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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/19 11:36:32 Development and Reform Commission of experts： the market is decisively saying goodbye to government intervention models
On November 15, the CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform decision is issued. Our correspondent on a national leading group for the reform of the Security Council, and positioning of the market economy, focus issues, an interview with the national development and Reform Commission, the Academy of macroeconomic Research Professor Chang xiuze. His other identities is a researcher of China economic research center of Tsinghua University.
New great revolution
Of the 21st century: how to understand the central decision on several important problems about deepen reform of (hereinafter the decision), "is the party in the new era of reform and opening under the condition of new great revolution led the people of all ethnic groups, is the most distinctive characteristics of contemporary China," such a reference?
Chang xiuze: how to view China's reforms, especially the next upcoming "rings reforms" that economic and political reform of socio-cultural and ecological, scientific judgement is what? I am pleased to see that 18 of the decision of the third plenary session expressed the importance of judgment – cut to the Chase "is the party in the new era of reform and opening leads the people of all ethnic groups under the condition of new great revolution". This quite profound. I remember, early last December, when comrade XI Jinping visits Shenzhen, has said a Word. Now under the party's files. This reveals the nature and importance of the new phase of comprehensive reform in China. Forward dating back 1980 Comrade DENG Xiaoping once said that reform is China's "second revolution", now the "new great revolution" and the "second revolution" is the same strain. How many times there is no reference, emphasizing the great revolution now is "new", and this also leaves enough space history, from "the times" restriction because emancipation endless reform indefinitely.
Of the 21st century: how to characterize the status of market economy?
Chang xiuze: I from 1979 early began in Nankai University economic Institute engaged in reform theory research, from I more than 30 years of research experience recalled, China on market of status qualitative so far has three a stepped: first a stepped, 1980 generation late made to played market (then is not mention market, only mention market) of "important" role, as what important, and no description; second a stepped, 1992 Communists 14 big referred to market of when, reference is " Market economy play a basic role in the allocation of resources ", please note: these three words--" basic ". It should be said that the "basic" than the vague "important" much more clear, but the "basic" has left a large loophole, it easily gives the impression seems to be "fundamental" there used to be a power of decision. Whether you intentionally or unintentionally, objectively, to the Government-dominated economic model or theory of government intervention model provides a condition. Why is Government intervention in the economy has been a great deal, especially in terms of investment, Government-dominated so severe? Stop talking about and relating to such theoretical vulnerabilities. Now is the third step, that is, "basis" with the word "decisive". "Decisive", not just in terms of its intensity, intensity, depth, Contour changes, but more importantly I think it has some kind of mass Ascension, it showed that China-led to the Government or Government-intervention model farewell, this is after more than 30 years before coming to new conceptual knowledge of market economy status.
Of the 21st century: the decision also pointed out that comprehensive reform, must further emancipate, emancipation and development of social productive forces, liberation and social vitality, resolutely break down all aspects of institutional mechanisms for malpractice, the prospects for broader efforts to develop the Socialist cause with Chinese characteristics. How to understand?
Chang xiuze: this is the decision of the primary emphasis of emancipation in three ways, first is the solution, the second is to liberate and develop the productive forces and the third is the liberation and enhance community vitality. The first two are always say, pay special attention to are the 3rd, namely liberation and social vitality, which belongs to the field of social and political reform in the area, is the vitality of all citizens and social organizations to play, now our inadequate social vitality, only moved to suppress the social vigor of "stone" in order to free the social vitality.
Of the 21st century: how to understand the "labor, knowledge, technology, management, capital campaigns competing to burst?"
Chang xiuze: this sentence and "community vitality" understand the link. Labor, knowledge, technology, management and capital, this is a contemporary five-factor, someone behind the five factors of production, we from the social point of view, behind every element, a personification of the carrier. Who was the subject of labor? Tens of thousands of workers, labour first, first, first labor, labor was behind the workers groups. Knowledge of the subject is who? Intellectuals, there are of course great intellectuals, young intellectuals. Who is the principal technology? Specific performance technologists, skilled workers. Who was the subject of the management? Professional managers in enterprises and economic management personnel, etc; who was the subject of the capital? Refers to a broad range of investors, including public and non-public investors. We were talking about this new term, emancipation and social vitality, enhance the vitality of who? More than five elements, five major subjects. This will enhance the vitality of the worker, intellectual dynamism, vitality of the vitality of the technicians, managers, investors, vitality, community vitality are bursting out of all these groups.
