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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/21 1:33:36 Cao Cao’s DNA studies interest disputes： recognised later proposed House
Cao Cao's interests outside the familial DNA study disputes
Recognized descendants Tsao proposed residence and ancestral resented those who are excluded
Reporter Zhao Yan from Shanghai
On November 11, 2013, history and anthropology, Fudan University issued by the joint task group on Cao Cao's familial DNA study of the latest results: they pushed through modern gene and DNA testing two-factor-authentication, 100% determine the type of y chromosome SNP mutation in DNA of Cao Cao's family for the O2*-M268, relevant papers given in the first half of 2013 in Japan academic journals published in the journal of human genetics.
The news came out, a public outcry. 8 were focused on testing DNA of Cao group, there are 2 ethnic groups who do not belong to O2*-M268 genotypes were excluded, and some are not included in the test, "Tsao ethnic groups" also began to protest.
Key Laboratory of contemporary anthropology, Fudan University (hereinafter referred to as "Fudan laboratory of modern anthropology"), Professor Li Hui public response, said Cao Cao and the various entanglements of interests with issues, easily lead to great controversy. "We are concerned only with academic problems, in fact, when I first started work on Cao Cao's family, and not to solve historical problems. We is the study of human genetics. ”
"We do it purely to make. "The members of the above-mentioned research group involving response to Netizen questioned times weekly said," during the 4-year all sampling procedures cost less than 20,000 yuan, came out of laboratories in many other projects in the province. ”
O2*-M268 acceptance of ancestry?
DNA technology, easy speaking are all carry a large number of genes, each genome is made up of 23 half a chromosome. Humans even in the case of new gene mutations, ancestral mutation does not occur and therefore lost, gene had recorded the whole process of human evolution. Since most humans with the male line as a link, and only according to father and son, and without the y chromosome recombination, so according to the y chromosome and differentiation of human evolution can be painted.
Fudan laboratory has been studying one of the themes of modern anthropology, is in accordance with human genes in the y chromosome study in human evolution, the evolution path. "Cao Cao's family's DNA" research project began in 2009. At that time, the claims to Cao Cao discovered Tomb in Anyang City, Henan province, just returned from the United States Yale University return Li Hui of proceeding with a study on Cao Cao's family related issues.
Existing in the country after surname people search accurately the true King of Cao, Li Hui finds ed School Professor Han sheng, seeking interdisciplinary help. Han sheng has long been engaged in research on the history of sui and Tang Wei, is a member of Chinese society for the history of the Wei, Jin. The former Professor of history of the hundreds of forums, which is interested in interdisciplinary cooperation. Born in 1982 postdoctoral ourselves up and graduate Wang Chuanchao was born in 1987 joined the study, the team formed a four-man team.
"We were pushed by investigating the modern surname crowds of anti-Cao Cao's y chromosome type: first of all, us research group on the Shanghai library collection of 118 pieces of Cao's family tree has full access and filtering, contained in the genealogical lineage in comparison with historical records, picked out a more reliable genealogy, containing the claim to be the descendants of Cao Cao's family tree. Sample spread wide in front of Cao, and get some samples to more comprehensively reflect the multi-gene status of Cao's family since time immemorial, access to grasp as a whole. According to family tree information, identify locations, our nationwide for more than more than 110 Cao family DNA samples with 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) y chromosome type. "The project team member Wang Chuanchao described. Although it is one of the youngest on the team, Wang Chuanchao is actually released in Japan the journal of human genetics on "Cao Cao's family's DNA," first author of the paper.
However, the initial find Tsao descendants did not go smoothly, genealogy researchers found locally, often difficult to link to family-related personnel. Ultimately, is published by the Henan provincial cultural heritage Bureau confirmed that Cao Cao's tomb is located in Anyang City, Henan province, rural West Village News, brings to the study of our connection. By then "caocao tomb" controversy, held a news conference at Fudan University, announced key laboratory of contemporary anthropology and history system will join hands for a new research project, investigation of Cao's DNA, leading to authenticity of the Cao Cao Tomb research to provide a scientific basis and collect domestic surnamed Cao, men surnamed Xiahou volunteers enrolled in the y chromosome testing.
