Go homepage(回首页) Upload pictures (上传图片) Write articles (发文字帖)
The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/19 11:28:43 Beijing daily published an article discusses characteristics of Mao Ze-Dong’s literary style
Preface: this year is the 120 anniversary of the birth of Mao Zedong. Mao was a great man, is the political leader's articles each. Memorial are counting on history and future of design. Since reform and opening up, we have made tremendous achievements, but there have been many new contradictions, accumulated a number of problems, in terms of style but also there have been some issues that deserve attention. Take history as a mirror, which is her right mind, normal logic. Mao Zedong said, "learn from the ancients are now living, learning is for today's Chinese to foreigners. "So, revert to Mao Ze-Dong's literary style, study it, learn it, is actually a realistic writing style in some adverse criticism and calls for good style.
Part I
Mao Ze-Dong's literary style as his career, its achievements are many, we can extract a few sides. From today's perspective, in my opinion, Mao Ze-Dong's literary style has four points should be of particular concern to us, the momentum from their articles, thoughts, knowledge and language to get to know and understand.
First feature is powerful, revolutionary momentum-"righteous, all".
Leader is? Is a leader, is the standard-bearer, is the lighthouse, is a man. When a leader must have a "husband stand alone in bahuang" heroic. People who read Mao's articles, can feel the momentum of which strategically advantageous position, thoroughly deserved victory. Please see the monument inscriptions, he wrote:
Three years ago, their lives in the people's war of liberation and the people's revolutionary people's heroes are immortal!
In 30 years, their lives in the people's war of liberation and the people's revolutionary people's heroes are immortal!
Dating back to the year 1840, and from then on, against domestic and foreign enemies and for national independence and people's freedom and prosperity, in all previous sacrifices people's heroes in the fight for eternity!
This spirit, full of historical materialism and heroism of the people of the great weather. This section was written by Zhou Enlai's handwriting, inscription on the monument. Two great works, articles, is China's largest piece of calligraphy "double vast stele". Such vehemence in his life is consistent within the article. This is determined by its ideals, will, knowledge and personality. His earliest grade school is a poem written by the chant of frogs collected:
Sitting alone pond huju, shade tree spirits.
Spring I'm not running, which insects in silence?
He was in the Youth Office of the Xiang River review, in the face of the stormy world of darkness called out:
The world, our world, national, our country community, our community, and we do not say that, who's to say? We don't do it, who did?
During the revolution the most difficult time, he said:
Based on Marxism and Leninism of Chinese Communist Party scientific, sober assessment of the international and domestic situation, knowing that all domestic and foreign reactionaries to attack, not only must defeat, and was able to defeat. Sky clouds at the same day, we said, this is just a temporary phenomenon, the darkness will soon be over, dawn is ahead.
The revolution achieved victory, he said:
You represent the gentlemen, we have a common feeling, this is what we will write in the history of mankind, it would show: about a man of one-fourth the Chinese people have stood up. …… Let those domestic and foreign reactionaries tremble in front of us, and for them to say, but this is no, it is not right, the untiring efforts of the Chinese people will surely achieve their goal.
Mao Zedong never thing for a lifetime, never show weakness, his articles and speeches are always full of were messy, integrity and Lord of the air.
Second characteristic is thinking, that there were thinkers – the height of "acting out a few words into code."
Leader is what? Is a thinker, he wants to use his thoughts to a unified team, led the people to change the world. People read leader articles are not read novels, not to listen to him the deed, is to be thought of, to solve the problem. "Mao Zedong thought" the law is recognized, because the thought of his speeches and articles, there are solutions to practical problems of Chinese thought and quench your thirst. Mao Zedong's thoughts in the article-at least in two ways:
Is a lot of strategic thinking. Him in the various historical periods of revolution have minds of their own, and later proved to be correct. During the agrarian revolution in rural areas surrounding the city; protracted war strategy during the war; during the liberation war of the revolution through to the end, establishing anti-graft independent Commission against corruption at the beginning of the regime; and a series of party building, building ideas.
Second is concrete ideas. He is talking about each specific, personality problems, can sum up the essence, commonality of philosophy. This is what leaders, political leaders, and thought leaders. Read the article so he is always like that, smelly, and had someone to remember forever. In his article of the Chongqing negotiations about the military situation says:
He came to attack, we have to kill him, he is comfortable. Eradication, uncomfortable, and eradication is much more comfortable; eliminating completely comfortable.
This sentence already enjoys popular support, was quoted in many places. Examples like this, we can cite a lot, such as the famous "serve the people" is said at the memorial service of an ordinary soldier Zhang Side, a paper entitled in memory of Norman Bethune on standards was saying:
We all have to learn he was no selfish spirit. From this point of view, you can greatly benefit the people. One size, but as long as there is that spirit is a noble man, a mere man, a moral man, a man who broke away from the poor taste, a man who is good for the people.
His visit to the Soviet Union, after a provisional meeting heard this wisdom from:
The world is yours, ours, but in the end is yours. You young people of vitality, are thriving, like the Sun at eight or nine o'clock in the morning, hopes in you.
This is called "acting out a few words into code", set out from a concrete thing summed up the General truth, condensed into one sentence, so as to become a classic. What is classic? Often read as, say code. Stand up to repeated later, keep using it. "Acting out a few words into code", this is Mao Zedong's skill, charm is his article.
All things knowable, leaders should be a thinker, his level has reached that point, feel free to say it is thought content. Need to come up with, to hold, to stroke, was indeed closed by Secretariat staff.
The third characteristic is knowledgeable, some scholars--accumulated rich in allusions, library history of the sea, teller.