New lead agency
Of the 21st century: how to interpret the Central leading group on establishment of the comprehensive reform?
Chang xiuze: Central set up comprehensive reform leading group, its mandate is 16 characters, four keywords. First, the overall design, after the founding of the group, it also continues to follow this decided the framework of, and overall design. Second, co-ordination, since many ministries beneath it, including the national development and Reform Commission, Ministry of finance, banks, the Ministry of land and resources, and so on, it is to integrated and coordinated on the reform in the future, it is the Authority's coordinator, Coordinator. Third is promoting, it is responsible for the overall advance. The fourth was responsible for urging the implementation.
80 's and 90 's of the last century there was a economic restructuring Office of the State Council, the State Commission for restructuring economic system, 2003 formally withdrawn and incorporated into the national development and Reform Commission to the present decade, originally called municipal development and Reform Commission and the development of technical Committee, continue to come in later, national development and Reform Commission.
After the next step with this group, this group is not a simple restoration of the economic restructuring Office of the State Council and the Commission for restructuring, it is much higher than the level before, it should be on top of these ministries, deepen reform of the Central leading group, logically, in my experience, there may be set up under the Office, referred to as "modified". With this body, next comprehensive reform an organizationally strong guarantee.
Central problems facing the comprehensive reform leading group was formed after, is it beyond the present pattern of vested interests. If we could go beyond the interest pattern, this supreme body is full. Bondage of patterns of vested interests in how to get rid of it and go beyond, I think it is a big test. At the same time, this body is the party organ, "rings reform", how to make a party-government coordination, I think the next step also requires trial and error experience, which may have a running process.
Of the 21st century: how to understand the formation of a National Security Committee?
Chang xiuze: China does not have the institutions, there is one Ministry. The National Security Committee, should have dominion over Foreign Affairs, the military, public security, national security, homeland security, as well as like the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry, the Central propaganda Department, International Department, and so on, it is omni-directional, high level. Such a Commission needs a high-end talent, to national security work.
Improve governance
Of the 21st century: the decision states that, "comprehensive reform of the overall objective is to improve and develop the Socialist system with Chinese characteristics, promote the modernization of national governance systems and capacity to govern." What do you think?
Chang xiuze: "the modernization of national governance systems and governance capacity" is the new formula, which was first raised in this plenary session. System of governance, which is standing on the height of unite said. Predictably, marked by 18 plenary session, China will push forward economic, political, social, cultural, ecological, "five-ring" transformation. Is the issue of a comprehensive governance. Therefore, systems of governance and governance capacity needed to achieve that.
Current governance system, something still remains some of the traditional planned economy. So, how the modernization of governance systems? This issue is also new, and now to this issue, because China's next step will be a comprehensive reform, this is a great highlight. At the same time, in order to achieve such comprehensive reform, improvement and management of modernization of governance systems, how should the need to study.
Of the 21st century: how to build a service-oriented Government?
Chang xiuze: transforming government functions and deepening administrative system reform, building a Government ruled by law and service-oriented Government, service-oriented Government opposition or intervention-oriented Government is control-oriented Government.
I believe that Governments at all levels should become neutral Government in economic activities, and Government service Government, remained neutral, for example, just now we speak about inclusive State-owned and private, in front of the State-owned and private, whose side of the Government? Neutral. In Government, business, labour three corners inside, or both employers and employees of enterprises and labour, which side the Government in this respect? I looked at Government beyond as well. The society of the future is a big triangle, corner the Government, firm one at each corner, one corner workers, the Government is neutral positions, is the role of the arbiter, established market rules and arbitrate.
Of the 21st century: how to understand the "system of putting power in a cage?"
Chang xiuze: putting power in the system in a cage, which is a new proposition, we need a clean politics. How can I close it? This will stress the system, emphasis on anti-corruption institutional innovation of mechanism and system protection. I suggest that, around the "system of putting power in the cages" in respect of the establishment of power restraint and supervision mechanism, which will focus on government reform, as well as some appropriate institutional arrangement such as officials assets disclosure system, this issue was referred to the decision of the now pilots as soon as possible, as well as by the point-to-plane.
