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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/17 9:01:11 Yangzhou sure Xiao Hou and Emperor buried tombs
16th in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Sui dynasty Tomb of archaeological excavation results press conference announced previously found suspected Emperor mausoleum in the city through archaeological excavation argues that the final burial grounds recognized as emperor Yang Guang and Xiao Hou. A large number of funerary objects unearthed from the tombs not only, female and two male teeth were also discovered human remains.
Archaeologists more than more than 10 authorities unanimously confirmed
In March this year, in Yangzhou city xihu Township Cun caozhuang real estate construction projects found in two brick Tomb, rank shop ring first unearthed bronze and jade girdle, epitaph that says: "gone with the tomb of yangdi weakness" and other words. Archaeologists speculate that the epitaphs indicate that tomb for emperor Yang Guang. But in HANJIANG district Huai Huai SI town village in the city, there is an advertisement for the Emperor's mausoleum at the provincial level are funded during the reign of Qing dynasty scholar Ruan Yuan's research and restoration. After the last century 80 's, after many renovations, a Yangzhou's famous tourist attractions.
November 16 morning, National Heritage Council and China archaeological will in Yangzhou Organization held Yangzhou caozhuang Sui Tang tombs archaeological excavations results demonstration will, China archaeological community authority expert Huang Jinglve, and Xu Guangyi, and Wang Wei, and Sean, and Liu Qingzhu, and xinlixiang, and Jiao Nanfeng, and fuqingyuan, and Wang Xuerong, more than 10 over people participate in has demonstration will, expert consistent confirmed, Yangzhou caozhuang Sui Tang tombs for sui Tomb, is sui Yang Guang and Xiao Hou last of buried of to.
Wang Wei said: "in the archaeological sense, explore plays a very important role in 2013, major archaeological results. ”
Unearthed from the tomb of the first two men's teeth
According to the introduction, as of now, the joint archaeological team completed the exploration area of 109,000 square metres and prospecting signs of burials 136 seats, rammed-earth 2 base 1, channel 2, brick, well 5, hang (Tong) 29. Tombs for the square brick Tomb, which first from the main burial chamber, er room, corridor, ramps consists of five parts. Tombs generally 24.48 metres, 8.22 meters wide even ears, balance of 2.76 meters. Tomb bricks and jiangdu Miyagi with a brick in the Sui dynasty.
Apart from Epitaph, and have also been unearthed in the Tomb jades, bronzes, ceramics, lacquer ware, precious heritage of more than 100 pieces (sets). One of the hover jade belt, not only is currently the only excavated the most complete 13 rings hover, are the highest level of the ancient system of physical. Four copper shop the entire body is gilded, animal, diameter 26 cm, Tang Daming palace ruins and unearthed the copper shop similar sizes. Two teeth within the Tomb identified as 50-something male individuals. According to excavated from "gone with the tomb of yangdi weakness", 13 rings hover shop gold bands, gilt bronze figurines and a large number of civil officials, warriors high specification funerary objects such as figurines, horse figurines, with literature records that confirm the first Tomb to be emperor Yang Guang.
Grave skeleton is 1.5 meters high, second woman
Second, waist-shaped brick tomb and Tomb from the main burial chamber, er room, corridor, ramps consists of five parts. Unearthed jade, bronze, cast iron, ceramic, wood and lacquer ware more than 200 pieces (sets). Jade Bai Yuzhang 1, bright and smooth texture; bronze chime bells, chime stones, bronze lamps, brass bean, sets of bronze bells 16, chime stones 20 pieces, is so far the only bells chime in sui and Tang dynasties excavated in kind, fills a gap in the history of musical archaeology in China. Save some human bone remains of the Tomb, Nanjing University for about 56 years of age, physical anthropology expert female remains about 1.5 metres in height. According to the Tomb shape, high-grade funerary objects unearthed from the tombs and the remains of human bone identification, combined with historical records to judge the Tomb owner Emperor Xiao Hou.
It is learnt that the Tomb area has not yet been found cemetery monuments, archaeological work is still underway.
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Emperor of the person
Emperor Yang Guang (569-618), Huayin people (present Huayin in Shaanxi Province), was born in Sui dynasty Imperial Changan, Sui dynasty line of recluse literature Queen kiara's second son, was the second Emperor of sui 604 assisted by correcting the throne, for 14 years. Built during the reign of the Grand Canal (opened in the Yongji Canal, Tongji, plus hangou, Jiangnan Canal), building Eastern capital Luoyang City, creating the imperial examination system, expedition Tuyuhun, triad of Goguryeo, because the chaos caused by abuse of the financial resources of the people and directly led to the demise of the Sui dynasty, 618 in jiangdu (today's Yangzhou) is formed by the killing by men. Tang dynasty emperor posthumously smelt metals. The Sui dynasty poetry and his poems were recorded more than 40 compositions.