Leaders are supposed to be learning. He wanted to understand the social rules, you know, it used to track, to use this knowledge to change society, managing social, lead society forward. Political leaders is a love of reading, study, work, to understand the philosophy of history, people who love literature. Literature is not just art, or people, sociology. Mao Ze-Dong's familiarity with Chinese literature and history books, story teller, and justly, borrowed in the past now. The allusions in his article there are three cases:
According to be found is directly from the book, show that science, that says "quote" in the "Introduction". For example, he introduced in the serving of SI Ma-Qian's words:
People are about to die, but death is different. China ancient times there's a writer named Sima Qian said: "inherent dies, or is extremely heavy, or feather. "Die for the people's interests, and heavier than Taishan; for the fascist hard, have died for people of exploitation and oppression of people, is lighter than a feather.
Are political leaders and articles on skill: can take punches, refurbished classic, do whatever you want; both to develop the national culture, and popularized the classical knowledge.
Borrows two classic examples to illustrate, explain a reason. Sometimes historical, sometimes in literature, that says "quote" in the "code". He borrowed from Eastern Zhou kingdoms story "Until Qing Fu is done away with, unless the traitors are gone. Prisoners not in addition to, there is no peace in the country. "Seize Li Mi the petition form that John Leighton Stuart:" but it will be no one to pay attention to him, making him ' lonely and alone ', there is nothing to do, had to carry bags to walk. ”
Mao Ze-Dong's article is mostly said to the Chinese people or low-level cadres in listening. So, he often moved out of Chinese people are familiar with the story, in seven large closing speech of the Yu Gong Yi shan's story. He often copies of the romance of the three kingdoms outlaws of the journey to these stories when the philosophy of literature, military materials to use, simple and lively. For example, of the strategic problems of China's revolutionary war, his outlaws of the story in the article to explain the strategy and tactics of the war:
Who know, two Boxer the right clever Boxer tend to concede a point in and fool coming on, head held on to the very peak of his ability, the result has often been knocked back down. Coach hung on the Outlaws of the Marsh, to beat Lin in the firewood into the home, and even called "," "," "", the result is a hung coach recoiled him to see flaws, one leg kicking coach hung.
Sun Wukong in his later than Wisdom incarnate, drill into the stomachs of Princess iron fan; for a while than be enemies, run away from people the Buddha's Palm. Therefore, his reports are always gathered listeners, laughter, no theory of polishes. He is a true blend of classical reality into practice theories.
1949 new year approaching, was about to win the war of liberation, Chiang Kai-shek's gonna leave peace talks. He immediately in the name of Xinhua News Agency, issued a new year message of the revolution through to the end, clever allusions used an Aesop's Fable:
Use in ancient Greece a Fable: "a farmer saw a snake freezing in the winter. He was so poor that it will get placed on his chest. Heating, the snake revived, replies to its nature, benefactor took a bite out of it, he fatally wounded. Farmer said when he died: I pity the wicked should be affected by this evil! "Foreign and Chinese serpent who wished the Chinese people also died like the farmer, hopes the Communist Party of China, China's revolutionary Democrats, are like the farmer with Viper's good heart. But the Chinese people, the Communist Party of China, and China truly revolutionary Democrats, has heard and remembers the workers will. Entrenched in most large snakes and snakes on Chinese soil, Black Snake White Snake, revealing fangs of the snake and the snake into the girl, even though they are already feeling the threat of winter, but not frozen yet!
Three are allusions to "qixing", can increase the effect of article peppy. "Qixing" is poetry, particularly folk songs commonly used techniques. Such as "red open bonus Jiao Jiao, Xiang Xiang talent grow well. Corn flower middle, saw Xiang Xiang Wang Gui early. "Now, laugh at jokes on the phone usually use this form. "The great seas, hard water, large pan of turnip stew pork leg; during the day to let us be, similar to eat shrimp dumplings; you asked if return is not, to eat the chicken wholesaler in Xinjiang", are very funny.
Mao Zedong understand literature, love poems, poetry, know how to make the article better. His allusions are not directly "syndrome" or is not primarily "papers", but rather borrow code "qixing" leads to the following token, creates a sense of humor, a deeper impression, is "borrowed code operator". On July 7, 1939, he was to be at the front of the shaanbei public school (later North China Union University) student speech, based on the story of the Creation of the Gods:
Under Jiang Zi Kunlun mountain, begins senior presented his apricot yellow flag, a nondescript, playing God, whip three magic weapons. Now you head out to the front, I gave you three magic weapons, namely, armed struggle, and the party's construction of the United Front.
Here from the "magic weapon" literally raised below.
The fourth feature is the language of personality, that is, the language--elegant and popular statesman and man of letters, humor.
As a political leader, first talking. Because you want to express, to mobilize. At all times and even people with physical disabilities are able to be the leader (such as United States President Franklin Roosevelt), but does not have a mute can be the leader. Language is the leader of the first tool is the beauty of a face. Elegant, popular and humorous, these three points can do a bit of it would not be easy, but Mao Zedong's three, and is the perfect combination.
Remember my first encounter with Mao Zedong's article, in high school history class, impatience, lecture, look through the book illustrations. There is a copy of the theory of new-democratic, as ants are so small, I would be drawn to a few words at the beginning:
Since the war, a thriving climate for the people of the country, we think there is a way out, sweeping one of the attitude to have a worried look. But recent compromise air, anti-Communist wave has been clamorous was the nation into the muggy dark.
I saw the "thriving, have a worried look, rife, into stuffy hoist" with so many new words, not eyes light up, a sense of excitement. This is a Word never seen, I don't know Jacob was vulgar, feeling fresh, beautiful. After school, I came home to read the selected works of Mao Zedong. I have started to read Mao's articles, didn't start to learn politics, is to appreciate language, read the literature.
We'll watch the Mao Zedong article elegant side. He wrote of the sacrifice of the Huangdi Tomb in the Sino-Japanese war began with a few words:
Illustrious ancestor, Wu Hua Zhaozao; descendants yan SI Mian, Yue Ehe-HO. Wise, ya Huang; Albert built this, Xiong Li East.
Thus, we can see that his deep background in classical Chinese. He told Snowe said in an interview in Yanan, he studied under Yu's article is too hard, if needed he can write good prose.
