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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/19 11:27:48 Academician system comb
Editor's note this newspaper since September 18 launched the "advancing academician system reform series", widely discussed in the community, readers want fellow reform.
"I should have". 18, adopted at the third plenary session of the CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform identified in the decision: "reform of academician selection and management system, course layout optimization, increase the proportion of young talent, introduced fellow retirement and exit system".
Actually, early in 2012 of academician Assembly Shang, academician system reform on has mention Shang agenda, four a reform direction for: a is keep academician title of academic and honors sexual, not and material interests hooks; II is insisted academician co-opted work of independence and academic, reduced non-academic factors of interference; three is clear recommended people of right and responsibility; four is for academician groups achieved its features positioning, achieved right and responsibility of unified provides system guarantees.
At present, fellow, community groups have high expectations, also sharply critical of some aspects of the Academician system. Based on the hot issues in contemporary academician system combing with a view to the Academician system offers a new perspective and thinking of reform.
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Honorary life is not equal to life
In November, academician Shen Guofang appraised of 80 years of age, to a lifetime of forestry University of China expressed the meaning of retirement, as a result, Party Secretary and the headmaster would not let go. "How can you retire, they said, you're our school banner, also on talking to you. They refused to release, even when I'm 80 years old. "
Shen Guofang appraised was China Council for international cooperation on environment and development by the Department of environmental protection Advisor, he also expressed resignation meant this year, resulting in each other hard to pull down on the grounds that this post into Chinese and foreign languages, but also broad knowledge. "They say, can't find the right person to replace."
Mechanism for academician ever to retire? Former, Vice President of the Chinese Academy of engineering academician Shen Guofang appraised of the co-opted Chairman of the Policy Committee, not. "There is no document says, academician when retirement formalities. Nor a unit says he wants you to retire, want you to stay ".
Search for relevant information, and did not find fellow retirement provisions. Website of Tongji University, Lanzhou University, and other colleges and universities, Faculty retirement age can be seen in the relevant provisions of, professors can extend up to 70 years of age, include academician of Chinese Academy of science, engineering, "according to the relevant regulations of the State."
The relevant provisions of the so-called national, in fact does not provide.
Shen Guofang appraised in the eyes of true retired only one fellowship – Qin Boyi. Qin served as President of the Academy of military medical, currently senior academicians of Chinese Academy of engineering. In 2004, he wrote the Organization firmly retired, access to Chinese Dean.
Qin Boyi believes that fellow special citizens shouldn't be a lifetime out of retirement.
"Honorary life is not equal to life. "Qin Boyi said that fellow is just a title, is a recognition of past achievements, is Honorary in nature, not a job. "Honor is for life, but his positions in the Organization are not for life. Academician units including some academicians are now considered, the life of my honor, it represents a lifetime commitment not to retire, this is a misunderstanding. "
Qin Boyi, the late Academician Wang Xuan special esteem and agree that Wang Xuan in a famous speech at Peking University, said: "I now at this age, 61 years old, created the peak has passed, I am over the age of 55 is not created. "" Never as current academic fellow of the authority, we who was elected as academician, has virtually no ability to innovate after the election and no longer has the highest academic standards. ”
Qin Boyi, some fellow academic now, whatever the lead, and some fellow completely lose the ability to work, and some even have lost, long live in the ward, but they will never retire. Such a bad social impact.
In the eyes of his, fellow of the society: "too high". Some provinces and municipalities, research institutes or universities compete with a high level of scientific research, such as charges, payment, yearly to battle for academicians, luxury. Various tours, awards, seminars and reviews on academician unsolicited to constantly, this fellow, is not to draw back so much "social".
Some fellow himself was reluctant to retire. In an interview with reporters, with at least two academicians against retirement. Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher at the Institute of physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences he zuoxiu said that I see no need to retire, many of the fellows are still active and energetic, the potential impact, in a certain sense, impact is not negligible, "it looks good".
Professor, academician of Chinese Academy of engineering, China University of mining and Zhou shining is not uniform: "If the fellow in good spirits, ready to let him do it. All 80 's imagination, then don't do it. ”
Qin Boyi has written an outspoken "academicians not a vase", he clearly see, on the one hand, academician was when a vase, on the other hand, there are also many academicians ready to take on the vase.
