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published in(发表于) 2013/11/21 1:34:06
Delaying retirement 6 taking into account issues raised： who brought his grandson

The CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform decision made it clear that research developed a progressive delay in retirement age policy. So as to clear the direction, implementation of delaying retirement, but it will not happen overnight, "small step slow."

Yesterday, the provincial people's economic and Social Council relating to the Office of personnel, which was designed by the country's top, after the national policy, the province will also, in accordance with the national policy for the implementation.

Many experts and members of the public believe that delaying retirement policy formulation, there are six major issues must be balanced.

　　≫> problem

　　Leisure time is too short?

2010 census data show that average life expectancy is 74.83 years national population. Our province's per capita life expectancy at 74.68, 72.84 for men, female 76.74. So, in the case of population without an increase in average life expectancy, retirement age at 65, leisure time is less than 10 years after retirement, province of males are shorter, less than 8 years.

XI ' an Jiaotong University Associate Professor, Centre for research on ageing and health Zeng Weihong believes that, in the case of extended life expectancy in order to delay the retirement age. Extended working hours, which means leisure time has been reduced. For example, she said, Japan is to retire at age 65, but Japan Women's average life expectancy of 86 years, male, 82 years old, retired after 20 years of leisure time. And we only have about 10 years to develop delaying retirement policy must take into account increasing life expectancy.

　　≫> question

　　Late retirement who is going to take the kids?

According to a survey a few years ago, approximately 80% children of generational education Beijing, Shanghai 50%-the kids from ancestors education, has nearly half of the children in the country receive intergenerational education. Elderly people to retire at 65, and their grandchildren by whom? Baby sitting, said Zeng Weihong, in the United States and other countries, a special baby Centre, 3 months babies may have managed. Currently, these are not available, most working women want to bring the child in half a year is not likely to matter.

　　≫> problems

　　Low ages, elderly at risk injuries

Zeng Weihong said that people aged more than 60 years younger body do not compare with younger, work will be more likely to get hurt if you don't do well on these young labour protection measures for the elderly, there are more injuries occur.

　　≫> four

　　Cost increases

At present five social security fees, the burden to businesses and individual workers are larger. Among them, the old-age pension, medical care is highest. In Shaanxi Province, for example, payment of pension insurance companies need 20%, workers born 8%; 7% healthcare enterprises, 2%. Plus unemployment, work injury and maternity insurance, the employer should bear the rate 30% per cent of workers ' wages.

Xian said degong, head of HR Club, many enterprises now reflects the higher premium rates, if you delay retirement, they also increase the burden on enterprises.

　　≫> five

　　The old "unemployed" status extended

Degong believes that in addition to doctors, technicians and other older and more popular now in exceptional circumstances, young companies like. Many of them were not easy to find a job, if retirement is delayed, it means "unemployed" status was extended.

　　≫> six

　　Flexible employment personnel burden?

Degong said that an existent phenomenon is still a lot of people are in informal employment, enterprises do not have to give their social security, they need to pay social security, if you delay retirement, meaning they needed late years to pensioner, will undoubtedly increase pressures.

　　Recommended

　　Do not "one size fits all" so that the elderly can decide when to retire

Incremental delay retirement policy, enforces one became a matter of public concern.

Zeng Weihong and Executive Director of the Insurance Institute of China, Xian Jiaotong University Professor Zhang Sifeng public tube said, delaying retirement not "one size fits all" should be differentiated according to the different industries, different occupations, on delayed retirement for a delay to fit do not delay, giving citizens the right to free choice of retirement age.

Zhang Sifeng said worker industry, profession, the physical requirements are also different, such as manual workers, more than 60 years old body too much, it should have retired at age 60, and for scientific research, skilled workers and other workers, older more experienced and can make greater contributions, you can choose to delay retirement a few years. But in his view, is 60 years old, was delayed several years retired, it is up to workers according to their own body, the family to choose whether or not to delay, not to enforce uniform.

In terms of retirement age for men and women, female workers 50 years of age, women cadres currently retire at age 55, men retire at age 60. There will be delays to retire, the same age for men and women? Some experts believe should be at the same age. Zhang Sifeng believes that in terms of physical and social roles of men and women are different, develop delaying retirement policy, should also be treated differently, should not at the same age for men and women retiring.

　　Impact

　　Thirty or forty years most affected populations

So-called progressive delaying retirement, not that extended from 60 years old to 65 years old, and may grow by one or two months a year. According to the analysis of the experts and Department officials, delaying retirement after the policy is developed and published, will set up several years of "grace period" to minimize the impact of social and related personnel.

Programmes made by the experts, most believe that the ultimate goal is to be raised to 65 years old, but tend to feel best when adjustment every year for a few months, or 3 years 1 year old so gently extended to 2020 or 2030 years to get adjusted to the age of 65.