A result, "family opened the bus, a village has a dozen people coming for blood."
Less than six months, sampling the results obtained. Wang Chuanchao said, claiming to be of the devil populations for future generations, detect O2*-M268 the proportion of single group, reached about 50%, significantly higher than the General Han population ratio and General named Cao the crowd (about 5%). Through a series of calculations of probability, the team further confirmation of this "Cao Cao's descendants" flag.
After successful launch anti-Cao family DNA in early 2011, the team came home to Cao Cao, and Cao clans bozhou in Anhui Province, where the Tomb, found two of them in the 70 's from the tomb of the CAO clan "ingot pit first tomb" unearthed, can be verified as Cao Cao Ding Uncle grandfather dental. Ancient DNA test after a total of 6 times, confirmed their y chromosome type is found in O2*-M268.
However, according to the research group revealed that Cao Cao's uncle Grandpa's teeth, Anyang, reason is the failure to obtain "caocao tomb" remains. 2009 from the State Bureau of cultural relics after excavation, found that Cao Cao's Tomb, located in the West Village in Anyang City, Henan province, its authenticity issues caused controversy at the time, since there is no uniform conclusions. Three human bones unearthed from the tomb of Cao Cao in Anyang, one perhaps remains of Cao Cao, but so far have not been ancient DNA testing.
"They think that Cao Cao's Tomb in archaeology is true, there is no need for genetic testing, and we respect them. "Group the Korean Seung has said publicly.
"Tsao posterity" mixed two different worlds
"In previous studies, we presume from tieling in Liaoning, Anhui shucheng, Anhui jixi, Yancheng, Jiangsu, Hunan and Liaoning in Changsha donggang six y chromosome single segment of O2*-M268 descendants of Cao Cao Cao. Later, M268 PK4 were determined of a catchment, found in Changsha as well as a few O2*-M268 surnamed Cao as shucheng, O2a*-PK4+, or unrelated to Cao Cao. It is worth mentioning that our Rushan, Shandong, Henan village claim to investigate Cao Cao Cao's descendants, found that the y chromosome type is O2* (M268+, PK4-, M176-) and, possibly, after Cao Cao. "Wang Chuanchao presents the study conclusions, and became Cao Cao's family released after DNA research, Fudan University" strife-ridden "fuse.
Identified by DNA testing for Cao Cao's descendants. According to media reports, Liaoning tieling Tsao later wanted to build a "Tsao Temple" tieling and around tieling waist worship with Cao Cao's descendants migrated to other provinces. Cao Cao is considered "domicile" in bozhou city, Anhui Province, immediately announced that it would invest 200 million Yuan building former residence of Cao, including Memorial Hall of Cao Cao, Cao Cao's garden is culture, tourism and leisure in one of the major core area projects.
Research results exclude the aggrieved. Changzhou Tsao expressed objection: "the old man said we were Cao Cao's descendants, how many generations have passed, Fudan University, such an outcome would negate our ancestors? "Cao Xueqin's descendants in Jiangxi province also questioned, with only 4 cases of blood samples excluded them in Jiangxi, injustice.
Associate research fellow, Henan provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, Cao Cao gaoling Tomb archaeological team leader research group of Fudan University, Pan Weibin, openly questioned the "problematic". Pan Weibin believes that literature relies on an important research topic group, was 258 surnamed Cao genealogy, family tree but the complexity of the issue. "See now is after the Ming dynasty family tree, genealogy is not found before you discontinued for hundreds of years. Later, genealogy of the family memories, it is unreliable, unreliable conclusions of no. Family genealogy in the past, more often than not your ancestors to the royalty, on the background of the Royal family. Consequences are much reduced. ”
4 spend 20,000 funding other projects by province
More question points to the significance of the study. Research Group of a large number of netizens questioned "hold research funds as a trifling matter, do eat dinner and get" media mourns the "scholarly" decay, or even directly "presumption of guilt", suspected of "bozhou of Anhui province to invest 200 million Yuan to build residence of Cao Cao," associated with the Fudan University study on Cao Cao's family's DNA of interest.
