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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/21 1:36:09 Individual local authorities the aeration resistance of land rights： seizure refused a certificate issuance
Who is obstructing the right to land?
Individual local authorities promote the slow and even detained certificate denied
Reporter jade from Zhengzhou
"The most important part of the rural reform is the issue of land rights. "Economist Li Yining said. The just-concluded third plenary session of the party's 18 decided that "giving people more power". Us first of all to be confirmed, 2012 comprehensive land rights was effective and had some awareness of their rights more farmers began to claim the right to land.
However, the Ministry of land and resources told die Zeit journalists, in some areas, when the land was right when you face intense urbanization impulses, resistance from local governments make progress difficult to maintain the right to do, or even some of the province's township-level Governments the right to seize the relevant certificate after refused to be issued.
Time weekly reporter tries to Zhengzhou city, Henan province is the sample, analysis of difficulties encountered in the land rights in reality.
Land rights in order to guarantee farmers ' purse strings
On November 17, 2013, the high-tech development zone of Zhengzhou Jia Zhu NG demolition on the site of the village of dusty, old buildings, intensive village into a Vista. The wilderness, leaving only Jia Junjie 7 storey building stands. This village's only playing hard, is truer to a certificate.
On September 22, Jia Junjie respectively to the provincial land and resources department, land and resources Bureau of Zhengzhou city, Henan province, Zhengzhou, and high-tech development zone management committee to apply for publicly "on registration of collective land rights awareness programmes, detailed rules for the implementation of the certification work, circulars, advertisements, and other" information.
On October 8, the Henan provincial Department of land and natural resources in most cases Jia Junjie, Henan province, to provide him with a collective land right registration of relevant government documents. Land resources Bureau of Zhengzhou city and Zhengzhou high-tech zone management Committee of a foil request to return, return reason is "recipient rejection."
By coincidence. Zhengzhou high-tech zone started dalicun June 2013 urban village transformation, currently more than 680 households, the village, had been pulled down by 20%. The villagers Jin Guoqiang to Zhengzhou high-tech zone management Bureau of land and resources that public "national land rights related files (including the Central and provincial and municipal governments or departments, and on dalicun implementation of the right to land)", Bureau of land and resources by Hi-back.
Right to land refers to land ownership, land tenure and confirmed his right, sure. 11th of the land management Act states: "the land collectively owned by peasants from the County Register and issue certificates to confirm ownership. Farmers of collectively-owned land for non-agricultural construction according to law, the County Register, issuance of certificates, confirming construction land use right ... ... "
In conjunction with the relevant government documents, land cover on the right to collective ownership of land in rural areas, land tenure and collective construction land use right.
Resolution 18 of the just-concluded third plenary session also refers to "giving people more power". "Giving people more property rights, not to give farmers a new property, but to let the law gives better realization and protection of the property rights of farmers. "The Office of the Central leading group on rural work pointed out that Chen xiwen, Director of the media. Giving people more rights of property, mainly safeguard farmers ' land contract and management rights in accordance with law, safeguard farmers ' collective economic gain distribution rights to protect farmers ' land usufruct.
On November 16, 2013, Li Yining, a well-known economist in his latest book the Chinese economy double press release analysis of the transition of China's rural reform directions for the future, said: "agrarian reform from where to start? What is the most important part? Is the issue of land rights. ”
In fact, villagers on the outskirts of Zhengzhou is no stranger to the right to land. In 2008, the western suburbs of Zhengzhou San Guan Miao villagers got the homestead in the proceedings of the collective land use permits, more than 300 square meters ' right of access to the District Land Office confirmed. Shown on the certificate "in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of land, land credit listed in the application for registration of land rights, certified, to grant registration. ”
It is understood that the San Guan Miao village, demolition began five or six years ago, a group of houses is not opened yet, acquire land right above this family is one of them. A paper of the collectively-owned land use permit is undoubtedly the "nail House" have a "weight".
