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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/17 8:58:45 Plenary livelihood reform there are ten highlights， expert article by article explanation
X-18 the third plenary session of the people's livelihood reform watch
Xinhuanet, Beijing, November 16 (reporters Liu Min and)-18 third plenary session of the party, a new starting point for China's reform and opening up. 15th broadcast of the CPC Central Committee's decision on deepen reform of a number of important issues is to deepen reform of the overall deployment of programmatic document responds to social concerns of people look forward to.
Major adjustments of population and family planning policy: launch "separate second child"
"People view" media worker Xiao Wang to his wife after you see the message the first time "the good news": "we are allowed to have a second child! "A network survey, most respondents supported this policy adjustment.
"Decision point" adhere to the basic State policy of family planning, launch party is the policy of one-child couples to have two kids, and gradually perfecting family planning policies, promote long-term balanced population development.
"Reading", "China's population and family planning policies to adapt to economic and social development made major adjustments. "National health family planning Commission spokesman Mao Qunan said," perfect birth policy must take into account to maintain a low birth rate, but also popular will, there are factors such as economic and social development. Launch second alone ' is a response to the declining demographic dividend, on positive measures, such as labour shortages. ”
Change aimed at overcoming barriers to urban and rural households, urban threshold "level as distinct from"
"People" perspective, Chaoyang District, Beijing, "groups of tenants" small hometown employment idea hardened Lai: "hard to settle in large cities, small cities may be more opportunities! "Beijing resident population, one out of every 3 people are outsiders.
"Decision point" open settled in towns and small cities limits, an orderly release settled in a middle-sized city limits, reasonably determine conditions settled in big cities, strictly control the size of mega-cities population.
"Reading", "don't let go of irrational, all let go of unrealistic, household registration policy gate to open, but they have to prevent the crowd broke. "The Director of the party history research center of the CPC Central Song says," ' tension as distinct from ' settled in the system to meet the medium and small cities and small towns to enhance industrial development, increased energy demand, also help to alleviate the situation of overcrowding in big cities. ”
Explore reduced ' account seemed to break the "exams for life"
"People view" Beijing 101 middle school freshman Yang GPA is not very stable, always worried about losing play in college entrance examination he decided to look forward to: "opportunities for more burden on smaller, want more! ”
"Decision point" the gradual introduction of college based on the common entrance examination and the high school proficiency exam results admitted to comprehensive evaluation of multiple mechanisms. Explore national examination subjects, not reduction money study on the socialization of science, foreign languages and other subjects examination more than a year.
"Read" "determines the content of a needle to the ills of the present examination system, is to break the ' score decided the fate of ' status quo needs cultivating talents with comprehensive needs. "Academy of educational sciences Chu Chaohui, China says," reforming the college entrance examination from the ' baton ' becomes ' server ', from the present executive-led autonomous enrollment based on the planned admission into professional, school and students the right to choose will be expanded. ”
Promoting reformation of resource prices, essential to increase "humanistic care"
"People view" Xian people, ladies home natural gas cost to more than 900 Yuan last year, she was concerned that spending increases after the resource price change.
"Decision point" to improve mainly decided by the market pricing mechanism. Water, oil, gas, electricity, transportation, telecommunications and other fields price reform, let go of segments of the competitive prices.
"Reading" the "focus area pricing reform of resource products, securing stable supply, and promoting industrial structure adjustment and energy conservation and emission reduction. "Energy Zhou Dadi, former Director of national development and Reform Commission said," but also such as water, electricity, oil and gas belong to the essentials, increase subsidies to needy people, formulate a scientific, fair and humane programme was the resource price reform should move. ”
Giving people more rights of property, farmland in rural housing mortgage can guarantee
"People view" in Huainan city of Anhui Fengtai County farmer Yin Xiaoying recently very pleased because government departments who came up to her farm house survey and valuation, told her that the House can be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars in the Bank. Old people said the children sold the House to the city and together.