Look at his pop side. He's serving a passage in the text:
We are from all over, for a common goal of revolution, come together here. We would also like to join the majority of the people of the country going this way. We have been leading the base area has a population of 91 million, but it's not enough, but also larger, to obtain the liberation of the whole nation.
Then he heads to the North called for people acting along the stone jiangfujunjin rejection of an article which reads:
Heads indicates that local communities do not panic, as long as we are well prepared in advance, there are ways to avoid its destruction, and lure the enemy in deep, Poly and fighter. This spring against rejection hejian, with no preparation at all, has suffered some losses, the enemy was fleeing. This should be in full strength the enemy, don't make bold the enemy have a single running back to their lair.
"Come together", "enough", "not to panic", "way" and so on, is all about people's language, is a kind of caution, to talk face to face. Although the General Assembly speeches, news releases, popular to understand as saying.
Look at him again in the VII session of the second plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party's report of a popular, elegant and, seriously, the atmosphere of the text:
Win countrywide victory, it's just a first step in a long March to the end. If this step is also to be proud of, that is relatively small, more to be proud of is yet to come. After decades of victory of the Chinese people's democratic revolution, it would make people feel that seem to be just a long play, a short prologue. Opera must begin with the prologue, prologue was not an orgasm. China's revolution was great, but after the revolution the distance longer, greater and more difficult. …… We are not only good at destroying the old world, we are also good at building a new world.
But the most difficult is humor. Humor is what? Is easy and beautiful gesture complete stunt, such as football's overhead kick shot, basketball projection. Political humor in this paper is to use vivid language, clarify the difficult political truth. Such as: he was in Yanan literature and art Forum, spoke of the importance of culture, said:
We have two armies, one is Chinese (Germany) Commander in Chief, one is SD (fast retailing), Commander in Chief (formally published the words "gun army" and the "culture of the army").
In snow talked about his childhood, he quipped: "my family is divided into two ' Party '. One is my father, ' ';' the opposition of the ruling party ' formed by me, my mother and brother. "Snow roared.
On the theoretical problems of socialist economy is so large, he said in a 1956 speech on the Conference of intellectuals:
Get can't get lamb are not good to eat, nor make Nanjing dry-cured duck, Yunnan ham and not good to eat, you cannot make things less material, less fabric, mutton but not so Marxist, Socialist, lamb, duck should be more delicious, more progress, it reflects the progress of socialism than capitalism, otherwise we have no prestige in front of the lamb. Better than capitalism socialism must also progress.
Mao Zedong's vivid articles never created a political thesis, workers and peasants feel deep, experts and professors to read not to light. He grew up in the country's intellectuals, is a leader of war comes through practice. In their student days, he was trained in classical Chinese training, later in the long struggle in his career, on the one hand and the guy grinding together of workers, peasants, and learn their language, and as an amateur gardener, and a variety of books (such as literature, fiction, poetry, Qu Fu, note) with wrap, a moment not far from. He wrote poems, writing, writing assignment, against, write press releases, reports, releases. So his article coexistence of classic and popular, simple and romantic, uncoordinated behaviors. Its fused classical and folk language, politics and literature in a furnace; often has spoken of the peasants of the countryside, and seen in the Tang poem, the song CI's sentence; elder said the warmer end of a Kang, spell it out, and as the poet River poems, heaven shake.
Part II
One cannot help but ask: why did Mao Zedong could write such interesting articles, do you have any secrets? In fact, it is no secret, is law is concise. If good tips, there are three: first, read more books; the second is not separated from practice; three are not lazy writing her own.
First is to read more.
Mao Ze-Dong's study has several characteristics:
Read more. His self-reported learning from Confucius to Marx, Liang Qichao, Napoleon, anything to read. Now, Lushan still keeps him in the library during the Lushan conference call slip, from the records of Lushan Zhaoming selected works of the complete works of Lu Xun of the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale, very wide.
Second, reading has become part of his life. Books cannot be found in Jinggangshan, Yan ' an period, he sent men to enemy territory. At that time the eight route army Office in XI ' an, Wuhan, Chongqing, and is given a task, is to Yanan to buy books. Liberation of his travel, carry-on baggage is first and foremost a big wood were books. He lived "juxiang bookstore", 90,000 books. He slept a big wooden bed, with half a bed full of books, that perennial with sleep. And in order to facilitate reading, has two legs and padded fists bed tilt. In his later years, he suffers from eye problems nearly blind, a teacher from North to his education. In Yenan, he said: "I wish I could live 10 years must learn 9 years 359 days". The day before he died, full body full pipe, wake up and read. Last reading was 7 hours before he died.
Third, read, research, analysis, and wrote many notes, comments. In 1958, Liu Shao-Qi's book of poems referring to the boy's home: "I left home young and returning accent of the poet Ho Chih-free. Kids recognize them and ask with a smile where they come from. "Use this to describe the officer without family in the Tang dynasty. He turned to the old book of the Tang dynasty, then wrote to Liu says:
Did not smell the Tang dynasty band families of government officials, and throughout history has never heard about it. So, we should not "I left home young and" a poem as concluded that the official band of ancient family's well documented. Since listened when you talked about the matter, feeling not quite proper. Please test test, maybe you're right, I was wrong. Could not go to sleep, even touching this matter, wrote, for reference.
This then begs the question: a leader is first and foremost a scholar, a man who read a lot of books, people familiar with their own ethnic ancient books. Not citizens are not eligible for citizenship of their mother tongue, an unfamiliar country classics is the leader of the failed leaders. Mao Ze-Dong's article refers to a large number of allusions, only the selected works of Mao Zedong's Communists four volumes referenced idioms, allusions to 342.
Second reason is not from the revolutionary practice.
