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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/23 17:22:46 People’s Republic of China Supreme Court： cannot place stability pressure trial
On November 21, the Supreme People's Court has announced the establishment of a sound preventive criminal wronged and misjudged cases working mechanism (hereinafter referred to as ' advice '). Views on the basic principles of criminal proceedings is clearly established, proposed insisted exercise judicial power independently in accordance with the principle of the people's Court. Because of media hype and parties appealing to visiting and local "stability" and other pressures, and the referee made in violation of the law.
"Evidence"
Change "statement first" concept, focusing on physical evidence
"Wronged and misjudged cases, tracing is problems with facts and evidence. Therefore, preventing wronged and misjudged cases, the key is to keep well the facts of the case, evidence closed. "The Supreme Criminal Court of three Vice-President said Lv Guanglun, views based on the principles of evidence to judge from clear evidence of standards, emphasis on physical evidence, excluding illegal evidence reinforces the evidence review mechanism.
The opinion that, to enforce legal standards of proof. Convicted cases with insufficient evidence, should adhere to the principle suspect no punishment, declares the defendant not guilty, and shall not be reduced to "conservative" decision. Death penalty cases, insufficient evidence of the accused, the fact that application of the death penalty shall not be sentenced to death.
The views put forward, to real change "statement first" concepts and practices, focus on review and application of the physical evidence. In addition to eliminate concealed evidence and manufactured evidence, relating to the crime scene evidence, such as fingerprints, blood, semen, hair that does not pass through fingerprinting, DNA identification and the corresponding samples for the identification of the accused, victims shall not be used as the basis for deciding cases. In connection with articles, tools, and so does not determine, including through identification, identification of sources shall not be used as the basis for deciding cases.
The views further clarified the scope of illegal evidence, stressing the law excluding illegally obtained evidence. For use of torture, or freezing, hungry, sun-baked, fatigue trials and other illegal methods to collect the confessions of the defendant, should be excluded in accordance with law.
"Program"
Without good reason to refuse to testify, before hearing testimony or failure
"From the wronged and misjudged cases discovered, are found in many cases of violations of due process and justice system requirements. "Supreme Court spokesman Sun Jungong said the trial is a core aspect of the facts and evidence. In this regard, the opinion provides:
--Trial cases should be centered in trial. To really do the fact that evidence in court, conviction and sentencing debated in court, referee resulted in court.
--To strictly abide by the principles without cross-examination shall not be certified, without evidence in court to show investigation, identification, examination, the Court verified shall not be used as the basis for deciding cases.
--To conscientiously implement the system of witness. Not justification for the law to testify as a witness refused to testify after refusing to testify or appear in court, his testimony before the Court was unable to confirm the authenticity of the shall not be used as the basis for deciding cases.
--We need to protect the defendant and his defenders in the trial, examination questions, debates and other procedural rights.
--A critical examination of the facts of the case in accordance with its case. Conviction evidence doubts need people's Procuratorate supplementary investigations, such as the people's Procuratorate within two months did not submit written materials shall be based on documented evidence to render a decision in accordance with law.
"Supervision"
Review of death penalty cases, shall interrogate the defendant
"In order to find and correct errors in a timely manner in the proceedings, the law set a number of audit supervision mechanism, give full play to the case holding the role of these mechanisms. "Lv Guanglun said.
In this regard, the opinion has the following main provisions:
--Be clear full Court, Judiciary Committee investigation duties. Members of the collegial panel jointly responsible for quality of the case, the contractor first responsible of the quality of judges for the case.
--To straighten out one or two trial-level functions between the Court of first instance. Sentence unclear facts, insufficient evidence, the Court of second instance after ascertaining the facts may not be sent back for a retrial. Unclear facts, insufficient evidence to be sent back for a retrial of the case, after the appeal or protest shall not be again sent back for a retrial. Lower level people's Court shall not by lowering the level to avoid the jurisdiction of the case to the higher level people's court supervision.
--Pay great attention to the quality of death penalty cases handled to ensure that death penalty cases "zero error". Review of death penalty cases, shall interrogate the defendant. Requested by defence counsel, should listen to their views. According to according to questions, should investigation and verification, if necessary, to the investigation of the incident.
--To establish a sound scientific, reasonable and in line with the law of judicial case performance appraisal system. Major, difficult and complex cases, cannot be completed within the statutory period, the worker shall be submitted to extend the trial period. Not appeal rate revision rate, remand rates for individual assessment index evaluation of work quality and effectiveness.
"Limiting"
The people's Court shall not be associated with public prosecution cases
": To protect wronged and misjudged cases, not only to strengthen the courts and the judges the duty to act more actively enlist the support of all sectors of the community. "Sun military said.
In this regard, the provisions of the views:
--Trials must be strictly in accordance with legal procedures and responsibilities. People's courts shall not be combined with public security organs and people's procuratorates handling.
--To give full play to the defence counsel's important role in preventing the wronged and misjudged cases. Effective protection of defenders met, examination papers, investigation and evidence collection, the rights of the defence. Defender application access to prove that the defendant not guilty, evidence of the crime, shall give its permission.
--There was unjust and wrong accusations and complaints, in accordance with the review. The original judgment or written order errors, corrected in a timely manner in accordance with law.