"The old mausoleum, Tomb of new"
Fog lifted the Sui dynasty archaeology
Archaeological experts exactly what "incontrovertible proof" no "identity" mausoleums? Why is this significant archaeological finds called "grave" instead of "Ling"? Known as the tomb is in "pseudo-Ling" sights, and how? Yesterday, the relevant experts has answers.
1 how to determine whether the tomb is in Sui dynasty
Epitaph, and funerary objects prove historical data
This spring, archaeologists in Yangzhou city xihu Township Cun caozhuang star found in the sea purple County real estate construction projects in two brick Tomb, tombs are found in "gone with the tomb of yangdi weakness" and other words. After preliminary research, archaeologists speculate that the epitaphs indicate that tomb was probably the emperor Yang Guang. The explosive news caused controversy. Civil questions mainly from three sources: the epitaph that it was only by Emperor Ling? Epitaph appears on title of the Sui and Tang dynasties, is playing through it? Do not already have an emperor's mausoleum? At the same time, scholars have also suggested that new emperor mausoleum there are still many doubts in accordance with feudal system, no epitaph in the Emperor's Tomb, jingui jade.
In this regard, the Chinese Academy of social sciences, says Wang Wei, Director of the Institute of archaeology, Tomb of archaeological excavation to determine ownership, first and foremost is to see text information. At present, the latest 3D technology, sui epitaph reading text is in accordance with historical records. Secondly, although was buried after the Emperor Li Shimin of the Tang dynasty to smelt metals and Shaw, but still under monarchy, similar to regulatory and funerary objects unearthed from Tang Daming Palace, Tomb of funerary objects rank so high also proves that honors distinguished. Third, this time also unearthed human bones, including teeth and bones of which age and gender are consistent with the documented cases.
Unexpected bones, especially the two teeth found in the tombs of Emperor, the experts expressed great surprise.
Zhao Hui, a professor at Peking University said: "Xiao Hou is a buried, Yang Guang was move graveyard to another place, acidic soils in the Yangtze basin, originally projected to save wouldn't be so good. Then how do I save a group of experts in discussing the demonstration, will adopt the most advanced tools for conservation and research. ”
2 Why is the "Royal Tomb" rather than "mausoleums"
Buried in the identity is not King
In General, the tomb of the emperor was buried after death is called "mausoleum". Although the experts agree that this is the last burial sites in Sui dynasty and Xiao Hou, a rare use of the "Royal Tomb" to the title. This somewhat "awkward" position, questions were raised whether only in order to avoid arousing suspicion, "excavation mausoleum" deliberately emphasized the excavation is the tomb of the emperor.
Archaeological experts respond that is positioned as a "Royal Tomb" rather than "mausoleum" is a discussion of conclusions. Institute of archaeology, Chinese Academy of social sciences researcher Liu Qingzhu said: "the most important reason is that the emperor was buried, when the identity is not the Emperor, politics lost the status of the emperor. Although Tang was buried, according to the monarch's remains when regulation and funerary objects unearthed in Daming Palace is the same size, but strictly speaking, continue to be known as Emperor instead of mausoleum and Tomb. ”
Reporters saw in the archaeological site, the ante-mortem alleged greatness of Kings, or cysts just 6 meters long, 8 meters wide, just from the scale look really shabby.
Analysis of archaeological experts, this kind of "shabby" associated with his death and multiple migrations. After all, from ad 618 and constricted by culture hastily buried after death, through multiple migrations, and did not end until 648 ad and dead after Shaw in one grave.
3 existing "Emperor's mausoleum," where
Experts say the historical relics protection
Xihu Township of archaeological discovery, already had an emperor's mausoleum of Yangzhou, located in HANJIANG district Huai Huai SI town village, is during the reign of the Qing dynasty scholar Ruan Yuan donated, now the Yangzhou's famous tourist attractions. 1995 was listed as provincial-level units. An archaeological expert said Ruan Yuan's research approach is clearly not comparable with modern archaeological techniques, he only visited the topography, combined with local legend, finds that there is the Emperor's mausoleum. Modern archaeological excavations are empirical, obviously the latter's conclusions more scientific. Previous archaeologists had Emperor Ling to Huai Huai SI town village sceptical, exact location and has been exploring the Emperor died.