"When a vase is also good, Ah, vanity, has an interest. "Said Qin Boyi, a President of the affiliated hospital had confronted him and a few academicians:" you old faces a tough question: is need you, or do you need a job? ”
Shen Guofang said, there were academicians out of the body, knowledge is kept up with "some reported from a fellow out, say no to the point, his mind is not very smart. We will require the old academicians should exercise self-discipline and self-knowledge. ”
But he felt if retirement is also a problem across the Board, some academicians to seventy or eighty years old pretty good body, thought is also very active, experienced many, can also play a role.
Qin Boyi also believes that retirement age the best of scientists by scientists at their disposal. Newton, Einstein, after the age of 40 are not doing scientific research, Edison and Madame Curie life till the last moment, Franklin was a scientist in his early years, found that lightning, invented the lightning rod, after middle age to enter politics. But Chinese scientists under the influence of revolutionary culture in the long term, to promote "live to be old, old". So a lot of people don't know where their own value in life, what life goals should be pursued, and does not know how many of the panorama is worth doing at all. In addition, there are various interests taken into account, compare themselves, so there is no uniform retirement age a few people want to retire.
He said that fellow retirement issues, engineering in its been discussed many times, talking about finally is nothing.
In his view, despite resistance, or whether provision should be made, "cannot be some outward glamour, tied up by limited material interests".
Shen Guofang appraised also believes that since 80 years to senior academicians, are limited to 80 years old to retire.
China engineering homes regulation under and, Chinese Academy of Sciences academician regulation under has a articles content roughly same, that "senior academician system", on years full 80 age of academician grant senior academician title, senior academician except not served as homes and the the faculty led positions and not participate in on academician candidates of recommended and the election work outside, other right and obligations still business as usual, and can free participate in academician Conference.
Now, the CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform decision to propose, academician of the retirement system. Qin Boyi said, decided that he was glad to see that.
Shen Guofang appraised argues that academicians after retirement, if think you can play a role, certificate, fellow members of an academic, consultant and can still play a role.
But right now, the academicians are limited to what age for retirement, don't make it across are still open to debate. It is understood that earlier, senior academician of the Chinese Academy of engineering, tried to get set at 75 years of age, but encountered significant opposition.
Sky-high job listing and sub-provincial treatment
Tsinghua University, fellow of the State allowance, school with fellow grants are 1600 Yuan a month. However, feel free to look at local colleges and universities offer, for example, Jinan University 2013 job posting, job object if it is fellow of the so called "wages of more than 2 million Yuan, a second time more than 1 million Yuan, provided free housing, spouse transferred".
Tsinghua University, some years old fellow, still riding my bike to and from work, Lu Qiang, Wang Jing Zhu academicians. However, a few years ago, a province in the West has held a Grand fellow served with ceremony, 12 academicians unity is equipped with Buick.
At Tsinghua, incumbent President Chen Jining because not academicians, huge controversy was caused by the outside world. But a large number of universities, once elected academician of as soon as important candidates for principalship.
At Tsinghua, some academicians expressed their idea what so-called "Vice-provincial" treatment. In some provinces, "Deputy provincial" treatment, not only to the letter, and some academicians also became the local's Vice President, the Democratic Party Chairman, and so on.
Fellow of what benefits and privileges, why the gap is so big?
See from the additional revenues, by 2009, academician allowance is 200 dollars a month, with effect from January 1, 2009, adjusting for 1000 Yuan a month per person.
Qin Boyi says, this is a national, local or unit allowances. 10,000 yuan a month, the smaller, the more, big place but don't care, "I myself took the troops to 5,000 yuan a month."
And these are just small, as noted above, Jinan University, annual salary $ 2 million worth of prices was clearly out.
No wonder, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, Professor Wang Yu (the interviewee requested a pseudonym) sigh: "Tsinghua University, academician of CAs, academician of envy in some places, where academician praised to the skies. ”
Academician becomes hoarded, was caused by a mechanical examination. Wang Yu said: "in recent years, fellow fired very hot, just because some units received the Academician logo. For example, I was at Qinghua University, there were fifty or sixty academicians, and some schools are only a few academicians, and some schools do not have, we feel not as good as others, so each unit trying to dress up academicians, recruiting fellow, even two-panel of academicians. ”
Qin Boyi also said that the community now believe that academicians to the organization is worth a lot. For example, the original 5 academicians of MOR, the Ministry seems to be very smart. "Groups as fellow of the unit's strength, so the school wish you an academician. ”
Because of this, fellow of the treatment being pushed too high, all competing to inject more resources in the treatment, which hopes to recruit fellow, it is feared that some academicians are higher treatment cut the corner.