Resistance from local governments
Land rights began in the country in 2010. That year, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on step up efforts to balance urban and rural development, issued opinions to further consolidate the Foundation of agricultural and rural development, on "speeding up the rural collective land ownership, land tenure, registration of right of collective construction land use right certification, business expenses, included in the budget. Striving for a 3-year period each of rural collective land ownership certificates to confirm the ownership of farmers ' collective economic organizations ".
"Short term, rural collective land right registration can be an effective solution of rural collective land ownership disputes, urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization process to protect the farmers ' rights and interests. The long term, contribute to legal recognition and protection of farmers ' land property rights, forming clear property rights, powers, protection of rights, the transfer smooth and reasonable allocation of property right of collective land system in rural areas, is a prerequisite for building land unified urban and rural markets. "Zhu Liuhua cadastral management Secretary of the Department of land and resources told the media.
On May 9, 2011, the Ministry of land and resources, Ministry of finance, the Ministry of agriculture jointly issued the Declaration on accelerating the rural collective land right registration of notification of certification work: rural collectives land registration certification and collective-owned construction land's flow, increases or decreases in urban and rural construction land, agricultural land, linked to land expropriation and other priorities.
Under "when going through land expropriation procedures, you must complete the landless peasant collective land ownership certificates of collective economic organizations; at the time of demolition, based on collective certificate of land ownership and land use permits to compensate ... ... Until the end of 2012 was not completed on rural collective land ownership register certificate, diversion, suspended approval of land expropriation, land improvement projects in rural areas project. ”
In March 2012, when Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao in the Government work report has also stressed that improving the rural land right registration certification, is the one of the main tasks of 2012.
"Progress is slow, fearing that after affirming rights, farmers ' consciousness raising, demolition work resistance increases. "The Ministry of land and resources who told die Zeit reporter," declarative work done in some provinces, but the certificate on the communal level, not to be issued. ”
For work in the resistance, in April 2012, the Ministry of land and resources issued on the strict implementation of the right of rural collective land ownership Register notice certification covering all the work: "from the date of this notice issued ... ... Impact on the ongoing work to a halt, to quickly resume work, catch up with progress; and obstruction of interference by interested parties, cannot meet the end of coverage of rural collective land ownership rights registration certification, segregation of responsibilities, according to the ' who block, who is responsible for ' basis. Spirit around this circular reporting to the same level people's Governments, encountered major problems in a timely manner to speed up the rural collective land right registration throughout the country leading group for certification report. ”
According to the data released by the Ministry of land and resources, until the end of May 2013, national rates of rural collective land ownership registration certificate is 97%, of which 24 provinces, issuing rate is above 95%.
Land tenure and registration of collective construction land use right certification is also a work in progress. In Sichuan province, Ministry of land and resources focused on research, end of September 2012, the province's almost 70% complete right of rural collective land ownership, of rural collective land ownership register 291,400 in the collective construction land use right of 117,200, acquirement of 15.6024 million cases. Shandong Province called to a 2013 completion of rural housing land use right, and at the end of collective construction land use right property registration certificate.
Henan provincial land and resources department, one source told die Zeit reporter, planned to be completed within three years of the two Henan right property registration certificate, and estimated time of completion is the end of 2015.
The collective ownership of land in Zhengzhou city of Zhengzhou municipal government registered certification provisions of the programme of work, the "right of rural collective land ownership register certification work is from July 2012; land tenure and registration of collective construction land use right of land certification work: from July 2012. Counties city co-ordinating schedules that inversion duration, collective land ownership and land tenure, registration of collective construction land use right certificate should cross. ”
Race against urban village reconstruction
Times weekly contact with the suburbs of Zhengzhou and many were turning, and Jia Junjie, Jin Guoqiang as described earlier, applied for information concerning land rights, but did not receive a reply. Land and resources Bureau of Zhongyuan district, Zhengzhou city, a staff member answers them, "peri-urban villages have are not land right of the column. ”
Demolition without affirming rights, as explained in clear violation of the former Department of Homeland "when going through land expropriation procedures, you must complete the landless peasants ' collective economic organizations of collective land ownership certificates" requirement.