His article was written with blood and fire, is the portrayal of the Chinese revolution. From 1921 to 1949 the founding State, all Chinese people, the Chinese nation experienced the event articles are almost always written to Mao Zedong. Peasant movement during the revolution (of the investigation report on the peasant movement in Hunan province), the base areas during the civil war, fighting for the first time (why China's Red political power can exist), and struggle during the war of resistance against Japan (on the long haul), the struggle during the war of liberation to overthrow the Chiang dynasty (of the revolution through to the end). Even a number of important events have a specific article. Like XI, the southern Anhui incident, the Chongqing negotiations. From founding to its independence, he was involved in the whole process of the Chinese revolution, which is one of the most magnificent period. So, unlike man, his article is pure theory, early is nothing like the CPC leaders Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu and Qu Qiu-Bai's literati also did not take off, he went to the military and political activities more closely with the workers ' and peasants ' access. That is both rich in his thought, also enriched his language.
A third reason is the do it yourself.
No matter what kind of genius, read many books, has experienced how much activity you want into the article, still have to go and write, write, write, practice makes perfect, and mastering regularity. Mao Ze-Dong's particular emphasis on leadership themselves. He was drafted in 1948 the establishment of reporting systems in an article requires: "the Central Office and branch, which is responsible for (yourself, don't Clerk job), every two months, to Central and the President to make a synthesis report. "1958 article 38th of the 60:" can not rely on Secretaries "," to be dominated by yourself, others assisted as Supplement ".
Mao Ze-Dong's life is a life of writing, he used his pen to conquer the world, write documents, articles, news, almost exhausted all of the style. Mao Ze-Dong during xibaipo, himself a year's time to be telex 408, directed three major battles, and ushered in the birth of new China. Now, xibaipo Memorial Hall for Telegraph is adorned with a large hall, is a spectacular time tunnel, in which we go, back in that time. Reading, revolution, writing this is the Trinity of Mao Zedong's life.
In recent years, our requirements for proposed a modified style of leading cadres of the party, advocating "a short, solid, new" removal "false, big and empty". In fact, in this regard, today's leaders can some good instruction from Mao Zedong's style. In my opinion, there are three main:
Article I want to learn to do, learn to conduct oneself. We often say that the dictum. Problem now is the prevailing wind, not just fake and fake in life, work, fake people fake fake fake. If it is to restore a good tradition, breaking this "false" is used. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: some officials believe that lying, empty words, story, sing the praises of the most insurance will not make mistakes; deeds, and duplicity, onstage and two images, ring ring for two performances. Now, the show become rife in the ranks of cadres. Inability to install, let Secretary of allusions to write the manuscript, speaks of back story, rushing in the newspaper article, a book, a biography, part diary, vanity. So how can we talk about writing articles, much less write a Mao-style essay. Mao Zedong may have this kind of error, but he was always a real person, he doesn't show, don't, don't leave. In his opening statement in eight major stresses "modesty makes one progress conceit makes one lag behind", was well received and a round of applause. He did not reap where one has not sown immediately said this is not my thing, is a young man, my Secretary Tian Jiaying wrote the draft.
Second is to go to school. A cadres, especially senior cadres should be first and foremost a scholar. Our cadres, some cadres have not read many books, by default become cadres or officials, leadership positions and don't know go to read up on lessons, since that synchronization is good at. Still into the air-to-air, what to write the article? Reading is to obtain spiritual nourishment, just like eating, others cannot replace. Reading and writing are a part of life, part of the job, but also for the part of the Government. The ancients speak "meritorious service, State Germany, achieving glory."
Third is do it yourself. As the Secretary of Mao Ze-Dong's request not to do. Op-ed articles in particular be sure to write your own. If you can't write, don't write. Now problem is that many cadres, do not write articles, signatures, to go down. Fighting over the article, circulation, and failed to send manuscripts, spelled out. When Zhu Rongji published memoir of his speech in particular: Secretary wrote an article free of charge.
Of course there are many, but can start from the three first, it's not easy, it will turn.
National rejuvenation is inseparable from their revival. Style has never been a separate unit of the wind. It is behind the party, the political wind, wind, wind of folk era, shangfeng and society,. A society, on under the economic, political, and cultural infiltration, was palpable. Where fresh air, regardless of the evil, they must first play in politics and to, and maneuver in all walks of life across all segments of the population, and finally in writings, speeches, and a variety of performing. So, when we exclaimed when there is some kind of style, it had been across the hills and water, hallway and entering into climate. Although the Word style is neutral, but usually just for a single, mostly out of the question. But also from its roots on a big problem, as we see in the distance when the blue smoke of the Woods and that Woods already is on fire.
Our history, management style has always been connected and style of governance, political winds of. In the Yanan rectification movement, Mao Zedong and the party's work style and writing style and study style, crusade against the "party stereotype", giving it eight counts, saying it is a reactionary movement, is bad style last "bomb shelter". Now, we want to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, will restore good style, good wind rely on power, and then used the wind to push for social reform.
Style is style, political performance, it once formed they will stubbornly affected Party, Government. So political reform must begin to change style. So how do you achieve the revival style? Two is the key, and is actively promoting political reform; second is leadership. Central brake chihefeng, stopped immediately. Description is not difficult, but really to catch, also above the lead. For example, Mao Zedong really caught. Say "party stereotype" is a long, stinky foot bindings, a vagrant, lean, ugly. Circular file more than once, leading cadres to writing a document in person, the pain is bad articles, without mercy.
On one occasion, he saw a number of conference papers, not satisfied with Madden. He said, "about 10,000 times, lines without the wind, spirit as of the granitic rock, described by black ice and cold. What year was slightly loose, so that readers feel a bit of spring, so from heaven this morning, slightly extended for one year a two-year life span it? "(A letter dated September 2, 1958) at the request of Mao Ze-Dong's severely, for bad writing style can be said to be" outcrop ", failed to have much flooding. Bad writing is now The River overflowd its banks, if Mao Zedong who still do not know what it looks like. Must now be taken seriously, is to come up with far more effort, perhaps to a one-tenth effect. In this regard, cannot be ignored.