For example, to retire next year become 60 years, 1 months, the year after 60 years, 3 months, after twenty or thirty years of lagging, the whole crowd of retirement age will be raised to 5 years of age. In this way, little actual impact on currently approaching retirement, but for thirty or forty years now have a larger influence, after twenty or thirty years after the transition, these people when they retire, will most likely need to wait until the age of 65. This version of the section in addition to signature by reporter Zhou Yantao interviews

　　Analysis

　　Delaying retirement year "eat" 7 million jobs

Greatest negative impacts from the retirement age is the impact on the employment of young people. Statistics show that the retirees at between 6 million and 7 million people a year, delayed retirement age between 6 million and 7 million school-aged workers are facing unemployment. Economic downturn and postponing retirement might "eat" these jobs now. Delaying retirement to employment a greater influence on young people is understandable.

"Incremental delays retirement age" is an international common practice, individual countries have different evolutionary time according to their respective national conditions. Japan and the United States, although it was only extended for three or four years of retirement age, but it took 30 to 40 hours to transition. Then China "incremental delays retirement age" buffer period should be longer, when to start?

Published by the research group of China population and Development Research Center of the Chinese labor trends and judgment of the report stated that 15-59 working-age population reached 926 million peak in June, 2013. That is 2021 years ten years later, the workforce will be a structural shortage in China. According to this projection, retired from the start delay after 2031 will not impact on employment, but will supplement declining labour gaps. So count, you should start an incremental delay beginning in 2020 at the earliest retirement age policy, delayed for half a year to retire each year, ten years time is delayed until the retirement age of 65 by 2030 men, women delay the retirement age of 60. Integrated

　　Key words: single second

　　Twin family does not apply a separate new deal for second child

"We are a ' single family home ', the first child twins, according to the new policy, you still can apply for maternity second child? "The 19th, the National Planning Commission to address the problem, explains:" the second child alone "is not the same as" single second "If" single family home "first for twins or multiple births, the family is no longer applicable" separate two kids "of the new deal.

Yesterday consulted and Xian City, Shaanxi Province on population and family planning Commission is aware, as early as in the People's Republic of China on population and family planning law, reflecting China's explanation of the issue, "two children" and "second" are two concepts, one child is measured according to the number of children in the family, not by pregnancy birth order. In other words, even if couples have only one child, but the twins or multiple births, nor does it belong to one-child families.

XI an Jiaotong University the Institute for population and development, the joint laboratory of Shaanxi Province on population and Development Director of plum with its present interpretation, popular, pipes is the number of children in family planning, rather than birth order, new deal as "separate two kids" is more accurate.

Reporter Lei Hao

(Original title: grandson who is going to take after delaying retirement)

　　《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》明确提出，研究制定渐进式延迟退休年龄政策。从而明确了大方向，实施延迟退休，但不会一蹴而就，采取“小步慢走”。

　　昨日，省人社厅有关人员介绍，该政策是由国家顶层设计，等国家政策出来后，我省也会按照国家政策来实施。

　　不少专家和市民认为，延迟退休政策的制定，有六大问题一定要考虑周全。

　　>>问题一

　　休闲时间是否太短？

　　2010年第六次人口普查数据显示，全国人口平均预期寿命74.83岁。我省人均预期寿命74.68岁，其中男性72.84岁，女性76.74岁。那么，在人口平均预期寿命不增长的情况下，65岁退休，人们退休后的休闲时间不足10年，我省的男性则更短，不足8年。

　　西安交通大学老龄与健康研究中心副教授曾卫红认为，在延长预期寿命的情况下才能延迟退休年龄。劳动时间延长了，也就意味着休闲时间减少了。她举例说，日本虽然是65岁退休，但是日本女性的平均寿命达86岁，男性82岁，退休后还有20年左右的休闲时间。而我们只有10年左右，制定延迟退休政策时也得考虑提高人均寿命。

　　>>问题二

　　退休晚 谁来带孩子？

　　据几年前的一份调查显示，北京约有80%的孩子接受隔代教育，上海50%-60%的孩子由祖辈教育，在全国则有近一半的孩子接受隔代教育。老人到65岁退休，他们的孙子辈由谁来带？在婴儿托管方面，曾卫红说，在美国等一些国家，有专门的婴儿托管中心，3个月后的婴儿就可以托管了。而我国目前这些都不具备，大多职场女性想要带孩子到半岁都是不太可能的事情。

　　>>问题三

　　低龄老人易出工伤

　　曾卫红说，60多岁的低龄老人，身体与年轻人没法比，工作时也会更容易受伤，如果做不好对这些低龄老人的劳动保护措施，会有更多工伤出现。

　　>>问题四

　　企业成本随之增加

　　在目前的五项社保费方面，给企业和职工个人带来的负担都较大。其中以养老、医保最高。以陕西为例，养老保险缴纳比例企业需要负担20%，职工负担8%；医保企业7%，个人2%。再加上失业、工伤、生育保险，用人单位应承担的费率占到职工工资总额的近30%。