Right to apply for land information public at the same time, Jia Junjie also apply to the Bureau of urban planning of Zhengzhou city public "implementation of demolition and reconstruction projects of construction of Jia Zhu NG village land use planning permits" for information, he was urban and rural planning Bureau of Zhengzhou city answer to "because of the village's land formalities have not been completed, I have yet to go through the planning permit for construction."
Jia Junjie, a fact reflected to the Zhengzhou high-tech zone management committee, answered: "planning permit for construction project planning permit of construction land are checking in. According to the Zhengzhou municipal people's Government of the new town, Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou municipal people's Government on speeding up the construction of a three-year plan of action and the People's Republic of China of the organic law of the villagers ' committees, in accordance with the ' villagers ' autonomy ' principle, Jia Zhu NG village which was held on May 16, 2013, villagers congresses, the meeting discussed and adopted village of Jia Zhu NG demolition and renovation programmes, said Jia Zhu NG illegal demolition and renovation projects is untrue. ”
In the Zhengzhou city "three-year plan", Zhengzhou will "accelerate urban village reconstruction, transformation of the old city, village and city and the construction of new rural community of four communities 2012-2014 urban village reconstruction project completed a total of 191".
"The resolution of the Government's development plan as well as so-called villagers can decide the fate of one of the houses it? This is clearly contrary to the law on real right. "Local activist attorney Chang Boyang told die Zeit in Zhengzhou Xinhua" it any more on the urgency of affirming rights in that it does give farmers more power protection. ”