Since the Tomb had no doubts that "pseudo-Ling" will face "de-listed" fate? Archaeological excavations of the Yangzhou city, team leaders, said Shu Jiaping, Director of the Institute of cultural relics and does not therefore reject Ruan Yuan's criticism, but also from the standpoint of heritage conservation, Ruan Yuan's research and renovation of Emperor Ling was also an important historical legacy, and will continue to be protected.
Vantu, according to Xinhua News Agency
(Original title: Yangzhou caozhuang sui and Tang dynasty emperor's Tomb)
16日下午在江苏扬州召开的隋炀帝墓考古发掘成果新闻发布会宣布，此前在该市发现的疑似隋炀帝陵经过考古发掘论证，确认为隋炀帝杨广与萧后最后埋葬之地。墓葬中不仅出土大量随葬品，还发现了两颗男性牙齿和女性人骨遗骸。
考古界10余权威一致确认
今年3月，在扬州市西湖镇司徒村曹庄一房地产建设项目中发现两座砖室墓，出土了铜制的衔环铺首以及金镶玉腰带，墓志清楚写着“隨故煬帝墓誌”等字样。考古专家推测，该墓志表明墓主为隋炀帝杨广。但此前位于该市邗江区槐泗镇槐二村，已有一处公布为省级文保单位隋炀帝陵，是由清嘉庆年间大学士阮元经考证并出资修复的。上世纪80年代以后，该处经过多次整修，成为扬州著名的旅游景点。
11月16日上午，国家文物局和中国考古学会在扬州组织召开扬州曹庄隋唐墓葬考古发掘成果论证会，中国考古界权威专家黄景略、徐光翼、王巍、赵辉、刘庆柱、信立祥、焦南峰、付清远、王学荣等10余人参加了论证会，专家一致确认，扬州曹庄隋唐墓葬为隋炀帝墓，是隋炀帝杨广与萧后最后的埋葬之地。
王巍说：“从考古意义上来说，其发掘具有十分重要的意义，是2013年重大考古成果。”
一号墓出土两颗男性牙齿
据介绍，截至目前，联合考古队完成勘探面积109000平方米，勘探出墓葬迹象136座、夯土2处、沟2条、砖基1处、井5口、坑(塘)29个。其中一号墓为方形砖室墓，由主墓室、东西耳室、甬道、墓道五部分组成。墓葬通长24.48米，东西连耳室宽8.22米，残高2.76米。墓室用砖与隋代江都宫城用砖一致。
除墓志外，墓中还出土了玉器、铜器、陶器、漆器等珍贵文物100余件(套)。其中一套蹀躞金玉带，不仅是目前国内出土的唯一一套最完整的十三环蹀躞带，也是古代带具系统最高等级的实物。四件铜铺首通体鎏金，兽面直径26厘米，与唐大明宫遗址出土的铜铺首大小相近。墓内两颗牙齿鉴定为50岁左右的男性个体。根据出土的“隨故煬帝墓誌”、十三环蹀躞金玉带、鎏金铜铺首及大量文官俑、武士俑、骑马俑等高规格随葬品，结合文献的记载，确认一号墓主人是隋炀帝杨广。
二号墓骸骨为1.5米高女性
二号墓为腰鼓形砖室墓，由主墓室、东西耳室、甬道、墓道五部分组成。出土玉器、铜器、铁器、陶瓷器、木漆器等200余件(套)。其中玉器有白玉璋1件，质地莹润；铜器有编钟、编磬、铜灯、铜豆等，成套的编钟16件、编磬20件，是迄今为止国内唯一出土的隋唐时期的编钟编磬实物，填补了中国音乐考古史上的一项空白。墓内保存有部分人骨遗骸，经南京大学体质人类学专家鉴定为大约56岁、身高约1.5米的女性遗骸。根据墓葬形制、墓内出土高等级随葬品和对人骨遗骸的鉴定，结合文献记载，判明墓主人是隋炀帝萧后。
据悉，墓葬所在区域至今尚未发现陵园遗迹，考古工作仍在进行中。
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隋炀帝其人