Well-known science writer, Fang said "Fudan University study on Cao Cao's family's DNA is not absurd". "Theoretically there is such possibility, by detecting the gene has the potential to be Cao Cao's descendants, found a special sequence, this sequence is rare, but in Cao Cao's family men with a certain frequency, it may determine the DNA of Cao Cao's family. In addition, according to public news shows, they have worked out the time circulating in this sequence, and Cao Cao's own approach, which itself does have research value. "Fang and similar topics are not uncommon in the world, its own role, to solve historical puzzles also helps, so that such research was established, is not absurd, wasteful funding.
"The project itself does not advance the CAO had won, not specifically looking for a fund to do it. Is the study of origin of the East Asian population is made to do this thing. If interdisciplinary, real words of liberal arts can apply for funding tens of thousands of dollars, for molecular biology research, but also a drop in travel recovery will be gone. We did it from pure profit. "Members of the research group questioned ourselves up against online, die Zeit reporter responded," during the 4-year all sampling procedures cost less than 20,000 yuan, came out of laboratories in many other projects in the province. ”
"Now public expectations of scientists still stuck in the age of Chen jingrun, sleeping huts, eating steamed bread of corn, answers the world challenge. There are a lot of questions are in fact reflected the view of people for a long time, scientific research is financed by a bunch of ignorant people who think a (lie) hard. "A teacher teaching in colleges and universities of science and engineering in South China times weekly said the" lay "for Fudan University study on Cao Cao's family's DNA raised a variety of questions, there are even trying to pass authority to evaluate research results published journal papers," is causing academic SCI (Science Citation Index) culture seriously. In the field of science which is not supposed to talk, that's not discrimination. ”