"Decision point" giving people, paid out of the proceeds of shares have, of collective assets and mortgages, guarantees, the right to inheritance. Protection of farmers ' land usufruct, reforming and perfecting land system in rural areas, select a number of pilot seriously promoting housing mortgage, guarantee, transfer of property rights of farmers, increase peasants ' property income.
"Read" "decided to grasp of a socialist country ruled by law property rights of equality on the right to development, the core of the market economy, urban and rural areas in our country entered a new era. "Rural development macro says Dang Guoying, Director of the Institute of Chinese Academy of social sciences:" the establishment of the integrated urban and rural construction land market, shows the land system reform in one direction. ”
Accelerate real estate tax legislation and to advance reforms in due time: rent, sale of which is more cost-effective?
"People view" granddaughter who lives in Beijing, Xuanwumen has three apartments, two of which are more than 100 square meters large. See accelerated real estate tax legislation news, she was playing on an abacus: "it is rented by the appropriate intersection or it is sold less taxes worth? ”
"Decision point" towards the establishment of comprehensive personal income tax system combined with classification. Accelerate real estate tax legislation and to advance reforms in due course.
"Read" Gu Yunchang, Vice President of the China real estate and Housing Research Association said, "plenary reference means that the adjustment of the real estate tax system as a whole. Real estate tax increase or decrease adjustment of legislation and may be involved in the reform package, rather than property taxes. ”
New exploration on the social security reform: progressive delaying retirement
"People view" nearing a tired veteran riding high: "still want to do a few years! "More than 50 years of ordinary workers but" didn't want to do it again! "Multiple network survey," frontline workers hope returned with the leaders ' hope deferred "views of the dispute more prominent.
"Decision point" study developed a progressive delay in retirement age policy.
"Reading" world social security Zheng Bingwen, Director, research center of CASS said: "' progressive ' in line with international practices, complies with China's actual conditions, and measures to cope with aging and can relieve pressure on pensions. Prior to the ' research ', defined as ' developing ', embodies the commitment to reform meant delaying retirement into real operational level. ”
Deepen the basic medical and health institutions, "contractual services" are highlights
"People view" 69-year old Beijing resident Wang doorstep, a community hospital, but each time regardless of minor ailments go to big hospitals to run. "If this ' contractual ' relationship would like family doctors, and more humane care, it won't have to get into the hospital. ”
"Decision point" to promote the comprehensive reform of basic medical and health institutions, a sound operation mechanism of urban and rural primary health care network. Establishment of community physicians and residents contract services. Full use of information technology, promotion of quality medical resources vertical mobility.
"Reading" the "pay particular attention to strengthening the reform of primary medical care, has hit the medical resources ' top-heavy ' structural ills. "Peking Union Medical College President Zeng Yixin," said contract system once it is established, doctors should be responsible for the relevant family medical history, health promotion, chronic disease prevention, early detection, etc. Health care, like a family doctor clinic in future periods. ”
Creating a business environment, sound institutional mechanisms for the promotion of employment
"People view" Beijing language and Culture University graduate Xiao Zhang and several students wanted to start a translation company, but a hundred thousand of dollars of start-up capital has baffled them: "We hope that venture capital can help you weather the storm, everyone's dream. ”
"Decision point" to improve preferential policies to support entrepreneurship, form a Government encouraging entrepreneurship, new mechanisms of social support entrepreneurial, enterprising workers. College graduates ' pioneering work introduced incentives policy, development of national and State-level university graduates ' employment business start-up Fund.
"Read" Department of human resources and social security, Zheng Dongliang, Director of the Institute of labor science said that decision emphasized the Government's responsibility and strive to break "make Daddy" and other barriers to employment is not a fair system, and greater promotion of social upward mobility. College graduates are new force in business, integrating universities ' employment business start-up Fund will form a unified Help system, contribute to the employment of college graduates.
Abolish the reeducation-through-labour system, judicial guarantees significant improvement
"People view" "hypothesis: a prisoner, mild, insufficient evidence of the crime, may vary from one paper Executive orders on detention for one year. If there is sufficient evidence, he may only need to be sentenced to six months, which in itself is unfair. "A legal expert says. Now, such unfairness can break down.