(Author as people's daily, the Deputy Editor. Title: wanlei frost days of freedom, membership loyalty)
题记：今年是毛泽东诞辰120周年。毛泽东是伟人，是政治领袖，也是文章大家。从来的纪念都是对历史的盘点和对未来的设计。改革开放以来，我们取得了巨大成就，但是也出现了许多新矛盾，积累下不少问题，在文风方面更是出现了一些值得重视的问题。以史为镜，这也是正常思维，正常逻辑。毛泽东说过：“向古人学习是为了现在的活人，向外国人学习是为了今天的中国人。”所以，重提毛泽东的文风，研究它、学习它，实际上是对现实中某些不良文风的批评和对良好文风的呼唤。
上篇
毛泽东的文风正如他的事业，其成就是多方面的，我们只能抽取某几个侧面。从今天角度来讲，我个人认为，毛泽东的文风有四点值得我们特别关注，这可以从其文章的气势、思想、知识和语言来认识和领会。
第一个特点是有气势，即有革命家的气势——“理直气壮，舍我其谁”。
领袖是什么？是领头羊，是旗手，是灯塔，是大丈夫。当领袖先得有一种“丈夫立世，独对八荒”的英雄气概。凡是读过毛泽东文章的人，都能感受到其中那种高屋建瓴、酣畅淋漓的气势。请看他写的《人民英雄纪念碑碑文》：
三年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！
三十年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！
由此上溯到一千八百四十年，从那时起，为了反对内外敌人，争取民族独立和人民自由幸福，在历次斗争中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！
这真是气贯长虹，充满历史唯物主义和人民英雄主义的博大气象。这一段文字由周恩来手书，刻在人民英雄纪念碑上。两个伟人的作品，文章、书法都可谓中国最大的一块“双绝碑”。这种气势在他一生的文章中是贯彻始终的。这是由其理想、意志、学识和性格决定的。他最早的上小学时写的一首诗《咏青蛙》就气度不凡：
独坐池塘如虎踞，绿荫树下养精神。
春来我不先开口，哪个虫儿敢做声？
他在青年时期办《湘江评论》，面对风雨如磐的黑暗世界就喊出：
天下者，我们的天下；国家者，我们的国家；社会者，我们的社会；我们不说，谁说？我们不干，谁干？
在革命最困难的时候，他讲：
中国共产党依据马克思列宁主义的科学，清醒地估计了国际和国内的形势，知道一切内外反动派的进攻，不但是必须打败的，而且是能够打败的。当天空中出现乌云的时候，我们就指出：这不过是暂时的现象，黑暗即将过去，曙光即在前头。
在革命取得胜利时，他讲：
诸位代表先生们，我们有一个共同的感觉，这就是我们的工作将写在人类的历史上，它将表明：占人类总数四分之一的中国人从此站立起来了。……让那些内外反动派在我们面前发抖吧，让他们去说我们这也不行那也不行吧，中国人民的不屈不挠的努力必将稳步地达到自己的目的。
毛泽东的一生绝不服软，绝不示弱，他的文章和讲话始终充满硬气、正气和王者之气。
第二个特点是有思想，即有思想家的高度——“理从事出，片言成典”。
领袖是什么？是思想家，他要用他的思想来统一队伍，率领民众改造世界。人们读领导人的文章不是读小说，也不是来听他说空话，是要获得思想，要解决问题。“毛泽东思想”这个称法之所以得到认同，是因为他的讲话和文章中有思想，有解决中国实际问题的思想，解渴。毛泽东文章中的思想至少体现在两个方面：
一是大的战略思想。他在各个革命历史时期都有自己的思想，并为后来的实践证明是正确的。如土地革命时期的农村包围城市；抗日战争时期的持久战战略；解放战争时期的将革命进行到底；建立政权之初的反贪廉政；还有一系列的建党、建军思想。
二是具体的思想。他在谈每一个具体的、个性的问题时，总能归纳出本质的、共性的哲理。这就是领袖，政治领袖，思想领袖。所以他的文章总是那样耐读，有味，并让人永远地记住。他在《重庆谈判》一文中讲当时的军事形势说：
他来进攻，我们把他消灭了，他就舒服了。消灭一点，舒服一点；消灭得多，舒服得多；彻底消灭，彻底舒服。
这句话已经深入人心，在许多地方被人引用。类似的例子，我们还可以举出很多，比如著名的“为人民服务”思想就是在一个普通战士张思德的追悼会上说的，而《纪念白求恩》一文中则产生了关于做人标准的名言：
我们大家要学习他毫无自私自利之心的精神。从这点出发，就可以变为大有利于人民的人。一个人能力有大小，但只要有这点精神，就是一个高尚的人，一个纯粹的人，一个有道德的人，一个脱离了低级趣味的人，一个有益于人民的人。
他到苏联访问，在一场临时的接见中讲出这样的至理名言：
世界是你们的，也是我们的，但是归根结底是你们的。你们青年人朝气蓬勃，正在兴旺时期，好像早晨八九点钟的太阳，希望寄托在你们身上。
这叫“理从事出，片言成典”，从一件具体的事出发总结出普遍的真理，浓缩成一句话，从而成为经典。什么叫经典？常念为经，常说为典。经得起后人不断地重复，不停地使用。“理从事出，片言成典”，这是毛泽东的本事，是他文章的魅力。
综上可知，领袖应该是一个思想家，他的水平已经到了那一步，随便说出便有思想含量。用不着去凑，去憋，去描，去让秘书班子关门生造。
第三个特点是知识渊博，即有学者式的积累——用典丰富，文库史海，随手拈来。
