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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/23 17:22:27 News that in addition to international politics and Law Committee will no longer be involved in areas such as
Our correspondent Wang Feng
Cub reporter Ma Yongtao Beijing
"Pay great attention to the quality of death penalty cases handled to ensure that death penalty cases ' zero-mistake '", which from the beginning were repeatedly mentioned the principle of the Supreme Court, again after the third plenary session of the Supreme Court in important documents.
On November 21, 2013, the ventilation will be held by the Supreme Court, announced the establishment of a sound work mechanism on preventing criminal wronged and misjudged cases (hereinafter referred to as "views"). File three times in reference to death penalty cases, including insufficient evidence of identification of the accused, the fact that application of the death penalty, death penalty shall not be imposed; hosted by experienced judges in death penalty cases; review capital cases should interrogate the defendant.
After the third plenary session of the decision made, sound single prevent, redress, accountability, torture, corporal punishment is strictly prohibited to abuse, the strict exclusionary rule.
"Opinions drafted in the first place, is to ensure the quality of death penalty cases", people close to drafting reporter told the 21st century economy. Presiding over the opinion drafted by the Department, is responsible for the death of the Supreme Court for a review of the Department of Criminal Court of three.
In the Jina has repeatedly emphasized, but not very effective, "exclusionary", six times the national working Conference stressed that a criminal trial "Audiencia", as well as auditing supervision and restriction mechanism, can be regarded as the Supreme Court against criminal wronged and misjudged cases "mix".
Clinched the doubt from no principle
Starting from early this year, correcting wronged and misjudged cases became clear label that court system. In addition to a number of the case was vindicated, but on April 25, the pingdingshan intermediate people's Court of Henan province convicted defendant Li Huailiang is innocent and May 3, Fujian province High Court announced that the five appellants Fuqing bombing the innocent.
Direct sentences the defendant not guilty, in China's judicial trials are relatively rare, but appears more than once in the views of "not guilty". "Protecting innocent people against criminal prosecution, the criminal trial is the bottom line. For cases of unclear facts, insufficient evidence, to uphold the principle of doubt from no, the acquitted is acquitted ", the Supreme Court convicted three Chamber Vice President of Lv Guanglun said.
Series behind the case vindicated this year, often there is shadow of the Supreme Court. On May 6, 2013, the published General Shen Deyong, Vice President of the Supreme Court of the People's Court Daily articles on the how we prevent wronged and misjudged cases. Which refers to the principle of presumption of innocence, judicial independence of the Court, an emphasis on the role of lawyers, and so on, are reflected in the views and refining.
"On the application of the death penalty does not exist any reasonable doubt, conviction and sentence on the facts and evidence of where a reasonable doubt exists, determined not to apply the death penalty", Shen Deyong said in the article.
Observe the precautionary phase change of the wronged and misjudged cases by the Supreme Court, Zhao zuohai, Henan is an important juncture.
"Including Zhao zuohai homicides in Henan, Zhejiang, Zhang shuzhi rape cases, the trial court was set up at the time, to say the least, is greater than ever, otherwise the poll has landed. Face intervention and pressure from all sides, court decisions can adhere to leave room for a case of this kind, it is not easy. "Shen Deyong said in the article.
Worth noting is that "conservative" compromise law has, in the opinion of erasure. "The convicted cases with insufficient evidence, should adhere to the principle suspect no punishment, declares the defendant not guilty, and shall not be reduced to ' conservative '".
This year October 12 held of "wronged and misjudged cases of against and relief" academic symposium Shang, Henan province high homes Dean Zhang liyong disclosure has Zhao zuohai case details, "investigation personnel take with sticks hit, holding pistol knocking head, and threat, long time not let dinner, and sleeping, way illegal questioned, Zhao zuohai was forced made 9 times guilty for referred to, and let wife Zhao Xiaoqi help he found other head and limbs, posing as victims of bones".
"Zhao zuohai case directly led to has 2010 years ' two a evidence provides ' (is on handle death penalty case review judge evidence several problem of provides under and on handle criminal case ruled out illegal evidence several problem of provides under) of introduced and five sector sign", Tsinghua University criminal v law professor Zhang Jianwei told 21st century economic reported reporter, "' two a evidence provides ' was has larger resistance, highest court has prepared alone introduced, but Zhao zuohai case exposure Hou, eventually by ' two high three Department ' joint introduced".