(Edit: SN091)November 21, 2013 Die Zeit(曹操DNA研究之外利益纷争：获认可后人拟建故居|曹操|家族|后人_新闻资讯
曹操家族DNA研究之外的利益纷争
获认可后人拟兴建曹氏故居与祠堂，遭排除者愤愤不平
本报记者 赵妍 发自上海
2013年11月11日，复旦大学历史学和人类学联合课题组发布关于曹操家族DNA研究最新成果：他们通过现代基因反推和古DNA检测双重验证，100%确定曹操家族DNA的Y染色体SNP突变类型为O2*—M268，相关论文已于2013年上半年在日本学术杂志《人类遗传学报》上发表。
消息一出，舆论哗然。8个被重点检测DNA的曹氏族群中，有2个族群因不属于O2*—M268基因型被排除在外，而一些未在检测之列的“曹氏族群”也开始抗议。
复旦大学现代人类学教育部重点实验室(下称“复旦现代人类学实验室”)教授李辉对此公开回应，称曹操的问题和各种利益纠葛在一起，容易引起大的争议。“我们只关心学术问题，其实刚开始研究曹操家族时，也并不是为了解决历史问题。我们研究的是人类遗传学。”
“我们做这事纯粹是赚吆喝。”上述研究课题组成员严实回应网友质疑时对时代周报记者说，“历时约4年中所有采样过程的花费不过2万元左右，全是从实验室很多其他项目中省出来的。”
有O2*—M268者认祖归宗？
DNA技术，简单讲就是每个人身上都携带大量遗传基因，每个基因组又由23对半染色体组成。人类即使发生新的基因突变，祖先发生的突变也不会因此丢失，基因记录了人类演变的全过程。由于人类大多以父系为纽带，而Y染色体只能父子相传且无重组，所以根据Y染色体，可以绘出人类的每次分化演变。
复旦现代人类学实验室多年来研究的主题之一，就是按照人类基因中的Y染色体研究人类进化、演变的路径。“曹操家族DNA”研究项目始于2009年。当时，河南省安阳市宣称发现曹操墓，刚刚从美国耶鲁大学访问归来的李辉着手安排研究曹操家族的相关事宜。
为了在全国现存曹姓人中准确搜寻出真正的魏武之后，李辉找到同校的历史系教授韩昇，寻求跨学科帮助。韩昇长期从事魏隋唐史的研究，是中国魏晋南北朝史学会理事。这位曾经登上《百家讲坛》的历史系教授，对这种跨学科的合作很有兴趣。1982年出生的博士后严实和1987年出生的研究生王传超也加入研究，课题组形成了四人团队。
“我们是通过调查现代曹姓人群来反推曹操的Y染色体类型：首先，我们课题组对上海图书馆收藏的118 件曹氏族谱进行了全面查阅和筛选，将家谱所载世系同历史记载相比较，挑选出比较可靠的家谱，其中包含自称是曹操后裔的家谱。把曹氏取样的面铺得广一些，多取一些样本，能够更加全面地反映出自古以来多支曹氏家族的基因状况，获得整体的把握。然后根据家谱信息，确定采样地点，我们在全国范围内对110多个曹姓家族进行DNA取样，用100个单核苷酸位点(SNP)做Y染色体分型。”课题组成员王传超这样介绍。虽然是团队中最年轻的一位，王传超实际为发表在日本《人类遗传学报》上“曹操家族DNA”相关论文的第一作者。
不过，最初寻找曹氏后人的工作并不顺利，研究人员根据家谱找到当地，经常很难联系到家族相关人员。最终，是河南省文物局公布的确认曹操墓位于河南省安阳市安丰乡西高穴村的消息，给研究带来了转机。借着当时对“曹操墓”的争议，复旦大学召开发布会，宣布历史系与现代人类学教育部重点实验室将联手进行一项新的课题研究，调查分析曹氏基因，进而给曹操墓真伪的研究提供科学依据，并征集国内曹姓、夏侯姓男性志愿者报名参与Y染色体检测。
结果是，“有的家族开大巴车，一村子十几个人就来抽血了”。
不到半年，取样就得出了结果。王传超说，声称是曹操后代的人群，检测出O2*—M268这个单倍群的比例，达到50%左右，明显高于在一般汉族人群和一般曹姓人群中的比例(5%左右)。通过一系列的概率计算，研究团队进一步确认了这一“曹操后代”标志。