领袖又应该是学问家。他要懂社会规律，要知道它过去的轨迹，要用这些知识改造社会、管理社会，引导社会前行。政治领袖起码是一个爱读书、多读书、通历史、懂哲学、爱文学的人。因为文学不只是艺术，还是人学、社会学。毛泽东熟悉中国的文史典籍，在文章中随手拈来，十分贴切，借过去说明现在。他文章中的用典有三种情况：
一是直接从典籍中找根据，证明目前之理，就是常说的“引经据典”中的“引经”。比如，他在《为人民服务》中引司马迁的话：
人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。中国古时候有个文学家叫做司马迁的说过：“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛。”为人民利益而死，就比泰山还重；替法西斯卖力，替剥削人民和压迫人民的人去死，就比鸿毛还轻。
这就是政治领袖和文章大家的功力：能借力发力，翻新经典，为己所用；既宏扬了民族文化，又普及了经典知识。
二是借经典事例来比喻、阐述一种道理。有时用史料，有时用文学故事，就是常说的“引经据典”中的“据典”。如他借东周列国的故事说“庆父不死，鲁难未已。战犯不除，国无宁日。”借李密的《陈情表》说司徒雷登：“总之是没有人去理他，使得他‘茕茕孑立，形影相吊’，没有什么事做了，只好挟起皮包走路。”
毛泽东的文章大部分是说给中国的老百姓或中低层干部听的。所以，他常搬出中国人熟悉的故事，如在七大闭幕词中引了《愚公移山》的故事。他常将《水浒传》《西游记》《三国演义》这些文学故事当哲学、军事教材来用，深入浅出，生动活泼。例如，他在《中国革命战争的战略问题》一文中用《水浒传》故事来阐述战争的战略战术：
谁人不知，两个拳师放对，聪明的拳师往往退让一步，而蠢人则气势汹汹，劈头就使出全副本领，结果却往往被退让者打倒。《水浒传》上的洪教头，在柴进家中要打林冲，连唤几个“来”“来”“来”，结果是退让的林冲看出洪教头的破绽，一脚踢翻了洪教头。
孙悟空在他笔下，一会儿比做智慧化身，钻入铁扇公主的肚子里；一会儿比做敌人，跑不出人民这个如来佛的手心。所以，他的报告总是听者云集，欢声笑语，毫无理论的枯涩感。他是真正把古典融于现实，把实践融进了理论。
1949年新年到来之际，解放战争眼看就要胜利，蒋介石又要搞假和谈。他立即以新华社名义发表了一个新年献词《将革命进行到底》，巧妙地用了一个伊索寓言典故：
这里用得着古代希腊的一段寓言：“一个农夫在冬天看见一条蛇冻僵着。他很可怜它，便拿来放在自己的胸口上。那蛇受了暖气就苏醒了，等到回复了它的天性，便把它的恩人咬了一口，使他受了致命的伤。农夫临死的时候说：我怜惜恶人，应该受这个恶报！”外国和中国的毒蛇们希望中国人民还像这个农夫一样地死去，希望中国共产党，中国的一切革命民主派，都像这个农夫一样地怀有对于毒蛇的好心肠。但是中国人民、中国共产党和中国真正的革命民主派，却听见了并且记住了这个劳动者的遗嘱。况且盘踞在大部分中国土地上的大蛇和小蛇，黑蛇和白蛇，露出毒牙的蛇和化成美女的蛇，虽然它们已经感觉到冬天的威胁，但是还没有冻僵呢！
三是用典来“起兴”，可增加文章的效果，妙趣横生。“起兴”是诗歌，特别是民歌常用的手法。如“山丹丹开花红姣姣，香香人材长得好。玉米开花半中腰，王贵早把香香看中了。”现在，手机上调侃的段子也常用这种形式。如“曾经沧海难为水，大锅萝卜炖猪腿；在天要做比翼鸟，相约今天吃虾饺；君问归期未有期，去吃新疆大盘鸡”，都很幽默。
毛泽东懂文学，爱诗，写诗，知道怎样让文章更美一些。他这时用典并不直接为“证理”，或者并不主要是“证理”，而是借典“起兴”，引出下面的道理，造成一种幽默，加深印象，是“借典助理”。如1939年7月7日，他对即将上前线的陕北公学(即后来的华北联合大学)师生讲话，以《封神演义》故事作比：
姜子牙下昆仑山，元始天尊赠了他杏黄旗、四不像、打神鞭三样法宝。现在你们出发上前线，我也赠给你们三样法宝，这就是：统一战线、武装斗争、党的建设。
这里从“法宝”的字面引出下文。
第四个特点是个性的语言，即政治家加文学家的语言——典雅、通俗、幽默。
作为一个政治领袖，首先要会说话。因为你要表达，要动员。古今中外甚至有肢体残疾的人都能当领袖(如美国总统罗斯福)，但没有一个哑巴能当领袖。语言是领袖的第一工具，是美人的一张脸。典雅、通俗、幽默，这三点能做到一点亦不容易，但毛泽东三者皆备，而且是完美地结合。
记得我第一次接触毛泽东的文章，是在中学的历史课堂上，没耐心听课，就去翻书上的插图。有一张《新民主主义论》的影印件，如蚂蚁那么小的字，我一下就被开头几句所吸引：
抗战以来，全国人民有一种欣欣向荣的气象，大家以为有了出路，愁眉锁眼的姿态为之一扫。但是近来的妥协空气，反共声浪，忽又甚嚣尘上，又把全国人民打入闷葫芦里了。
我看到“欣欣向荣、愁眉锁眼、甚嚣尘上、打入闷葫芦”这么多新词，不觉眼前一亮，一种莫名的兴奋。这是一种从未见过的文字，说不清是雅，是俗，只觉得新鲜，很美。放学后，我就回家找来大人的《毛泽东选集》读。我就是这样开始读毛泽东的文章的，开始并不为学政治，是为欣赏语言，读文学。
我们先看毛泽东文章典雅的一面。他在抗日战争中写的《祭黄帝陵》的开头有这样几句：
赫赫始祖，吾华肇造；胄衍祀绵，岳峨河浩。聪明睿智，光被遐荒；建此伟业，雄立东方。