Shen Guofang appraised that high levels of treatment: "fellow in some provinces small, Wu Yi XI Wei GUI, good treatment of this tendency is there. He thinks valuable talent, desire to maintain them. ”
But he said that fellow, after all, only a small number of ultra-high income, academician of income inequality, many academicians income is not high, probably not up to average one a year, "compared to SOE bosses, this income can count what? ”
Academician Zhou shining also denied that the income is too high: "I actually think Chinese academicians is not too tempting, but too low, this involves the assessment of the knowledge questions. ”
Academician he zuoxiu agreed that with material benefits beyond reproach: "great Yuan longping, contribute more, and I'm not jealous. ”
In addition to income which runs parallel to, and academicians there are a lot of hidden income. Income is subject, and second, reviews, and lectures part-time income.
Qin Boyi said, fellow of the paper is a lot of enthusiasm to do things, is a subject for themselves now, one is an application issue let people hang up on you, helping others to make money, benefit myself, "he organized his students to apply themselves as judges. Now I will get funded out of tens of millions of millions of dollars, the interests of huge ".
For social events, said Qin Boyi, academician does social invitations, attendance, seminar, Conference or something, "will always give you a little reward, each deal of money isn't much, but you're doing activities, that's a wage".
With regard to concurrent posts, published in May 2012, the times on an article, there is such a statistics: "783, academician of Chinese Academy of engineering, there were 5,610 part-time, part-time 7.2 per capita. ”
Deceased original Pan Jiazheng, Vice-President of Chinese Academy of engineering, is reflected in these area. He has suggested that, in addition to national academician allowance issued, academician allowance made by the units should not be repeated. Should pay and fellow academicians to take separate the funding of research projects, the latter is under strict control, do not act as disguised income. He also against fellow phantom part-time paid even higher-paying, even if not "corrupt", fellow, nor with the moral code of conduct.