Exclusionary raise
Zhang Jianwei introduction, exclusionary provides for 3 years, the effect is not so obvious, "excluded cases of illegal evidence is sporadic" excluded cases of illegal evidence and had no rules to follow, even for "contingencies".
Ma Feng such as Shanxi yuncheng city suspected triad cases, Ma Feng was head of the local Commission for discipline inspection leader, long black task force held in the local resort more than 20 days. The Central discipline Inspection Commission direct investigations, found sharp outside the civil service, does not have the "two fingers" conditions, and found that more than 20 days of "illegal detention." When the trial of the case, Ma Feng at the resort held evidence obtained, treated as illegal evidence be excluded.
"Ma Feng also suggested that their confessions were forced confessions were also made, called for excluding illegal evidences and other exclusion requests made by the defendant of the case, has not been adopted by courts", Ma Feng lawyer Wang, Beijing jingdu law firm lawyers told the 21st century business Herald News.
But exclusionary played some "forced" effect, Xie Xiaojian, an associate College of Jiangxi University of finance and law introduced, their understanding of Jiangxi province in the trial made it to link illegal evidence exclusion of only 1, 2013, the Nanchang segments of the prosecutorial system in investigation and prosecution ruled out only 27 cases of illegal evidence. Nanchang Office will also be illegal to exclude evidence as a priority this year.
"Illegal evidence exclusion of prosecutors also faces obstacles on the mechanisms and ideas", Prosecutor's Office seized in Nanchang City Committee member Xiong Hongwen told the 21st century business Herald reporter, "prosecutors in investigation and prosecution stage 1.5 months longer when possible defendant in the investigation of injury is much better, not easy to find. Therefore, whether the arrest period was before found good time extorting, but this time was a bit nervous, only a 7-day period. "
"On the idea, many inspectors also want to minimize the investigation organ transfer cases to prosecute, at the expense of oversight responsibilities," he said.
On the basis of the views stated in the previous, further defined the scope of illegal evidence. "Two rules of evidence" requirement for torture and other illegal methods to collect the evidence should be excluded, views are expanded into a "torture or freezing, hungry, sun-baked, fatigue trials and other illegal methods".
"Real existence while extorting, but is not widespread, but cold, hungry, drying, roasting, fatigue hearing disguised means, compared with extorting a" College of Jiangxi University of finance and law professor Xie Xiaojian said.
This place's views on the "two provisions", on the basis also reinforces the evidence review mechanisms. Its request "for the murder should be reviewed through the victim's close relatives, identification, fingerprint, DNA identification and other means to determine the victim's identity."
Zhejiang Zhang shuzhi rape cases in the first instance and second instance, the defendants and lawyers, have said that DNA samples than not, is likely to be a third party do it again, but the Court "ignored". A few years later, police restarted DNA identification, as compared to last another on death row. The NIE Shubin, Hebei, according to case files is now open, and at trial did not conduct DNA identification.
"Not participating in the joint investigation"
"Trials should be trial-centric", this year held in October, the sixth national working meeting on criminal trials is emphasized this principle is also found in the comments.
"Without evidence in court to show investigation, identification, examination, the Court verified, shall not be taken as a basis", the opinion provides. In addition, "testimony before the Court was unable to confirm the authenticity of the witness, shall not be taken as a basis."
Supreme Court President Zhou had also mentioned in particular the carrying out "direct verbal principle", that is to say, talking to people standing directly in court.
"Evidence in court, conviction and sentencing debated in court, referee resulted in the Court, which the trial court-centrism", Deputy President of the Supreme Court Criminal Court of three Lv Guanglun said.
The comments called to review death penalty cases, shall interrogate the defendant.
Requested by defence counsel, should listen to their views. Evidence in doubt, should be investigated to verify and, if necessary, to investigate into the incident.
In some of the concerns of the community in cases of judicial review of death sentences, such as Xia Junfeng, these requirements have been implemented. And now the attention of death penalty review cases, when the case is associated with the NIE Shubin, Hebei, Wang Shujin, 21st century business Herald reporter was informed by authorities, Wang Shujin case was sentenced to death by ne bis in idem is not currently reported to the Supreme Court for review.
The NIE Shubin's family and lawyers have in Hebei province High Court, Supreme Court and the frequent traveling between, on its appeal of the court case, but so far have not been reviewing the case. The opinion reaffirmed the provisions of the criminal procedure law, "do have a right to air their grievances complaints and appeals, should be reviewed according to the law."
Continues to stress the independent judgment of the Supreme Court. "Not because of media hype and parties appealing to visiting and local ' stability ' pressure referees violates the law", in the opinion of said.
