of family planning： accumulated fewer 400 million people
Legal evening news (reporters Wang TINGTING)
China's family planning policy brewing in the 50 's of the last century, starting in the late 60 's, is implemented on a large scale after 1973, 1982 as a basic national policy, in 2001, the enactment of the People's Republic of China on population and family planning law.
Gu baochang, Professor of Renmin University of China population and development research center told the legal evening news said in an interview with a reporter, and overall family planning policies in line with trends in population development, in line with trends in society.
State health and family planning, publicity Secretary, spokesman Mao Qunan said in media interviews that family planning is a basic State policy of China. Since in the 1970 of the 20th century, more than 40 years, due to low family planning Trojan gave birth to more than 400 million people in China, thus greatly reducing the pressure of too-rapid growth in the population, resource and environment.
"If we had not implemented its family planning policies, and now I'm afraid of our population to reach between 1.7 billion and 1.8 billion, per capita arable land, food, forests, freshwater resources, energy will be lower than the current 20%, not only to host the development of resources and environment needs, and economic and social development cannot be reached this level. "Mao Qunan as saying.
At the beginning of the founding of new China in 1970, births in the wild in China. Early stage of the founding of new China, the Chinese Government has copied the Soviet theory of population and population policies, at both the policy and practice of public opinion in favour of learning award of the Soviet Union have large families, to encourage more children, also issued a ban on birth control and abortion provisions.
The new census results show that for the first time, China's population is growing too fast. In 1955, the CPC Central Committee issued a directive on the control of population stated that "birth is the majority of the people live on a major policy issue. Under the current circumstances, interests of the State, the family and the new generation, our party is in favour of proper birth control. "
The well-known demographer Ma yinchu, through field visits found that rapid population growth, begun to think about population theory.
Due to the continuous improvement of living standards and the improvement in medical conditions, the mortality rate declined sharply, in the early 1970 of the 20th century, the population of 830 million.
In July 1971, the State Council on approving the report on family planning, emphasizing the "family planning". Established in the year of "four or five" set forth in the plan "one, two, three".
In December 1973, the first National Conference on family planning briefing, that "night, rare and rare" ("the night" refers to female and male 25 years after 23 years of marriage, women after 24 years of birth; "rare" that spacing of at least 3 years; "smaller" means no more than two children per couple) policy. This policy has achieved obvious results, women's total fertility rate from 5.8 to in the early 1970 of the 20th century 2.7.
In March 1978, th adopted at the first meeting of the national people's Congress of the People's Republic of China Constitution article 53rd "State advocates and family planning", family planning law for the first time enshrined in our Constitution.
Open letter to advocates "having a baby"
After the reform and opening up, because after three years of natural disasters during the compensatory-time population gradually entered the marriage age, birth, rebound.
For completed in 20th century late put population total control in 1.2 billion within of target, 1978, Central issued on State family planning led group first times Conference of report under, clear made "advocates pair couples fertility children number best a, up two a"; September 25, 1980, Central published on control my population growth problem to all Communist Komsomolets of open letter under, advocates "pair couples only fertility a children".
At this point, made in the early 1970 of the 20th century, "one, two, three" and "night, rare and less" requirements, and finally in the 1980 's "advocating one couple, one child".
Social researcher at the development research center of China, Peking University Sociology Professor Guo Zhigang told the legal evening news reporter, a child that ultimately were not fully implemented, and later policies and made some adjustments.
Journalists look to 1982, the CPC Central Committee and State Council on doing well the work of family planning directive ([1982]11), take care of growth second only child families in rural areas.
1984, Central forwards national family planning Commission party on family planning work situation of reported under (in the made [1984]7,), made "on rural continues to has control to put cut opened have slightly big some, according to provides of conditions, after approved, can health second; strongly suppression big cut, that is strictly prohibited fertility Super plans of second and more tire", that "opened small mouth, and plugging big mouth".
Guo Zhigang, said fertility policy, urban and rural, unlike also vary considerably throughout, tailored to the situation is different, have adopted specific planning requirements, this is what we call birth policy. While restrictions are not the same, but it is really mandatory, and are included in the local statutes, regulations, and administrative enforcement.
Based on publicly available information shows that in March 1988, the Central States that "certain people do have real difficulties in rural areas, including daughter requiring second child, born second child a few years approved intervals."
Provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) according to the requirements of the central authorities, through the development of local ordinances or regulations made specific provisions to the region's family planning policy, the current fertility policy formation.
Peking University, society, Sociology Professor Guo Zhigang, a researcher at the development research center of China introduced, so-called "current policy", not to say now, current fertility policy, but in the last century 80 's the Central, after adjusting birth policy formulation. From the mid 80 to the present, the main elements of this policy has not changed, just a minor adjustment.
These adjustments after entering the new century, population and family planning law, promulgated in December 2002 expressly provides that "State stabilizes the existing family planning policy, encouraging citizens to marry and, advocates a couple one-child; meet the conditions provided for by laws and regulations, second children can request". Concrete measures by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Standing Committee of the national people's Congress or its provisions.