"Decision point" the abolition of the system of reeducation through labour, improving the laws on illegal and criminal acts of punishment and correction, improving community corrections system.
"Reading" the "abolition of the re-education through labour system was a response to public opinion, is the system of judicial guarantees significant improvement. "The Vice President of CUPL Ma Huaide said," abolish the reeducation-through-labour system and improve its legal system, is respect for human rights and justice. The next corrective legislation on education reform will be the key. ”
——十八届三中全会民生改革十大看点
新华网北京11月16日电 (记者刘敏 周凯 徐海波)党的十八届三中全会，中国改革开放的一个新起点。15日播发的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》是对全面深化改革进行总体部署的纲领性文件，回应了社会关切的民生期盼。
人口计生政策重大调整：启动“单独二胎”
【百姓视角】媒体工作者小王看到消息后第一时间向妻子“报喜”：“我们可以生二胎了！”一项网络调查显示，受访者大都支持这一政策调整。
【决定看点】坚持计划生育的基本国策，启动实施一方是独生子女的夫妇可生育两个孩子的政策，逐步调整完善生育政策，促进人口长期均衡发展。
【解读】“这是中国人口和生育政策适应经济社会发展形势所作出的重大调整。”国家卫生计生委新闻发言人毛群安说，“完善生育政策既要考虑维持低生育水平，又要考虑民众意愿，还有经济社会发展等因素。启动‘单独二胎’是应对人口红利下降、劳动力短缺等问题的积极措施。”
户改瞄准破除城乡壁垒，大小城市门槛“高低有别”
【百姓视角】北京朝阳区的“群租客”小黎回老家就业的想法更坚定了一些：“大城市很难落户，小城市可能机会更多！”北京市常住人口中，每3个人里就有1个是外来人口。
【决定看点】全面放开建制镇和小城市落户限制，有序放开中等城市落户限制，合理确定大城市落户条件，严格控制特大城市人口规模。
【解读】“不放开不合理，全部放开不现实，户籍政策大门要开，但又要防止一下挤破门。”中共中央党史研究室主任欧阳淞说，“‘松紧有别’的落户制度既能满足中小城市和小城镇增强产业发展、增加活力的需求，也有利于缓解大城市人满为患的现状。”
探索统考减少科目，高考打破“一考定终身”
【百姓视角】北京101中学高一学生小杨平时成绩不是很稳定，一向担心高考发挥失利的他对决定意见很期待：“机会越多，负担越小，希望越大！”
【决定看点】逐步推行普通高校基于统一高考和高中学业水平考试成绩的综合评价多元录取机制。探索全国统考减少科目、不分文理科、外语等科目社会化考试一年多考。
【解读】“决定内容一针扎到现行考试体制的弊端，是打破‘分数决定命运’现状的需要，也是培养综合型人才的需要。”中国教育科学研究院储朝晖说，“改革将高考从‘指挥棒’变成‘服务器’，从现行以行政为主导的计划招生转变为专业为基础的自主招生，学校和学生选择权都会扩大。”
推进资源价改，民生必需品加大“人文关怀”
【百姓视角】西安市民张女士家去年天然气开销为900多元，她担心资源价改后花销再加大。
【决定看点】完善主要由市场决定价格的机制。推进水、石油、天然气、电力、交通、电信等领域价格改革，放开竞争性环节价格。