"Maintaining stability" considerations, an important factor in local politics and Law Committee, was disturbed for a time trial, reporters from the authorities that, apart from specific areas such as Foreign Affairs, defence, the "politics and Law Committee will not intervene in the future". Views also provides that the Court "trial cases strictly in accordance with legal procedures and responsibilities, will not be allowed into the public security organs and people's procuratorates joint investigation". (This article source: 21st century economic report)
本报记者 王 峰
实习记者 马永涛 北京报道
“要高度重视办理死刑案件质量，确保死刑案件‘零差错’”，这条从年初就被最高法院屡次提及的原则，再度出现在三中全会后最高法院重要文件中。
2013年11月21日，最高法院召开通气会，公布《关于建立健全防范刑事冤假错案工作机制的意见》(以下简称“《意见》”)。文件中三次提及死刑案件审理，包括认定对被告人适用死刑的事实证据不足的，不得判处死刑；死刑案件由经验丰富的法官承办；复核死刑案件，应当讯问被告人。
此前三中全会《决定》中提出，健全错案防止、纠正、责任追究制度，严禁刑讯逼供、体罚虐待，严格实行非法证据排除规则。
“《意见》起草的初衷，就是为了保证死刑案件质量”，接近文件起草的人士告诉21世纪经济报道记者。主持此次《意见》起草的部门，系最高法院负责死刑复核工作的刑三庭。
在这份意见集纳了屡被强调但效果并不显著的“非法证据排除”，第六次全国刑事审判工作会议强调的“庭审中心”主义，以及审核监督和制约等机制，可视为最高法院防范刑事冤假错案的“组合拳”。
力促疑罪从无原则
从今年年初开始，纠正冤假错案一度成为法院系统的鲜明标签。除了几起被平反的冤案外，4月25日，河南省平顶山市中级法院宣判被告人李怀亮无罪；5月3日，福建省高院宣布，福清爆炸案五名上诉人无罪。
直接宣判被告人无罪，在我国司法审判中较为少见，但《意见》中多次出现“无罪”字眼。“保障无罪的人不受刑事追究，这是刑事审判的底线。对于事实不清、证据不足的案件，要坚持疑罪从无原则，该宣告无罪就宣告无罪”，最高法院刑三庭副庭长吕广伦说。
今年系列案件平反的背后，往往有最高法院的影子。2013年5月6日，《人民法院报》刊载最高法院常务副院长沈德咏文章《我们应当如何防范冤假错案》。其中提到的无罪推定原则、法院独立审判、重视律师作用等内容，均在《意见》中得到体现和细化。
“在适用死刑上不能存在任何的合理怀疑，在定罪和量刑的事实、证据上凡存在合理怀疑者，坚决不适用死刑”，沈德咏在文章中称。
观察最高法院防范冤假错案工作的阶段性变化，河南赵作海案是一个重要节点。
“包括河南赵作海杀人案、浙江张氏叔侄强奸案，审判法院在当时是立了功的，至少可以说是功大于过的，否则人头早已落地了。面临来自各方面的干预和压力，法院对这类案件能够坚持作出留有余地的判决，已属不易。”沈德咏在文章中称。
值得注意的是，“留有余地”的折中法已在《意见》中抹除。“定罪证据不足的案件，应当坚持疑罪从无原则，依法宣告被告人无罪，不得降格作出‘留有余地’的判决”。
今年10月12日召开的“冤假错案的防范与救济”学术座谈会上，河南省高院院长张立勇披露了赵作海案细节，“侦查人员采取用木棍打，持手枪敲头、威胁，长时间不让吃饭、睡觉等方式非法讯问，赵作海被逼作出9次有罪供述，并让妻子赵晓起帮他找别的人头和四肢，冒充受害人的尸骨”。
“赵作海案直接导致了2010年‘两个证据规定’(即《关于办理死刑案件审查判断证据若干问题的规定》和《关于办理刑事案件排除非法证据若干问题的规定》)的出台和五部门会签”，清华大学刑诉法教授张建伟告诉21世纪经济报道记者，“‘两个证据规定’本来有较大阻力，最高法院曾预备单独出台，但赵作海案曝光后，最终由‘两高三部’联合出台”。