Family planning family planning policies in the Ordinance provides for a fine, and gradually formed the current family planning policy.
Since the beginning of 2002, Hubei, Gansu, Inner Mongolia to implement the "double second child alone" policy, Shandong, Sichuan and other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) began to implement the "double single" couples second child policy by 2011, adjusting parts of the reproductive policies of Henan province, this policy was introduced, bringing all provinces of the country have adopted "double second child alone" policy.
Current fertility policy classification
One-child policy, including the vast majority of urban residents; in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Chongqing in 6 provinces (municipalities) of rural residents.
One and a half children policy refers to rural couples had their first baby is a girl, can bear only one child. Including Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu and other 19 provinces (regions) of rural dwellers.
Two child policy both for one-child couples can have two children;
In parts of rural residents generally have two children, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Anhui and other 7 provinces (municipalities), one message for the farmer and his wife have two children.
Parts of three child policy that ethnic minority farmers and herdsmen can bear three children. Including Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and other regions of ethnic minority herdsmen, Hainan, Inner Mongolia and other places ethnic minority farmers and herdsmen of the first two children were girls, the Yunnan border villages and sparsely populated rural residents in ethnic minority, sparsely populated minority residents of Heilongjiang.
For special family planning policy in Tibet Autonomous Region, and Tibetan urban residents can have two children, Tibetan and sparsely populated ethnic minority farmers and herdsmen do not limit the number of children.
Family planning national legislation
V session of the third meeting of the national people's Congress adopted a new Marriage Act provides that:
Both spouses have the duty to practise family planning.
1982
V session of the national people's Congress meeting, adoption of the People's Republic of China Constitution stipulates:
The State promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development.
In 2002
The China's population and family planning law stipulates:
Meet the conditions provided for by laws and regulations, second children upon request. Concrete measures by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Standing Committee of the national people's Congress or its provisions.
Nine such conditional second child
1. both husband and wife are only children
2. farmers
3. man would buy and support the elderly families
4. the miners fishermen special occupational
5. ethnic minorities
6. the returned overseas Chinese, and compatriots, a spouse is a foreign national
7. a spouse is disabled veterans (or the fundamental incapacity of persons with disabilities)
8. the first child physical disability
9. married couples
This version of the article/reporter
Wang TINGTING
Based on publicly available data
法制晚报讯(记者 王婷婷)