(Chang xiuze, former Deputy Director, Institute of Economics, Nankai University, Deputy Director of the State Planning Commission's Economic Research Institute, national development and Reform Commission, Member of the academic Committee and other staff. Now the China Center for economic research at Tsinghua University, the national development and Reform Commission, the macroeconomic Research Institute Professor, doctoral supervisor. )
(Edit: SN091)November 18, 2013 21st century business Herald(发改委专家：市场决定性是向政府干预模式告别|政府|社会|发改委专家_新闻资讯
11月15日，《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》正式发布。本报记者就国家安全委员会、改革领导小组及对市场经济的定位等焦点问题，采访了国家发改委宏观经济研究院常修泽教授。他的另一身份是清华大学中国经济研究中心研究员。
新的伟大革命
《21世纪》：如何理解《中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》(下称《决定》)中“改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领全国各族人民进行的新的伟大革命，是当代中国最鲜明的特色”这一提法？
常修泽： 如何看待中国的改革，尤其是下一步即将展开的“五环改革”即经济政治社会文化生态体制改革，科学的判断是什么？我高兴地看到十八届三中全会《决定》开门见山表达的这个十分重要的判断——“改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领全国各族人民进行的新的伟大革命”。这个判断相当精深。我记得，去年12月上旬，习近平同志在考察深圳时，也曾说过这样一句话。现在正式纳入党的文件中。这个判断，揭示了中国新阶段全面改革的性质及其重要意义。往前追溯，1980年代邓小平同志就曾说过，改革是中国的“第二次革命”，现在“新的伟大革命”与“第二次革命”是一脉相承的。这里没有用第几次的提法，强调现在的伟大革命是“新的”，这也留下了足够的历史空间，也避免受到“次数”的限制，因为解放思想无止境，改革也无止境嘛。
《21世纪》：如何看待对市场经济的地位定性？
常修泽：我从1979年初开始在南开大学经济研究所从事改革理论研究，从我三十多年的研究经历回顾，中国对市场经济的地位定性迄今有三个台阶：第一个台阶，1980年代后期提出要发挥市场(当时未提市场经济，只提市场)的“重要”作用，至于何种重要，并没有说明；第二个台阶，1992年中共十四大讲到市场经济的时候，提法是“市场经济在资源配置中发挥基础性作用”，请注意：这三个字——“基础性”。应该说，“基础性”比模糊的“重要”要明晰的多，但是“基础性”却留下了很大的漏洞，它容易给人一个印象，似乎在“基础”的上面还有一个决定的力量。不管你有意还是无意，客观上给政府主导型经济模式或称政府干预型模式提供了一个理论条件。为什么一直以来政府干预经济比较厉害，特别是在投资驱动方面，政府主导型如此严重？不能不说与上述理论漏洞有关。现在是第三个台阶，即把“基础性”改为“决定性”。“决定性”，不仅仅是指它的强度、力度、深度等量的变化，更重要的我认为它也有某种质的提升，它表明中国要向政府主导型或称政府干预型模式告别，这是中国人经过三十年努力才得出的对市场经济地位的新的理性认识。
《21世纪》：《决定》中还指出，全面深化改革，必须进一步解放思想、解放和发展社会生产力、解放和增强社会活力，坚决破除各方面体制机制弊端，努力开拓中国特色社会主义事业更加广阔的前景。如何理解？
常修泽：这是《决定》主要强调的三个解放，第一是解决思想，第二是解放和发展生产力，第三是解放和增强社会活力。前两个是过去一直讲的，要特别注意的是第三点，即解放和增强社会活力，这是属于社会领域的改革和政治领域的改革，就是要发挥全体公民和社会组织的活力，现在我们的社会活力不足，只有搬掉压制社会活力的“石头”，才能释放社会活力。
《21世纪》：如何理解“劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本的活动竞相迸发”？