非法证据排除加码
张建伟介绍，非法证据排除规定实行3年来，效果不太明显，“被排除非法证据的案件还是零星的”而被排除非法证据的案件亦无规律可循，甚至很多出于“偶然因素”。
比如山西运城市马锋涉嫌黑社会组织案中，马锋曾被以当地纪委领导任组长的打黑专案组关押在当地度假村二十多天。此后中纪委直接调查此案，认定马锋非公务员，并不具备“双指”条件，并认定这二十多天为“非法拘禁”。案件一审开庭时，马锋在度假村关押时取得的证据，被作为非法证据得以排除。
“马锋还提出，其还有多处口供是因刑讯逼供做出，要求进行非法证据排除，案件的其他被告人也提出排除要求，却没有被法庭采纳”，马锋辩护律师、北京京都律师事务所律师王一告诉21世纪经济报道记者。
但非法证据排除还是起到了一些“倒逼”作用，江西财经大学法学院副教授谢小剑介绍，其了解江西省在审判环节成功进行非法证据排除的案件只有1起，但2013年以来，仅南昌市检察系统就在审查起诉环节排除了27起非法证据。南昌市检察院还将非法证据排除作为今年一项重点工作。
“但公诉人的非法证据排除还面临一些机制和理念上的障碍”，南昌市检察院检委会委员熊红文告诉21世纪经济报道记者，“检察院的审查起诉阶段有一个半月，时间比较长，这时可能被告人在侦查时的伤已好了，不容易被发现。因此，之前的审查逮捕时段是发现是否刑讯逼供的好时机，但这段时间又比较紧张，只有7天期限”。
“理念上，很多检察员还希望尽量将侦查机关移送的案件去起诉，而忽视了监督职责”，他说。
《意见》在此前规定基础上，进一步明确了非法证据的范围。“两个证据规则”规定，对刑讯逼供等非法方法收集的证据应排除，《意见》则扩展为“刑讯逼供或者冻、饿、晒、烤、疲劳审讯等非法方法”。
“现实中刑讯逼供的现象尽管存在，但并不普遍，不过冻、饿、晒、烤、疲劳审讯等变相手段，同刑讯逼供相比则要多”，江西财经大学法学院副教授谢小剑说。
此次出台的《意见》在“两个证据规定”基础上，还强化了证据审查机制。其要求，“对于命案，应当审查是否通过被害人近亲属辨认、指纹鉴定、DNA鉴定等方式确定被害人身份”。
浙江张氏叔侄强奸案在一审和二审时，律师都曾指出DNA样本与被告人比对不上，很可能是第三人作案，但法庭“不理睬”。几年后，警方重启DNA鉴定，果然比对上了另一个死刑犯。而河北聂树斌案，根据现已公开的案卷看，在审理时并没有进行DNA鉴定。
“不得参与联合办案”
“审判案件应当以庭审为中心”，今年10月召开的第六次全国刑事审判工作会上被强调的这一原则，同样出现在《意见》中。
“证据未经当庭出示、辨认、质证等法庭调查程序查证属实，不得作为定案根据”，《意见》规定。此外，“证人的庭前证言真实性无法确认的，不得作为定案根据”。
最高法院院长周强此前也特别提到了贯彻“直接言词原则”，也就是说，让相关人站在法庭上直接说话。
“事实证据调查在法庭，定罪量刑辩论在法庭，裁判结果形成于法庭，也就是审判的法庭中心主义”，最高法院刑三庭副庭长吕广伦说。
《意见》要求，复核死刑案件，应当讯问被告人。
辩护律师提出要求的，应当听取意见。证据存疑的，应当调查核实，必要时到案发地调查。
在一些受社会关注的死刑复核案件中，如夏俊峰案，上述要求已被执行。而如今最受社会瞩目的死刑复核案件，当属与聂树斌案相关的河北王书金案，21世纪经济报道记者从权威人士处得知，被二审判处死刑的王书金案目前尚未上报最高法院复核。
聂树斌的家属和律师此前曾在最高法院和河北省高院之间频繁奔走，请求法院对其申诉请求立案，但至今没有得到复查立案。《意见》对此重申了《刑诉法》中的规定，“对确有冤错可能的控告和申诉，应当依法复查”。
最高法院依然强调独立审判。“不能因为舆论炒作、当事方上访闹访和地方‘维稳’等压力，作出违反法律的裁判”，《意见》中称。
出于“维稳”考虑，地方政法委一度是干扰个案审判的重要因素，记者从权威人士处得知，除涉及外交、国防等特殊领域外，“政法委今后将不会介入个案”。《意见》亦规定，法院“严格依照法定程序和职责审判案件，不得参与公安机关、人民检察院联合办案”。(本文来源：21世纪经济报道)
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