隋炀帝杨广(569年－618年)，华阴人(今陕西华阴)，生于隋京师长安，隋文帝杨坚和文献皇后独孤伽罗的次子，是隋朝第二位皇帝，604年由杨素协助登基，在位14年。在位期间修建大运河(开通永济渠、通济渠，加修邗沟、江南运河)，营建东都迁都洛阳城，开创科举制度，亲征吐谷浑，三征高句丽，因为滥用民力造成天下大乱，直接导致了隋朝的灭亡，618年在江都(今扬州)被部下缢杀。唐朝谥炀皇帝。《全隋诗》录存其诗40多首。
“已有旧陵，又现新墓”
揭开隋炀帝考古疑云
考古专家究竟凭何“铁证”否定已有“身份”的帝陵？这一重大考古发现为何称作“墓”而非“陵”？随着真墓现身而被称作“伪陵”的热门景点，又将如何自处？昨天，相关专家对此作出了解答。
1 如何确定墓主是隋炀帝
墓志、随葬品印证史料
今年春，考古人员在扬州市西湖镇司徒村曹庄中星海上紫郡房地产建设项目中发现两座砖室墓，墓中发现有“隨故煬帝墓誌”等字样。经初步考证，考古专家推测，该墓志表明墓主很有可能就是隋炀帝杨广。这一爆炸性消息引起了争议。民间的质疑主要来自三方面：仅凭一方墓志如何认定这是隋炀帝陵？墓志铭上同时出现隋朝和唐朝的年号，难道是在玩穿越吗？此前不是已经有一个隋炀帝陵了吗？同时，学者中也有人认为，新隋炀帝陵目前仍存诸多疑点，按照封建制度，隋炀帝墓中不可能有墓志铭，应该为金匮玉册。
对此，中国社科院考古研究所所长王巍表示，考古发掘如何确定墓主人身份，首要就是看文字资料。目前，采取最新的3D等技术手段，隋炀帝墓志读出的文字是与史料符合的。其次，尽管是唐朝李世民为炀帝和萧后下葬，但仍是按照帝制，随葬品的规制和唐大明宫出土的相似，随葬品等级如此之高也证明墓主人身份尊贵。第三，这次还出土了人骨，包括牙齿和骸骨，其中年龄、性别均与文献记载的情况吻合。
对于意料之外的骸骨，尤其是隋炀帝墓葬中发现的两颗牙齿，专家们表示十分惊喜。
北京大学教授赵辉说：“萧后是一次下葬，杨广是迁葬，长江流域酸性土壤，原先预计保存不会这么好。接下来如何保存专家组也在讨论论证，一定会采用最先进的手段进行保护和研究。”
2 为何是“帝墓”而非“帝陵”
下葬时身份已不是帝王
一般来说，皇帝死后下葬的陵寝被称作“帝陵”。尽管此次专家一致认定这是隋炀帝和萧后最后下葬的场所，却罕见地使用了“帝墓”这个称号。对于这个有些“别扭”的定位，有人质疑是否仅为了避嫌“开挖帝陵”而刻意强调发掘的是帝墓。
考古专家回应称，之所以定位为“帝墓”而非“帝陵”是经过讨论后的结论。中国社科院考古研究所研究员刘庆柱说：“最重要的原因是，隋炀帝在下葬的时候身份已不是帝王，政治上失去了皇帝的地位。尽管唐朝在下葬时仍然按照帝王的规制，出土的随葬品跟大明宫也是一样的规格，但严格意义上，仍然只能称作帝墓而不是帝陵。”
记者在考古现场看到，这位生前据称好大喜功的帝王，主墓室仅有6米多长，8米多宽，仅从规模上看确实十分寒酸。
考古专家分析，这种“寒酸感”与其死因和多次迁移有关。毕竟从公元618年被宇文化及缢死后草草下葬，历经多次迁移，直到公元648年才最终与病死的萧后合葬。
3 现存“隋炀帝陵”何去何从
专家称系历史遗存应保护
在西湖镇考古发现之前，扬州已经有一座隋炀帝陵，位于邗江区槐泗镇槐二村，是清代嘉庆年间的大学士阮元捐建，现为扬州著名的旅游景点。1995年被列为省级文保单位。一位考古专家表示，阮元所采用的考证方法与现代考古技术显然不可比，他只是考察了地形地貌，结合当地的传说，就认定那里是隋炀帝陵。现代的考古发掘是重实证的，显然后者的结论更加科学。此前一些考古专家也曾对槐泗镇槐二村的隋炀帝陵持怀疑态度，并一直在探寻隋炀帝葬身的确切地点。
既然真墓已无疑义，那么“伪陵”是否将面临“摘牌”的命运？此次考古发掘领队、扬州市文物考古研究所所长束家平表示，并不会因此全盘否定阮元的考证，而且从文物保护的角度上来看，阮元所考证和修缮的隋炀帝陵也是重要的历史遗存，还会继续予以保护。
本版文图均据新华社
(原标题：扬州曹庄隋唐墓系隋炀帝墓)
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