--Cases we should establish and improve the judicial officers and responsibilities accountability. The judge shall perform their duties without accountability. Judicial officers to handle cases under trial rules or the law for selfish ends, in accordance with the provisions relating to trial work discipline and legal accountability.
"The major grievances of misjudged cases identified for practice, to seriously find issues, analyzes the root causes, make sure you have the problem no longer occurs, there may be a problem is resolved in a timely manner. "Sun military said.
11月21日，最高人民法院公布了《关于建立健全防范刑事冤假错案工作机制的意见》（以下简称《意见》）。《意见》对刑事诉讼的基本原则进行了明确，提出人民法院坚持依法独立行使审判权原则。不能因舆论炒作、当事方上访闹访和地方“维稳”等压力，作出违反法律的裁判。
【证 据】
改变“口供至上”观念，注重实物证据
“冤假错案之所以发生，追根溯源是事实、证据出现问题。因此，防范冤假错案，关键是把好案件的事实关、证据关。”最高法刑三庭副庭长吕广伦说，《意见》基于证据裁判原则，从明确证明标准、重视实物证据、排除非法证据等方面强化了证据审查机制。
《意见》指出，要严格执行法定证明标准。定罪证据不足的案件，应当坚持疑罪从无原则，依法宣告被告人无罪，不得降格作出“留有余地”的判决。死刑案件，对被告人适用死刑的事实证据不足的，不得判处死刑。
《意见》提出，要切实改变“口供至上”的观念和做法，注重实物证据的审查和运用。除了要杜绝隐匿证据，人为制造证据外，对于现场遗留的可能与犯罪有关的指纹、血迹、精斑、毛发等证据，未通过指纹鉴定、DNA鉴定等方式与被告人、被害人的相应样本作同一认定的，不得作为定案的根据。涉案物品、作案工具等未通过辨认、鉴定等方式确定来源的，不得作为定案的根据。
《意见》进一步明确了非法证据的范围，强调依法排除非法证据。对于采用刑讯逼供或者冻、饿、晒、烤、疲劳审讯等非法方法收集的被告人供述，应当依法排除。
【程 序】
无正当理由拒绝出庭作证，庭前证言或失效
“从目前发现的冤假错案看，许多案件都存在违反法定诉讼程序和审判制度要求的情形。”最高法新闻发言人孙军工表示，庭审是事实、证据调查的核心环节。对此，《意见》规定：
——审判案件应当以庭审为中心。要真正做到事实证据调查在法庭，定罪量刑辩论在法庭，裁判结果形成于法庭。
——要严格遵守未经质证不得认证原则，证据未经当庭出示、辨认、质证等法庭调查程序查证属实，不得作为定案的根据。
——要认真落实证人出庭作证制度。对于依法应当出庭作证的证人没有正当理由拒绝出庭或者出庭后拒绝作证，其庭前证言真实性无法确认的，不得作为定案的根据。
——要切实保障被告人及其辩护人在庭审中的发问、质证、辩论等诉讼权利。
——要依法严格审查案件的事实、证据。定罪证据存疑需要人民检察院补充调查的，如人民检察院在两个月内未提交书面材料，应当根据在案证据依法作出裁判。
【监 督】
复核死刑案件，应当讯问被告人
“为了在诉讼程序内及时发现、纠正错误，法律设置了诸多审核监督机制，要充分发挥这些机制的案件把关作用。” 吕广伦说。
对此，《意见》主要有以下规定：
——要明确合议庭、审判委员会的办案职责。合议庭成员共同对案件质量负责，承办法官为案件质量第一责任人。
——要理顺一、二审法院之间的审级职能。原判事实不清、证据不足，第二审人民法院查清事实的，不得发回重新审判。以事实不清、证据不足为由发回重新审判的案件，上诉、抗诉后，不得再次发回重新审判。下级人民法院不得通过降低案件管辖级别规避上级人民法院的监督。
——要高度重视办理死刑案件质量，确保死刑案件“零差错”。复核死刑案件，应当讯问被告人。辩护律师提出要求的，应当听取意见。对证据有疑问的，应当调查核实，必要时到案发地调查。
——要建立健全科学合理、符合司法规律的办案绩效考评制度。重大、疑难、复杂案件，不能在法定期限内审结的，应当依法报请延长审理期限。不得以上诉率、改判率、发回重审率等单项考核指标评价办案质量和效果。
【制 约】
人民法院不得与公检机关联合办案
“防范冤假错案，不仅要强化法院和法官应尽的职责，更要积极争取社会各界的支持。”孙军工说。
对此，《意见》规定：
——要严格依照法定程序和职责审判案件。人民法院不得与公安机关、人民检察院联合办案。
——要充分发挥辩护律师在防范冤假错案上的重要作用。切实保障辩护人会见、阅卷、调查取证等辩护权利。辩护人申请调取证明被告人无罪、罪轻的证据，应当准许。
——对确有冤错可能的控告和申诉，应当依法复查。原判决、裁定确有错误的，依法及时纠正。
——要建立健全审判人员权责一致的办案责任制。审判人员依法履行职责，不受追究。对审判人员办理案件违反审判工作纪律或者徇私枉法的，依照有关审判工作纪律和法律的规定追究责任。
“对于实践中发现的重大冤错案件，要认真查找问题，深入剖析根源，确保已经发生的问题不再发生，可能存在的问题及时得到解决。”孙军工说。
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