In October 2013, to determine the collective ownership of land, land and resources Bureau of Zhengzhou high-tech zone in the village of Dali, conducted a ground survey results public. The Shi Dalong village, the villagers told the times weekly, they had requested the right to apply for Homestead has made no reply. But the Zhengzhou municipal government documentation requirements "of rural collective land and homestead rights to cross."
Right to land and urbanization in the race, perhaps right to wait, Jia Junjie houses and the village has disappeared.
(Edit: SN091)November 21, 2013 Die Zeit(个别地方政府被曝阻土地确权：扣押证书拒发放|土地确权|证书|地方政府_新闻资讯
谁在阻挠土地确权？
个别地方政府推进缓慢甚至扣押相关证书拒绝发放
本报记者 石玉 发自郑州
“启动农村改革最重要的环节就是土地确权问题。”经济学家厉以宁说。刚刚闭幕的党的十八届三中全会决定“赋予农民更多财权”。财权首先要得到确认，2012年以来全面开展的土地确权成效显著，一些权利意识较高的农民开始了土地确权的诉求。
但是，国土资源部有关人士告诉时代周报记者，在一些地区，当土地确权遭遇强烈的城镇化冲动时，来自地方政府的阻力又让确权工作进度难以保证，甚至有部分省份的乡镇一级政府确权后扣押相关证书拒绝下发。
时代周报记者试图以河南省郑州市为样本，分析土地确权工作在现实中遇到的困境。
土地确权才能保障农民财权
2013年11月17日，郑州市高新技术开发区贾庄村的拆迁工地上尘土飞扬，昔日楼房密集的村庄变成一片平畴。旷野上，仅剩下贾俊杰家的7层小楼矗立着。这名全村仅剩的钉子户，正在为一纸证书而较真。
此前的9月22日，贾俊杰分别向河南省国土资源厅、郑州市国土资源局和郑州市高新技术开发区管委会申请公开“关于集体土地确权登记发证工作的宣传方案、实施细则、通告、公告等”信息。
10月8日，河南省国土资源厅回函贾俊杰，向他提供了河南省集体土地确权登记工作的相关政府文件。但郑州市国土资源局和郑州市高新区管委会将信息公开申请予以退回，退回原因均是“收件人拒收”。
无独有偶。郑州高新区大里村2013年6月开始进行城中村改造，目前全村680多户，已经拆掉了20%。该村村民金国强向郑州市高新区管委会国土资源分局申请公开“国家土地确权的相关文件(含中央和省、市政府或负责部门的文件以及关于大里村土地确权的实施方案)”，也被高新区国土资源分局退回。
土地确权，是指土地所有权、土地使用权和他项权利的确认、确定。《土地管理法》第十一条规定：“农民集体所有的土地，由县级人民政府登记造册，核发证书，确认所有权。农民集体所有的土地依法用于非农建设的，由县级人民政府登记造册，核发证书，确认建设用地使用权……”
结合相关政府文件内容，农村土地确权的范围包括集体土地所有权、宅基地使用权和集体建设用地使用权。
刚刚闭幕的十八届三中全会的决议也提到“赋予农民更多财权”。“赋予农民更多的财产权利，不是要分给农民什么新财产，而是要让法律赋予农民的财产权利得到更好的实现和保障。”中央农村工作领导小组办公室主任陈锡文对媒体指出。赋予农民更多财产权利，主要是依法维护农民土地承包经营权，保障农民集体经济收益分配权，保障农户宅基地用益物权。
2013年11月16日，著名经济学家厉以宁在其新著《中国经济双重转型之路》的发布会上分析中国农村未来的改革方向时称：“农村改革从哪里启动呢？最重要的环节在哪里呢？就是土地确权问题。”
其实，郑州郊区的村民对土地确权并不陌生。2008年，郑州市西部郊区三官庙的一户村民在一次诉讼中偶然拿到了宅基地的《集体土地使用证》，其300多平方米的宅基地使用权获得了所在区国土局的确认。该证书上显示：“为保护土地使用权人的合法权益，对土地使用权人申请登记的本证所列土地权利，经审查核实，准予登记。”
据了解，三官庙村五六年前开始拆迁，至今尚有一批房屋未拆，获得土地确权的上述这户人家就是其中之一。而一纸《集体土地使用证》，无疑是“钉子户”手里的一个“砝码”。
来自地方政府的阻力
国内的土地确权始于2010年。当年，中共中央、国务院下发《关于加大统筹城乡发展力度进一步夯实农业农村发展基础的若干意见》，提出“加快农村集体土地所有权、宅基地使用权、集体建设用地使用权等确权登记颁证工作，工作经费纳入财政预算。力争用3年时间把农村集体土地所有权证确认到每个具有所有权的农民集体经济组织”。