【解读】“重点领域资源性产品价格改革，既保障稳定供给，又促进了产业结构调整和节能减排。” 国家发展改革委能源所原所长周大地说，“但水、电、油、气等也属于民生必需品，加大对困难群众补贴，制定科学、公平、人性化的改革方案是本轮资源价格的应有之举。”
赋予农民更多财产权利，农房农地能抵押能担保
【百姓视角】安徽淮南市凤台县农民殷孝英近日很高兴，因为由政府部门的人来对她的农房进行测绘及估价，告诉她这个房子在银行能值几十万元。老人家说把房子卖了就去城里和孩子们相聚。
【决定看点】赋予农民对集体资产股份占有、收益、有偿退出及抵押、担保、继承权。保障农户宅基地用益物权，改革完善农村宅基地制度，选择若干试点，慎重稳妥推进农民住房财产权抵押、担保、转让，探索农民增加财产性收入渠道。
【解读】“决定准确把握了社会主义法治国家的平等发展权问题、市场经济核心的产权问题，使我国城乡统筹进入一个新时期。”中国社科院农村发展研究所宏观室主任党国英说：“建立城乡统一的建设用地市场，显示了土地制度改革的一个方向。”
加快房地产税立法并适时推进改革：租、卖哪个更划算？
【百姓视角】家住北京宣武门的孙女士有三套房子，其中两套是100平方米以上的大户型。看到加快房地产税立法的消息，她心里打起算盘：“是租出去合适还是卖了少交点税金划算？”
【决定看点】逐步建立综合与分类相结合的个人所得税制。加快房地产税立法并适时推进改革。
【解读】中国房地产及住宅研究会副会长顾云昌说：“全会的提法意味着对整体房地产税收体系的调整。对于房地产税的立法和改革可能涉及到一揽子的增减调节，而不仅仅是房产税一项。”
社保改革新探索：渐进式延迟退休
【百姓视角】临近花甲的老干部意气风发：“还想多干几年！”50多岁的普通职工却“不想再干了！”多个网络调查显示，“一线工人盼退与领导干部盼延”的意见争议比较突出。
【决定看点】研究制定渐进式延迟退休年龄政策。
【解读】中国社会科学院世界社保研究中心主任郑秉文说：“‘渐进式’既符合国际惯例，又符合中国国情；既是应对老龄化的措施，又能缓解养老金压力。以前提‘研究’，这次明确为‘研究制定’，体现了改革的决心，意味着延迟退休进入到实质操作层面。”
深化基层医疗卫生机构改革，“契约服务关系”是亮点
【百姓视角】69岁的北京居民老王家门口就有一个社区医院，但每次不管大病小病都往大医院跑。“如果这种‘契约’关系能像家庭医生一样，再多些人文关怀，那就不用再去挤大医院了。”
【决定看点】深化基层医疗卫生机构综合改革，健全网络化城乡基层医疗卫生服务运行机制。建立社区医生和居民契约服务关系。充分利用信息化手段，促进优质医疗资源纵向流动。
【解读】“这次改革特别关注加强基层医疗力量，切中了医疗资源‘头重脚轻’的结构弊病。”北京协和医学院校长曾益新说，“契约制度一旦建立，医生便要负责相关家庭的病史、健康教育、慢性病预防、大病早期发现等事务。像家庭医生一样的保健、诊疗在未来是可期的。”
营造创业环境，健全促进就业创业体制机制
【百姓视角】北京语言大学应届毕业生小张和几位同学想开办一家翻译公司，但十几万元的启动资金却难住了他们：“希望创业基金能帮忙渡过难关，圆大家的创业梦。”
【决定看点】完善扶持创业的优惠政策，形成政府激励创业、社会支持创业、劳动者勇于创业新机制。实行激励高校毕业生自主创业政策，整合发展国家和省级高校毕业生就业创业基金。
【解读】人力资源和社会保障部劳动科学研究所所长郑东亮说，决定强调了政府责任，着力破除“拼爹”等就业不公平制度障碍，更大范围地促进社会向上流动。高校毕业生是创业的生力军，整合高校就业创业基金将会形成一个统一的帮扶体系，有助于高校毕业生就业创业。
废除劳教制度，司法保障重大进步
【百姓视角】“假设：一个犯人，犯罪轻微、证据不足，可能因一纸行政命令就劳教一年。而如果证据充分，他可能只需要判半年，这本身就不公平。”一位法律专家说。现在，这种不公平可以破除了。
【决定看点】废止劳动教养制度，完善对违法犯罪行为的惩治和矫正法律，健全社区矫正制度。
【解读】“废除劳教制度是对民意的回应，是我国司法保障制度的重大进步。”中国政法大学副校长马怀德说，“废除劳教制度而加强法制建设，是对人权和司法的尊重。接下来教育矫正立法将是改革的关键。”
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