由此，我们可以看出他深厚的古文根底。他在延安接受斯诺采访时说，他学习韩愈文章是下过苦功的，如果需要他还可以写出一手好古文。
再看他通俗的一面。他的《为人民服务》一文中有这样一段文字：
我们都是来自五湖四海，为了一个共同的革命目标，走到一起来了。我们还要和全国大多数人民走这一条路。我们今天已经领导着有九千一百万人口的根据地，但是还不够，还要更大些，才能取得全民族的解放。
再看他的《华北各首长号召保石沿线人民准备迎击蒋傅军进扰》一文中的这一段：
此间首长们指示地方各界切勿惊慌，只要大家事前有充分准备，就有办法避开其破坏，诱敌深入，聚而歼之。今春敌扰河间，因我方事前毫无准备，受到部分损失，敌部亦被其逃去。此次务须全体动员对敌，不使敢于冒险的敌人有一兵一卒跑回其老巢。
“走到一起”、“还不够”、“切勿惊慌”、“就有办法”等，完全是老百姓的语言，是一种面对面的告诫、谈心。虽是大会讲话、新闻电稿，却通俗到明白如话。
再看他在《在中国共产党第七届中央委员会第二次全体会议上的报告》中的一段通俗、典雅并重，严肃、大气的文字：
夺取全国胜利，这只是万里长征走完了第一步。如果这一步也值得骄傲，那是比较渺小的，更值得骄傲的还在后头。在过了几十年之后来看中国人民民主革命的胜利，就会使人们感觉那好像只是一出长剧的一个短小的序幕。剧是必须从序幕开始的，但序幕还不是高潮。中国的革命是伟大的，但革命以后的路程更长，工作更伟大，更艰苦。……我们不但善于破坏一个旧世界，我们还将善于建设一个新世界。
而最难的是幽默。幽默是什么？就是用轻松漂亮的姿态完成高难动作，如足球的倒勾射门，篮球的背投。政论文中的幽默就是用生动的文学语言，讲清艰深的政治道理。如：他在延安文艺座谈会上，讲到文化的重要性时说：
我们有两支军队，一支是朱(德)总司令的，一支是鲁(迅)总司令的(正式发表时改 为“拿枪的军队”和“文化的军队”)。
他在对斯诺讲到自己的童年时风趣地说：“我家分成两‘党’。一个就是我的父亲，是‘执政党’；‘反对党’由我、我母亲和弟弟组成。”斯诺听得哈哈大笑。
关于社会主义经济这样大的理论问题，他在1956年知识分子会议上的讲话中说：
搞社会主义不能使羊肉不好吃，也不能使南京板鸭、云南火腿不好吃，不能使物质的花样少了，布匹少了，羊肉不一定照马克思主义做，在社会主义社会里，羊肉、鸭子应该更好吃，更进步，这才体现出社会主义比资本主义进步，否则我们在羊肉面前就没有威信了。社会主义一定要比资本主义还要好，还要进步。
毛泽东的文章开创了政论文从未有过的生动局面，工人农民看了不觉为深，专家教授读了不觉为浅。他是乡间成长起来的知识分子，又是战火中锻炼出来的领袖。在学生时期，他就受过严格的古文训练，后来在长期的斗争生涯中，一方面和工农兵厮磨在一起，学习他们的语言；一方面又手不释卷，和各种书(如文学书籍，小说、诗词、曲赋、笔记)缠裹在一起，须臾不离。他写诗、写词、写赋、作对、写新闻稿和各种报告、电稿。所以他的文章典雅与通俗共存，朴实与浪漫互见。其语言熔古典与民间、政治与文学于一炉；时常有乡间农民的口语，又能见到唐诗、宋词里的句子；忽如老者炕头说古，娓娓道来，又如诗人江边行吟，感天撼地。
下篇
也许有人不禁要问：毛泽东为什么能写出这样精彩的文章，有什么秘诀吗？其实，不是什么秘诀，是规律，是大白话。如果好算是秘诀的话，主要有三条：一是多读书；二是不脱离实践；三是不偷懒，亲自写。
第一个原因是多读书。
毛泽东读书有这样几个特点：
一是读得多。他自述其学问，从孔夫子、梁启超、拿破仑到马克思，什么都读。现在，庐山图书馆还保存有他在庐山会议期间的借书单，从《庐山志》《昭明文选》《鲁迅全集》到《安徒生童话》，内容极广。
二是读书已成为他生命的一部分。在井冈山、延安时期找不到书，他派人到敌占区买。那时八路军驻西安、武汉、重庆等办事处，都有一个任务，就是给延安买书。解放后他出差，随身的行李首先是一个大的木头书箱。他的住处名“菊香书屋”，藏书9万册。他睡一个大木床，有半个床堆满书，就这样常年伴书而眠。而且为了方便看书，有两个床腿还垫高一拳头，床面左右倾斜。晚年，他患眼疾近乎失明，就专从北大请一个教师来给他读书。他在延安时说过：“我要能再活10年就一定要学习9年零359天”。他去世的前一天，全身插满管子，醒过来就看书。最后一次阅读是去世前7小时。
三是认真读，研究，辨析，写了大量笔记、批注。如1958年刘少奇谈到贺知章的诗《回乡偶书》：“少小离家老大回，乡音无改鬓毛衰。儿童相见不相识，笑问客从何处来。”以此来说明唐代在外为官不带家眷。他为此翻了《旧唐书》《全唐诗话》，然后给刘写信说：
唐朝未闻官吏禁带眷属事，整个历史也未闻此事。所以不可以“少小离家”一诗便作为断定古代官吏禁带眷属的充分证明。自从听了那次你谈到此事以后，总觉不甚妥当。请你再考一考，可能你是对的，我的想法不对。睡不着觉，偶触及此事，故写了这些，以供参考。
这里引出一个问题：一个领袖首先是一个读书人，一个读了很多书的人，一个熟悉自己民族典籍的人。一个不会自己母语的公民是不合格的公民，一个不熟悉祖国典籍的领导者是不合格的领袖。毛泽东文章中引用了大量的典故，仅《毛泽东选集》四卷中共引用成语、典故342条。
第二个原因是不脱离革命实践。