我国的计划生育政策酝酿于上世纪50年代，启动于上世纪60年代，大规模实施是1973年以后，1982年定为基本国策，2001年颁布了《中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法》。
中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心教授顾宝昌接受《法制晚报》记者采访时表示，计划生育政策总体符合人口发展的趋势，符合社会的趋势。
国家卫生计生委新闻发言人、宣传司司长毛群安接受媒体采访时表示，计划生育是我国的一项基本国策。自20世纪70年代以来的40多年，我国由于计划生育累计少生了4亿多人，大大减轻了人口过快增长对资源环境带来的压力。
“如果当初不实行计划生育政策，现在我国人口恐怕要达到17亿至18亿，人均耕地、粮食、森林、淡水资源、能源等将比目前降低20%以上，不仅资源环境难以承载发展的需要，而且经济社会发展也不可能达到现在这个水平。”毛群安称。
在新中国成立初期到1970年，我国的生育基本处于放任状态。新中国成立初期，中国政府照搬苏联的人口理论和人口政策，在政策和舆论上主张学习苏联奖励多生育的做法，对多生孩子进行鼓励，也曾出台过一些禁止节育、堕胎的规定。
新中国第一次人口普查结果表明人口增长过快。1955年，中共中央发出《关于控制人口问题的指示》指出，“节制生育是关系广大人民生活的一项重大政策性问题。在当前的历史条件下，为了国家、家庭和新生代的利益，我们党是赞成适当地节制生育的”。
当时著名人口学家马寅初通过实地考察发现人口增长过快，着手酝酿人口理论。
由于生活水平的不断提高和医疗条件的极大改善，人口死亡率急剧下降，到了20世纪70年代初，全国总人口达8.3亿。
1971年7月，国务院批转《关于做好计划生育的报告》，强调“要有计划生育”。在当年制定的“四五”计划中提出“一个不少，两个正好，三个多了”。
1973年12月，在第一次全国计划生育汇报会上，提出“晚、稀、少”(“晚”指男25周岁、女23周岁以后结婚，女24周岁以后生育；“稀”指生育间隔为3年以上；“少”指一对夫妇生育不超过两个孩子)的政策。这一政策取得了明显成效，妇女总和生育率从20世纪70年代初的5.8下降到1979年的2.7。
1978年3月，第五届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法》第五十三条规定“国家提倡和推行计划生育”，计划生育第一次以法律形式载入我国宪法。
发公开信 提倡“只生一个娃”
改革开放以后，由于三年自然灾害时期之后补偿性生育的人口陆续进入婚育年龄，人口出生有所反弹。
为完成在20世纪末把人口总量控制在12亿以内的目标，1978年，中央下发《关于国务院计划生育领导小组第一次会议的报告》，明确提出“提倡一对夫妇生育子女数最好一个，最多两个”；1980年9月25日，党中央发表《关于控制我国人口增长问题致全体共产党员共青团员的公开信》，提倡“一对夫妇只生育一个孩子”。
至此，20世纪70年代初期提出的“一个不少，两个正好，三个多了”和“晚、稀、少”的要求，最后定位在1980年的“提倡一对夫妇只生育一个孩子”。
北京大学中国社会发展研究中心研究员、社会学教授郭志刚告诉《法制晚报》记者，一孩政策最终没有完全推行下去，后来政策又进行了一些调整。
记者查阅到，1982年，《中共中央国务院关于进一步做好计划生育工作的指示》(中发[1982]11号)，提出照顾农村独女户生育二胎。
1984年，中央批转国家计生委党组《关于计划生育工作情况的汇报》(中发[1984]7号)，提出“对农村继续有控制地把口子开得稍大一些，按照规定的条件，经过批准，可以生二胎；坚决制止大口子，即严禁生育超计划的二胎和多胎”，即“开小口、堵大口”。
郭志刚表示，这时的生育政策，城乡不一样，各地也开始有很大差别，根据各地的情况不同，采取了具体的计划生育的要求，这个要求就是我们说的生育政策。虽然限制不一样，但是它确实带有强制性，并且被列入地方的法规、条例，加以行政方面的强制。
根据公开资料显示，1988年3月，中央指出，“农村某些群众确有实际困难，包括独生女，要求生二胎的，经过批准可以间隔几年后生第二个孩子”。
各省(区、市)根据中央的要求，先后通过制定地方法规或规章对本地区的生育政策作出了具体规定，现行生育政策基本形成。
北京大学中国社会发展研究中心研究员、社会学教授郭志刚介绍，所谓“现行生育政策”，并不是说现在的、当下的生育政策，而是在上世纪80年代的中央文件里面，对调整后的生育政策的表述。从上世纪80年代中期到现在，这个政策的主要内容都没有变，只是稍微有一些小的调整。
这些调整进入新世纪以后一直在进行，2002年12月颁布的《人口与计划生育法》明确规定，“国家稳定现行生育政策，鼓励公民晚婚晚育，提倡一对夫妻生育一个子女；符合法律、法规规定条件的，可以要求安排生育第二个子女”。具体办法由省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会或者其常务委员会规定。
各地对计划生育条例中生育政策的规定进行了微调，并逐步形成了现在的生育政策。
自2002年开始，湖北、甘肃、内蒙古实行“双独二胎”政策以来，山东、四川等省(区、市)开始陆续实行“双独”夫妻可生二胎政策，到2011年，河南省也对生育政策进行部分调整，开始实行此政策，至此，全国所有省份都实行“双独二胎”政策。
现行生育政策分类
●一孩政策 包括绝大多数城镇居民；北京、天津、上海、江苏、四川、重庆6省(市)的农村居民。
●一孩半政策 指农村夫妇生育第一个孩子为女孩的，可以再生育一个孩子。包括河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、贵州、陕西、甘肃等19个省(区)的农村居民。
●二孩政策 双方均为独生子女的夫妇可以生育两个孩子；
部分地区的农村居民普遍可以生育两个孩子；天津、辽宁、吉林、上海、江苏、福建、安徽等7省(市)规定，一方为独生子女的农民夫妇可以生育两个孩子。
●三孩政策 指部分地区少数民族农牧民可以生育三个孩子。包括青海、宁夏、新疆、四川、甘肃等地区的少数民族农牧民，海南、内蒙古等地前两个孩子均为女孩的少数民族农牧民，云南边境村和人口稀少的少数民族农村居民、黑龙江人口稀少的少数民族居民。
西藏自治区实行特殊的生育政策，藏族城镇居民可以生育两个孩子，藏族及人口稀少的少数民族农牧民不限制生育数量。
计划生育国家法规
第五届全国人民代表大会第三次会议通过了新的《婚姻法》规定：
夫妻双方都有实行计划生育的义务。
1982年
五届全国人大五次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法》中规定：
国家推行计划生育，使人口的增长同经济和社会发展计划相适应。
2002年
《中国人口与计划生育法》规定：
符合法律、法规规定条件的，可以要求安排生育第二个子女。具体办法由省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会或者其常务委员会规定。
九类人有条件生二胎
1.夫妻双方都是独生子女
2.农民
3.男方入赘并赡养老人家庭
4.矿工渔民等特殊职业
5.少数民族
6.归国华侨、港澳台同胞，夫妻一方是外国公民
7.夫妻一方是伤残军人(或是基本丧失劳动能力的残疾人)
8.第一个子女身体有残疾
9.再婚夫妻
本版文/记者
王婷婷
根据公开资料整理
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