　　西安人力资源俱乐部的负责人德公说，现在不少企业反映社保费率较高，如果延迟退休，还会加大企业的负担。

　　>>问题五

　　老人“失业”状态延长了

　　德公认为，现在除了医生、技术人员等越老越吃香的特殊情况外，企业更喜欢用年轻人。很多老人本来就不容易找工作，如果延迟了退休，就等于“失业”状态延长了。

　　>>问题六

　　灵活就业人员负担加重？

　　德公说，一个客观存在的现象是现在还有不少人是非正规就业，企业没有给他们办理社保，他们需要自己来缴纳社保，如果延迟了退休，意味着他们需要晚几年才能领养老金，生活压力无疑会增大。

　　建议

　　切勿“一刀切”让老人决定何时退休

　　渐进式延迟退休政策，是否强制实施成了市民最为关注的问题之一。

　　曾卫红和中国保险学会常务理事、西安交大公管学院教授张思锋说，延迟退休切勿“一刀切”，应根据不同行业、不同职业来区别对待，对适合延迟退休的延迟，不适合的不要延迟，给公民自由选择退休年龄的权利。

　　张思锋说，劳动者所从事的行业、职业不同，对身体的要求也不同，比如体力劳动者，60多岁了可能身体就吃不消了，就应该让60岁就退休，而对于科研、技术工人等劳动者，老了经验更丰富，能做更大的贡献，就可以选择延迟几年退休。但他认为，是60岁还是延迟几年退休，应该由劳动者根据自己的身体、家庭情况来选择是否延迟，不能够强制一刀切。

　　在男女的退休年龄方面，目前女职工50岁、女干部55岁退休，男性是60岁退休。将来会不会男女延迟到同龄退休呢？有专家认为应该同龄。张思锋认为，男女在生理上和社会角色方面不同，在制定延迟退休政策时，也应区别对待，男女不应该同龄退休。

　　影响

　　三四十岁人群受影响最大

　　所谓渐进式延迟退休，不是说一下子从60岁延长到65岁，而可能是每年增加一两个月。根据专家和人社部官员的分析，延迟退休的政策制定并公布之后，将设定几年的“缓冲期”，尽量减小对社会和有关人员所带来的影响。

　　在专家提出的方案中，大多认为最终目标是要提高到65岁，但在调整时大多认为最好是每年增加几个月，或者3年增加1岁这样温和地延长，到2020年或者2030年才能调整到65岁。

　　比如，明年退休变成60岁零1个月，后年变成60岁零3个月，经过二三十年的延退，整个人群的退休年龄，将提高5岁。这样，对目前临近退休的人实际影响就不大，但对如今三四十岁的人影响会比较大，因为经过二三十年调整过渡后，这部分人退休时，极有可能需要等到65岁。本版稿件除署名外由本报记者周艳涛采写

　　分析

　　延迟退休每年“吃掉”700万就业岗位

　　延长退休年龄带来的最大负面影响就是对年轻人就业的冲击。统计显示，每年离退休人员在600万至700万人，延迟退休年龄必然使得600万至700万适龄就业人员面临失业。经济下滑加上延迟退休可能“吃掉”目前的这些就业岗位。延迟退休对年轻人就业影响之大可想而知。

　　“渐进式延迟退休年龄”是国际通用做法，各个国家根据各自国情有不同的渐进时间。日本和美国，虽然只是延长了三四年的退休年龄，但却用了30年至40年的时间去过渡。那么，中国“渐进式延迟退休年龄”缓冲期应该多长，何时起步？

　　中国人口与发展研究中心课题组发表的《中国劳动力变动趋势及判断》报告指出，15至59岁劳动年龄人口将于2013年、2021年均达到9.26亿的双峰。也就是说2021年的十年后，中国劳动力将出现结构性短缺。按照这个推算，从2031年后开始延迟退休才不会对就业造成冲击，反而会补充劳动力下滑缺口。如此算来，最早应该从2020年开始启动渐进式延迟退休年龄政策，每年延迟半年退休，十年时间即到2030年男性延迟到65岁退休，女性延迟到60岁退休。综合

　　■关键词：单独二胎

　　双胞胎家庭不适用单独二胎新政

　　“我们是‘单独家庭’，第一胎生了双胞胎，按照新政策，还能申请生育二胎吗？”19日，国家卫计委针对该问题解释称：“单独二孩”不等同于“单独二胎”，若“单独家庭”第一胎为双胞胎或多胞胎，该家庭就不再适用“单独二孩”的新政。

　　记者昨日咨询了陕西省和西安市人口和计划生育委员会了解到，早在《中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法》出台时，我国就对该问题进行了解释，“二孩”和“二胎”是两个概念，独生子女是按照家庭中孩子的数量来计算，不是按照怀孕的胎次来说。也就是说，即使夫妻双方只生育了一胎，但是双胞胎或多胞胎，也不属于独生子女家庭。

　　西安交通大学人口与发展研究所所长、陕西省人口与发展实验室联合主任李树茁解释，通俗来说，计划生育管的是孩子数量，而不是胎次，因此新政理解为“单独二孩”更为准确。

　　本报记者 郝蕾

（原标题：延迟退休后孙子谁来带）

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