“短期来看，农村集体土地确权登记可有效解决农村集体土地权属纠纷，在城镇化、工业化和农业现代化进程中切实维护农民权益。长期来看，有助于依法确认和保障农民的土地物权，形成产权清晰、权能明确、权益保障、流转顺畅、分配合理的农村集体土地产权制度，是建设城乡统一的土地市场的前提。”国土资源部地籍管理司司长朱留华曾对媒体如是表示。
2011年5月9日，国土资源部、财政部、农业部联合下发《关于加快推进农村集体土地确权登记发证工作的通知》：农村集体土地登记发证与集体建设用地流转、城乡建设用地增减、农用地流转、土地征收等各项重点工作挂钩。
规定“办理土地征收手续时，必须完成被征地农民集体经济组织的集体土地所有权证书；在征地拆迁时，依据集体土地所有权证和集体土地使用证进行补偿……凡是到2012年底未按时完成农村集体土地所有权登记发证工作的，农转用、土地征收审批暂停，农村土地整治项目不予立项。”
2012年3月，时任国务院总理的温家宝在政府工作报告中亦强调，认真搞好农村土地确权登记颁证，是2012年的主要任务之一。
“地方进度比较慢，担心确权以后，农民维权意识提高，征地拆迁工作阻力增大。”国土资源部一位人士告诉时代周报记者，“有些省份确权工作做了，但是证书都放到乡镇一级，不敢往下发。”
针对工作中的阻力，2012年4月，国土资源部下发《关于严格落实农村集体土地所有权确权登记发证工作全覆盖的通知》：“自本通知下发之日起……对目前有关工作受到影响停滞下来的，要迅速恢复工作，把工作进度赶上来；对于工作受到有关方面干扰和阻挠，确实无法完成年底覆盖农村集体各类土地的所有权确权登记颁证工作的，要分清责任，按照‘谁阻挠、谁负责’的原则处理。各地要将本通知精神向本级人民政府汇报，遇到重大问题要及时向全国加快推进农村集体土地确权登记发证工作领导小组报告。”
据国土资源部发布的数据，至2013年5月底，全国农村集体土地所有权登记发证率为97%，其中有24个省份的发证率在95%以上。
而宅基地使用权和集体建设用地使用权登记发证工作也在进行中。在国土资源部重点调研的四川省，2012年9月底，全省近70%已全部完成农村集体土地所有权确权，农村集体土地所有权登记29.14万宗，集体建设用地使用权11.72万宗，宅基地使用权1560.24万宗。山东省则要求到2013年底全面完成农村宅基地使用权和集体建设用地使用权的确权登记发证工作。
河南省国土资源厅一位人士告诉时代周报记者，河南计划三年内完成上述两项使用权的确权登记发证工作，预计完成时间是2015年底。
郑州市政府的《郑州市集体土地确权登记发证工作实施方案》规定，“农村集体土地所有权确权登记发证工作是2012年7月至2012年12月31日；宅基地使用权和集体土地建设用地使用权确权登记发证工作：2012年7月至2014年6月30日。各县市区要统筹做好时间安排，倒排工期，集体土地所有权和宅基地使用权、集体建设用地使用权确权登记发证工作应交叉进行。”
与城中村改造赛跑
时代周报记者接触到的郑州郊区许多被拆迁户，与前文所述的贾俊杰、金国强一样，都申请了关于土地确权的信息公开，但均未得到答复。郑州市中原区国土资源局一名工作人员这样答复他们：“城市周边的村庄都不在土地确权之列。”
未确权而拆迁，显然违反前文所述国土部“办理土地征收手续时，必须完成被征地农民集体经济组织的集体土地所有权证书”的规定。
申请土地确权信息公开的同时，贾俊杰还向郑州市城乡规划局申请公开“贾庄村实施拆迁改造项目的建设用地规划许可证”的信息，他得到郑州市城乡规划局答复为“因该村土地手续尚未完成，我局尚未为其办理建设用地规划许可证”。
贾俊杰就这一事实向郑州市高新区管委会反映，得到答复：“建设用地规划许可证、建设工程规划许可证正在办理。根据郑州市人民政府《郑州市人民政府关于加快郑州市新型城镇化建设三年行动计划的通知》和《中华人民共和国村民委员会组织法》，依照‘村民自治’原则，贾庄村改造已于2013年5月16日召开村民代表大会，会议讨论并通过了贾庄村拆迁改造安置方案，因此说贾庄村拆迁改造项目违法是不符合事实的。”
在上述郑州市的“三年计划”中，郑州将“加快城中村改造、旧城改造、合村并城和新型农村社区四类社区建设，2012-2014年完成城中村改造项目共191个”。
“政府的发展规划以及所谓村民决议就可以决定一所房屋的命运吗？这显然违背《物权法》。”郑州当地维权律师常伯阳告诉时代周报记者，“这一切更加说明了土地确权的紧迫性，因为确权能给农民更多的保护。”
2013年10月，为确定集体土地所有权，郑州市高新区国土资源分局在大理村进行了地基调查结果公示。该村村民史大龙告诉时代周报记者，他们此前申请宅基地确权的要求至今没有回复。但上述郑州市政府的文件要求“农村集体土地和宅基地的确权要交叉进行”。
土地确权和城镇化在赛跑，或许等不及确权，贾俊杰的房屋和这些村庄便已消失了。
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