常修泽： 这句话要和“社会活力”联系起来进行理解。劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本，这是当代五大生产要素，这五个生产要素背后都要有人，我们从社会角度研究，每个要素的背后都有人格化的载体。劳动的主体是谁？千千万万的劳动者，劳动首先是第一位，把劳动放第一个，劳动的背后是劳动者群体。知识的主体是谁？知识分子，当然有大知识分子、小知识分子。技术的主体是谁？具体表现为技术专家，技术工人。管理的主体是谁？是企业和经济管理人员、职业经理人等；资本的主体是谁？是指各类投资者，包括公有和非公有的投资者。我们刚才说到了这个新词，叫解放和增强社会活力，增强谁的活力？以上五大要素，对应五大主体。这就要增强劳动者的活力，知识分子的活力，技术人员的活力、管理人员的活力、投资者的活力，把社会上所有的这些群体的活力都给迸发出来。
新的领导机构
《21世纪》：如何解读中央成立全面深化改革领导小组？
常修泽：中央成立全面深化改革领导小组，它的任务是16个字、四个关键词。第一是总体设计，这个小组成立以后，它还继续按照这个决定所提的大的框架、思路，总体设计。第二是统筹协调，因为它底下有很多部委，包括发改委、财政部、银行、国土资源部，等等，它将来就是要在改革上统筹协调，它是权威的统筹者、协调者。第三个是整体推进，它负责整体推进。第四个是负责督促落实。
上世纪80年代、90年代有个国务院体改办、国家体改委，到2003年正式撤销，并入国家发改委到现在十年，原来的发改委叫计委和发展技术委，体改委进来以后，就叫发改委了。
下一步有了这个小组以后，这个小组不是简单的国务院体改办和体改委的恢复，它比之前的层次高得多，它应该是在这几个部委之上的，是中央的全面深化改革领导小组，按照逻辑，按照我的经验，下面可能会下设一个办公室，简称“中改办”。有了这个机构以后，下一步全方位的改革就有一个组织上的有力保障。
中央成立全面改革领导小组之后面临的问题，是它怎么超越现在的既得利益格局。要是能超越利益格局，这个最高机构就大有作为。它怎么摆脱既得利益格局的束缚，并且超越之，我觉得对它是一个很大的考验。同时，这个机构是党的机构，而“五环改革”中，如何做好党政协调，我认为下一步也需要摸索经验，这可能有一个磨合的过程。
《21世纪》：如何看待成立国家安全委？
常修泽： 中国过去没有这个机构，有一个国家安全部。这个国家安全委，应该统辖外交、军队、公安、国安、国土安全，以及像商务部、工信部、中宣部、中联部等等，它是全方位、高层次的。这样一个委员会也需要一个高端的人才队伍，来担任国家安全工作。
改善国家治理
《21世纪》：《决定》指出，“全面深化改革的总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”。您怎么看？
常修泽：“国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”是新的提法，这是本次三中全会首次提出。国家治理体系，这是站在治国安邦的高度讲的。可以预见，以十八届三中全会为标志，我国将全面推进经济、政治、社会、文化、生态“五环式”的大转型。就是一个全面治国问题。所以，国家治理体系和治理能力需要实现现代化。
现在的国家治理体系，仍旧残存了一些传统的计划经济的东西。那么，国家治理体系如何现代化？这个问题也是新的，现在把这个问题提出来，就是因为中国下一步是全面改革，这是一个很大的亮点。同时，为实现这种全面改革，治理体系改善和治理能力的现代化，应该如何进行，需要研究。
《21世纪》：如何建立服务型政府？
常修泽：转变政府职能，深化行政体制改革，建设法治政府和服务型政府，服务型政府对立面就是管制型政府或者叫干预型政府。
我认为，各级政府应该变成中立型的政府，在经济活动里面，政府要服务型政府，保持中立，比如刚才我们讲的包容国有与民营，在国有与民营面前，政府站哪一边？中立。在政府、企业、劳工这三个角里面，企业和劳工或者资方和劳方，这个方面政府站哪边？我看政府超越一下为好。未来的社会是一个大三角，政府一个角，企业一个角，劳方一个角，政府是中立的位置，是一个仲裁者的角色，确立市场规则，并且进行仲裁。
《21世纪》：如何理解“把权力关进制度笼子里”？
常修泽： 把权力关进制度笼子里，这是一个新的命题，我们需要一个廉洁的政治。怎么关呢？这就要强调制度，强调反腐败体制机制的创新和制度保障。我建议，围绕“把权力关进制度的笼子里”，要建立权力的约束和监督机制，这就要以政府自身体制改革为重点，同时还要有些相应的制度安排，例如官员财产公示制度、《决定》提到了这个问题，现在要尽快试点，并且由点到面。
(常修泽，历任南开大学经济研究所副所长、国家计委经济研究所常务副所长、国家发展和改革委员会学术委员会委员等职。现为清华大学中国经济研究中心研究员、国家发展和改革委员会宏观经济研究院教授、博士生导师。)
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