Academia Sinica is also a social criticism of "Vice-provincial" treatment. Shen Guofang said that academicians are under treatment at the provincial level, medical, housing and other standards have to improve further. "It is not a bad thing, but a level set, that's not good."
Wang Yu said the academicians is not official, not power, is just a title, the title is Honorary in nature, with power are two different things. "Assigned public housing if they meet the car is wrong, sub-provincial treatment not necessary and should be de-linked from the administrative levels, academicians are learned. ”
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编者按 本报自9月18日开始推出“推进院士制度改革系列报道”，在社会上引起广泛讨论，读者期待院士制度改革。
“民有所呼，我有所应”。十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》明确提出：“改革院士遴选和管理体制，优化学科布局，提高中青年人才比例，实行院士退休和退出制度”。
事实上，早在2012年的院士大会上，院士制度改革就已提上议事日程，四个改革方向为：一是保持院士称号的学术性和荣誉性，不与物质利益挂钩；二是坚持院士增选工作的独立性和学术性，减少非学术因素的干扰；三是明确推荐人的权利和责任；四是为院士团体实现其功能定位，实现权利和责任的统一提供制度保障。
当前，社会对院士群体期望很高，也对院士制度的某些方面提出了尖锐批评。本文通过对当前院士制度中热点问题的梳理，以期为院士制度改革提供一些新的观察视角和思路。
终身荣誉不等于终身工作
今年11月，年满80岁的沈国舫院士，向工作了一辈子的中国林业大学表达了退休的意思，结果，党委书记和校长都不放。“他们说你怎么能退休呢，你是我们学校的旗帜，还要靠你说话呢。他们不肯放，即使我到80岁了”。
沈国舫还是环保部环境与发展国际合作委员会的中方顾问，今年他也表达了请辞的意思，结果对方硬拉着不放，理由是这个岗位既要中文行，又要外文行，还要知识面广。“他们说，找不到合适的人来顶替”。
院士到底有没有退休机制？在曾任中国工程院副院长、院士增选政策委员会主任委员的沈国舫看来，没有。“没有文件规定说，院士何时办理退休手续。也没有一个单位说希望你退休，都希望你留下”。
搜索相关资料，确实找不出院士退休的规定。在同济大学、兰州大学等高校的网站上，可以看到教职工退休年龄的相关规定中，教授最多也就能延长到70周岁，中科院、工程院院士却单列入“按国家有关规定办理”。
所谓国家的有关规定，事实上没有规定。
在沈国舫眼中，真正实现了退休的只有一位院士——秦伯益。秦曾任军事医学科学院院长，目前为中国工程院资深院士。2004年，他给组织上写信，坚决退休，获得中央军委特批。
秦伯益认为，院士不该是终生不退休的特殊公民。
“终身荣誉不等于终身工作。”秦伯益说，院士只是一个称号，是对过去工作成绩的认可，是荣誉性的，不是一个职务。“荣誉可以是终身的，但他在所在单位的职务不是终身的。现在院士所在单位包括有些院士都认为，我这个终身的荣誉，就代表着我一辈子不退休，这是误解”。
秦伯益对已故两院院士王选特别推崇，也认同王选在北大的一次著名演讲中说的：“我现在到了这个年龄，61岁，创造高峰已经过去，我55岁以上就没什么创造了。”“千万不要把院士看成当前的学术权威，我们这些当选为院士的人，在当选之后实际上已无创新能力，也不再拥有最高学术水平。”
在秦伯益看来，有些院士现在很难起什么学术带头作用了，还有些院士完全失去了工作能力，甚至还有的糊涂了，长期住在病房里，但是他们永远不退休。这样社会影响不好。
在他眼中，社会把院士“拔得太高”。一些省市或高校、研究院竞相用高额科研启动费、安家费、年薪等来争夺院士，装点门面。各种考察、颁奖、座谈和评审也对院士邀约不断，这是院士不退不休的“社会土壤”。
也有些院士本人就不愿意退休。在接受记者访谈时，至少有两位院士反对退休。中科院物理研究所研究员、中科院院士何祚庥说，我看没有必要退休，很多院士退而不休，发挥潜在影响力，从某种意义上讲，影响还不小，“我看很好啊”。
中国工程院院士、中国矿业大学教授周世宁的态度是不要一刀切：“如果院士精神很好，愿意干就让他干吧。有的没到80就老糊涂了，那就别干了。”
秦伯益曾撰文直言“院士不是花瓶”，他清晰地看到，一方面，院士被人当花瓶，另一方面，也有很多院士乐于做花瓶。
“当花瓶也有好处啊，既有虚荣，也有利益。”秦伯益说，一个下属医院的院长曾当面问他和几位院士：“你们老先生都面临一个严峻的问题：是工作需要你们，还是你们需要工作？”
沈国舫也说，确实有些院士身体不行了，知识也跟不上了，“有些院士出去作报告，说不到点子上，脑子不是很灵光了。我们就要求年老的院士要自律，要有自知之明。”
但他觉得如果退休一刀切也有问题，有些院士到了七八十岁身体还挺好的，思维也非常活跃，经验又很多，还能发挥作用。