成功反推出曹操家族DNA后，2011年初，课题组来到曹操老家、曹氏宗族墓所在地安徽亳州，找到两颗上世纪70年代从曹氏宗族墓“元宝坑一号墓”中出土的、可以确证为曹操叔祖父曹鼎的牙齿。经过总共6次的古DNA反复测试，确认了其Y染色体类型就是之前找到的O2*—M268。
不过根据课题组方面披露，之所以使用曹操叔祖父的牙齿，原因是未能获得安阳“曹操墓”遗骨。2009 年发掘、后得到国家文物局认定的曹操墓，位于河南安阳市安丰乡西高穴村，其真伪问题在当时引起广泛争议，至今没有统一结论。安阳曹操墓出土了三具人骨，其中一具或许为曹操遗骨，但至今并未得到古DNA检测。
“他们认为曹操墓在考古学上是真的，没有必要做基因检测，我们也尊重他们。”课题组成员韩昇曾公开表示。
“曹氏后人”悲喜两重天
“在之前的研究中，我们推定来自辽宁铁岭、安徽舒城、安徽绩溪、江苏盐城、湖南长沙和辽宁东港的六支Y染色体单倍群为O2*-M268的曹氏可能是曹操后代。后来，我们又对M268的一个下游位点PK4进行了检测，发现长沙以及舒城的少数几例O2*-M268曹姓为O2a*-PK4+，或与曹操无关。值得一提的是，我们对山东乳山河南村宣称为曹操后裔的曹氏进行调查，发现其Y染色体类型也是O2* (M268+, PK4-, M176-)，或许也是曹操之后。”王传超所介绍的研究结论，成为复旦大学公布曹操家族DNA研究成果后“纷争四起”的导火索。
被DNA测试认定为曹操后人的多有动作。根据媒体披露，辽宁铁岭的曹氏后人想建一座“曹氏祠堂”，让铁岭各地和从铁岭腰堡迁移到其他省份的曹操后人一起祭拜。被认为曹操“户籍”的安徽亳州，立马宣布将投资2亿元开建曹氏故居，包括曹操纪念馆、曹操文化园等集文化、旅游、休闲于一体的大型核心景区项目。
而被研究结果排除在外者则愤愤不平。常州曹氏有人表示异议：“老人都说我们是曹操后代，传了多少代了，复旦这样一个结果就把我们祖先否定了？”江西曹雪芹后人也质疑，仅凭4例江西血样就把他们排除在外，不公正。
河南省文物考古研究所副研究员、曹操高陵墓葬考古队领队潘伟斌公开质疑复旦大学课题组“应用方法有问题”。潘伟斌认为，课题组研究的重要文献依托，是258个曹姓族谱，但族谱问题很复杂。“现在看到的族谱都是明代以后的，之前的族谱找不到，就形成几百年的断档。后来修的族谱靠家族回忆，这是不可靠的，不可靠得出的结论不行。过去家族修族谱，往往对自己的先人往皇室、皇族的背景上靠。靠的后果，是许多东西打折扣了。”
4年花2万经费，由其他项目省出
更多的质疑指向研究的意义。大量网友质疑课题组“拿着科研经费当儿戏，吃饱了饭没事干”，有媒体因此哀悼“学术操守”沦丧，甚至直接“有罪推定”，怀疑“安徽亳州欲投资2亿元打造曹操故居”与复旦曹操家族DNA研究存在利益关联。
著名科普作家方舟子站出来表示“复旦曹操家族DNA研究并不荒唐”。“理论上来说，确实有这样的可能性，通过检测一些有可能是曹操后人的基因，找到一个特殊的序列，这个序列本身罕见，而且在曹操家族的男性中又有一定的出现率，那么有可能因此而确定曹操家族的DNA。此外，据公开的消息显示，他们还算出了这个序列流传的时间，和曹操本身接近，这些本身也确实有研究的价值。”方舟子称，世界上类似的课题并不少见，本身也有它的作用，对于解开历史谜题也有帮助，因此，这样的研究是成立的，并不是荒唐无稽、浪费经费。
“曹操项目本身没有提前立过项，没有专门找一块资金来做。用的是研究东亚人群起源的经费来做这件事。如果说跨学科，实话说文科就算能申请下来几万块经费，对于分子生物学研究也不过杯水车薪，出差采几次样就没有了。我们做这事纯粹是赚吆喝。”课题组成员严实针对网上的质疑，对时代周报记者作了回应，“历时约4年中所有采样过程的花费不过2万元左右，全是从实验室很多其他项目中省出来的。”
“现在的大众对科学家的期望还停留在陈景润时代，睡草棚、吃窝窝头，解答世界难题。有很多质疑其实都是反映长期以来大家的一贯看法，觉得科研经费是被一堆不学无术的人A(骗)得很惨。”一位在华南地区理工科高校任教的老师向时代周报记者表示，一些“外行”针对复旦曹操家族DNA研究提出各种质疑，甚至还有试图通过发表论文期刊是否权威来评价研究成果，“正是这样造成学界SCI(科学引文索引)风气严重。在科学领域，外行就不该说话，这还真不是歧视。”
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