他的文章是用血与火写成的，是中国革命的写照。从1921年建党到1949年建国，凡是中国人民、中华民族经历的大事，毛泽东的文章中几乎都写到了。如大革命时期的农民运动(《湖南农民运动考察报告》)，第一次内战时期的根据地斗争(《中国的红色政权为什么能够存在》)，抗日战争时期的对日斗争(《论持久战》)，解放战争时期推翻蒋家王朝的斗争(《将革命进行到底》)。甚至一些重要的事件都有专门文章。如西安事变、皖南事变、重庆谈判。从建党到建国，他参与了中国革命的全过程，这是一个最波澜壮阔的时期。所以，他的文章不像马恩那样是纯理论，也不像中共的早期领袖李大钊、陈独秀、瞿秋白那样还不脱文人相，他深入到军事、政治活动中又与工农更密切地接触。这既丰富了他的思想，也丰富了他的语言。
第三个原因是亲自动手。
不管什么样的天才，读了多少书，经历了多少活动，你要转化为文章，还是得亲自去写，多写，常写，熟能生巧，逐渐掌握规律。毛泽东特别强调领导亲自动手。他在1948年草拟的《关于建立报告制度》一文中要求：“各中央局和分局，由书记负责(自己动手，不要秘书代劳)，每两个月，向中央和中央主席作一次综合报告。”1958年《工作方法六十条》第38条规定：“不可以一切依赖秘书”，“要以自己动手为主，别人辅助为辅”。
毛泽东的一生是写作的一生，他用笔杆子打天下，写公文、论文、新闻，几乎用尽了所有的文体。毛泽东在西柏坡期间，一年时间亲手拟电报408封，指挥了三大战役，迎来了新中国的诞生。现在，西柏坡纪念馆将这些电报装饰成一个大走廊，是一个很壮观的时光隧道，我们走在其中，又回到了那个岁月。读书、革命、写作这是毛泽东三位一体的人生。
近年来，我们党对领导干部提出了改文风的要求，提倡“短、实、新”，去除“假、大、空”。其实，在此方面，今天的领导干部可以从毛泽东的文风中得到一些有益的启示。我个人认为，主要有三条：
第一条要学做文，先学做人。我们常说文如其人。现在的问题是假风盛行，不只是做文假，而且做人假，做事假，假人做假文，假事靠假文。要想恢复好传统，先破这个“假”字。习近平同志指出：有的干部认为讲大话、空话、套话、歌功颂德的话最保险，不会犯错误；言行不一、表里不一，台上台下两个形象，圈内圈外两种表现。现在，干部队伍中作秀风气很盛。没有学问，装学问，让秘书查典故写稿子，讲话背稿子，急着在报上发文章，出书，写传记，编日记，图虚名。这样何谈写文章，更不可能写出毛泽东式的文章。毛泽东可能有这样那样的错误，但他始终是一个真实的人，他从不作秀，不装，不假。他在八大开幕词中讲“虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后”，获得一致好评和热烈的掌声。他不掠人之美，立即说这不是我的话，是一个年轻人，我的秘书田家英写的稿。
第二条是去读书。一个干部，特别是高级干部首先应是一个读书人。我们的干部队伍中，不乏一些干部本来没有读多少书，阴差阳错地当上了干部或高级干部，到了领导岗位上也不知道赶快去读书补补课，自以为学问也同步见长。还是腹中空空，拿什么来写大文章？读书是获得精神营养，就像吃饭一样，别人不能代替。读书写作是生命的一部分，工作的一部分，也是为政的一部分。古人讲“立功、立德、立言”。
第三条是亲自动手。如毛泽东要求的不要秘书代劳。特别是署名文章一定要自己写。如果不会写就不要写。现在问题是不少干部，不写文章，却争署名，要留名。抢着发文章，争版面，托人送稿子，拼书出。朱镕基出版他的讲话实录时特别声明：秘书代写的一篇不收。
当然还有许多，但能先从这三条做起，就很不容易了，就会大有起色。
民族复兴离不开文风复兴。文风从来不是一股单独的风。它的背后是党风、政风、官风、民风、商风及社会、时代之风。一个社会，经济在下、政治在上，文化则浸润其间，溢于言表。凡一种新风，无论正邪，必先起于政而发于文，然后回旋于各行各业各阶层民众之间，最后才现于文字、讲话、艺术及各种表演。所以，当我们惊呼社会上出现某种文风时，它早已跨山越水，穿堂入室，成了气候。文风这个词虽是中性的，但通常只要一单独提出，多半是出了问题。而且是从根子上出了大问题，就像我们看到远处的树林里冒出青烟时，那片林子已经着火了。
我们历史上，治理文风从来是和治理党风、政风连在一起的。延安整风中，毛泽东把文风与学风、党风并提，讨伐“党八股”，给它列了八大罪状，说它是对五四运动的反动，是不良党风的最后一个“防空洞”。现在，我们要实现中华民族伟大复兴，先要复兴好的文风，好风凭借力，再用这好风去推动社会改革。
文风是党风、政风的表现，但它一旦形成就会顽固地影响党风、政风。所以政治改革必先改文风。那么，如何实现文风复兴？关键是两条，一是积极推进政治体制改革；二是领导带头。中央要刹吃喝风，立即就刹住了。说明并不难，但要真抓，还要上面带头。比如当年毛泽东就真抓。说“党八股”是又长又臭的裹脚布，是个瘪三，瘦得难看。多次下发文件，要领导干部亲自写公文，痛批坏文章，毫不留情面。
有一次，他看了一些会议文件，不满意，大怒。他说：“讲了一万次了，依然纹风不动，灵台如花岗之岩，笔下若玄冰之冻。哪一年稍稍松动一点，使读者感觉有些春意，因而免于早上天堂，略为延长一年两年寿命呢？”(1958年9月2日的一封信)在毛泽东这样严厉地要求下，对坏文风可以说是“露头就打”，未能有太大的泛滥。而现在坏文风已是沧海横流了，如果毛泽东在世还不知会气成什么样子。现在必须认真对待，就是拿出百倍的力气，也许才能收十分之一的效果。对此，不能掉以轻心。
(作者为人民日报原副总编辑。压题图：《万类霜天竞自由》，籍忠亮作)
赞