秦伯益也认为，科学家的退休年龄最好由科学家自己掌握。牛顿、爱因斯坦40岁以后都不做科学研究了，爱迪生和居里夫人一直做到生命最后时刻，富兰克林早年是科学家，发现雷电，发明避雷针，中年后从政。但中国科学家在长期革命文化影响下，提倡“活到老，干到老”。因此很多人不知道自己的人生价值在哪里，应该追求什么生活目标，不知道大千世界中有多少值得自己去做的事。此外，还有种种利益的考虑，互相攀比，所以没有统一的退休年龄规定就很少有人想退休了。
他说，对于院士退休的问题，工程院讨论过好多次，谈到最后都是不了了之。
他认为，尽管有阻力，还是应该作出规定，“不能被一些表面的荣誉、被有限的物质利益捆绑”。
沈国舫也认为，既然规定80岁转为资深院士，就应该以80岁为限退休。
《中国工程院章程》和《中国科学院院士章程》有一个条款内容大致相同，即“资深院士制度”，对年满80周岁的院士授予资深院士称号，资深院士除了不担任院及各学部领导职务和不参加对院士候选人的推荐及选举工作外，其他权利和义务依然照旧，并可自由参加院士会议。
现在，《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》提出实行院士退休制度。秦伯益说，看到这个决定他很高兴。
沈国舫则认为，院士退休以后，如果哪个单位觉得还能发挥作用，可以返聘，让院士去做学术委员、顾问等，仍然可以发挥作用。
但是目前，对于院士以多少岁为限退休、要不要搞一刀切仍有争议。据了解，此前，中国工程院曾想把资深院士的年龄设定在75岁，但是遇到的阻力很大。
天价招聘启事与副省级待遇
在清华大学，除国家院士津贴外，学校发放给院士的津贴一个月是1600元。但是，随便翻看一下地方高校的价码，比如，济南大学2013年人才招聘启事，应聘对象如果是院士，那么，“年工资待遇200万元以上，安家费100万元以上，免费提供住房，配偶调入”。
在清华，一些年过古稀的院士，仍然骑着自行车上下班，如卢强院士、朱静院士等。然而，数年前，西部某省曾举行隆重的院士配车仪式，为12位院士统一配备别克轿车。
在清华，现任校长陈吉宁因为不是院士，还一度引起外界的巨大争议。但在国内为数不少的大学，一旦当选院士，就马上成为校长的重要人选。
在清华，一些院士表示感受不到所谓的“副省级”待遇。但在一些省份，“副省级”待遇不仅落到了实处，而且一些院士也成为了当地的政协副主席、民主党派的主委等。
院士究竟有何待遇和特权，为何会差距这么大？
从额外收入上看，2009年之前，两院院士津贴标准才每月200元，从2009年1月1日起，调整为每人每月1000元。
秦伯益说，这是国家给的，地方或单位还有津贴。有每月1万元的，地方越小给的越多，大的地方倒是不在乎，“我自己拿到部队给的是每月5000元”。
这些还只是小头，正如上面的济南大学，就明确开出了年工资200万元的天价。
难怪中国科学院院士、清华大学教授王宇(应采访对象要求化名)感叹：“清华的院士，很羡慕有些地方的院士，这些地方把院士捧上了天。”
院士变得奇货可居，源于机械的量化考核。王宇说：“近些年来，院士被炒得很热，就因为院士成了一些单位的标志。比如，我在清华大学，有五六十个院士，有的学校只有几个院士，有的学校没有，大家就认为地位不如人家，所以各个单位想办法包装院士、招揽院士，甚至搞双聘院士。”
秦伯益也说，现在社会普遍认为，院士给本单位身价提了很多。比如，原铁道部有5个院士，铁道部就好像很神气似的。“把院士群体当做单位的实力，所以有的学校巴不得自己有个院士。”
正因为这样，院士的待遇被推得很高，各地竞相在待遇上加码，既希望能够招揽来院士，又担心本来有的院士被更高的待遇挖了墙角。
沈国舫认为高待遇可以理解：“有些省院士少，物以稀为贵，给好待遇这种倾向是有的。他觉得人才宝贵，希望保住他们。”
但他说，有超高收入的院士毕竟只是少数，院士收入不均，很多院士收入并不高，可能平均一年二三十万元都达不到，“跟国企老总比，这点收入算得了什么？”
周世宁也否认院士收入太高：“我反而觉得，中国院士待遇不是太高，而是太低，这牵涉到对知识的评价问题。”
何祚庥也认为院士跟物质利益挂钩无可厚非：“袁隆平贡献很大，贡献大就多拿吧，我不眼红。”
除了明面上的收入，院士还有不少隐性收入。一是课题收入，二是评审、兼职、讲课等方面的收入。
秦伯益说，拿课题正是很多院士热衷去干的事，一个是为自己课题捞钱，一个是让别人挂你的名申请课题，帮别人捞钱，自己再收获利益，“他组织他的学生来申请，自己当评委。现在不得了，经费弄下来几千万上亿元，利益巨大”。
对于社会活动，秦伯益说，院士确实会有各种社会邀请，参加评审、讲座、会议什么的，“总会给你些报酬的，每一笔报酬不算多，但是你做活动多了，那又是一份工资了”。
至于社会兼职，刊发于2012年5月《学习时报》上的一篇文章，有这样一份统计：“在783名中国工程院院士中，共有5610个兼职，人均兼职7.2个。”
已故中国工程院原副院长潘家铮对上述问题也有反思。他曾建议，除国家发放的院士津贴外，各单位不应再重复发院士津贴。应该把院士薪酬与院士承担科研项目的经费区分开来，后者处于严格管理之下，不成为变相收入。他也反对院士挂名兼职领取报酬甚至高报酬，认为即使不是“贪污受贿”，也不符合院士道德行为规范。
院士还有一个备受社会诟病的是“副省级”待遇。沈国舫说，各地对院士确实是按照副省级待遇对待的，医疗、住房等标准都要提高一步。“本来不是坏事，但一跟级别一套，就不好了”。
王宇也说，院士不是官位，也不是权力，只是一种称号，称号是荣誉性的，跟权力是两码事。“配车配房是不对的，副省级待遇没必要，应该跟行政级别脱钩，院士就是搞学问的。”
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