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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/23 17:24:48 Residence of the ancient anecdotes： Tang without day mandarins provides free housing
Ancient residence what would it look like
Finish Yan Shaoyuan
Official residence, simply put, is the housing system of State officials, commonly known as "the House of iron, water".
Actually practised in China "residence". Ancient mansion look like? What levels of Government are eligible to stay at it?
Ever since the Qin and Han, State County prefectures where the size of local government officials at all levels are appointed by the central principle of origin to evade, to put it plainly, all of the local officials not from around here. To this end, local officials at all levels during housing is provided by the State, and delineating the respective Government Office in feudal China which is inside the compound, known as residential, NGA in public-private, as usual, had his house door to the lobby of the building as the center work area and draw a line.
Ancients commonly used "official's son" as the official children's nicknames, is based on their special living conditions.
People take a brick and wood, for the old Prime Minister to build two "affordable housing"
Living homes is not only a benefit, is also a political deal. Kou zhun political opponents persecuted the Northern Song dynasty, was reduced to a master painter was spreading, name, and it is regulated. In cases like this, hengzhou government didn't give him shelter. After the people heard, each take a brick and wood, with the fastest speed for the old Prime Minister to build two "affordable housing". Seeing its prestige is so high in the public, political opponents and get him to move to leizhou and eventually achieve the goal made him worried and indignant and stroke.
Su's brother Su zhe chapter have been political opponents banished to leizhou, because without a residence qualification of residential care homes, had to stay outside the Government Office in feudal China House. informed that the strictly State Government take "control" of local residents. was later banished to leizhou, also happens to be the man to want to rent a House, other haunted answered him: "the Soviet public, Prime Minister broke my house, this is not available. ”
Outside the House, official home of all furniture and debris from authorities to stay at the identity provider, when officials transferred or retire, according to the list returned. The Ping Chau in, Wang Anshi from the Jiangning Government Office since retiring, Lady Wu Shi a habit of old rattan bed home. Soon after, Jiangning Government House officials to recover of the Crown, about not outspoken, but secretly reported to the master. Know Wu Furen Wang Anshi's excessive fondness for cleanliness, itself is sloppy with her did not agree, so barefoot runner on the rattan beds, long lie supine. Wu Furen, life will immediately back to the public.
Volume III of the Datang new mind that Xuanzong ascended shortly retire old Minister Li Rizhi, once approved, immediately returned to the House and moved into other houses. Volume VII of the Tang Yulin Kee, town square there is a geomancer called "Gold Cup" houses, Wang E, Han Linghong and many successive Chancellors live, know it is job-related treatment. Of course with "given" formal official for privacy there, however due to changes or convicted, and one wing Yip. When an LU-Shan TTg, Royal Decree under Xuanzong had built in the Chang-Yan Fong Street South residence hall, and gave him to the Beijing audience with time. When he collapsed, houses were also confiscated.
City officials, their pockets; Changan room expensive Shirai is not easy to
Kyoto in sui and Tang Chang an, Office area and living area had a clearer divide. Where a hundred guanya Department, mostly built in the Imperial City, officials of the House are located in the neighbourhoods within the imperial city in the Shang dynasty. If a wife and children of a large family in the capital was an official Chang are not inherited, will have to pay for "long live" the "big easy" to pay. Is a direct buy land for building or residence, as Prime Minister, said Lo Wing-Lok on the left corner of the mansion, which was bought because of the geomancer abetted "second-hand". If the difficult economic conditions, they can only live on.
Deputy Prime Minister of the Tang emperor Xuanzong Lu Huaishen sick colleagues Song 瞡, Lou, would like to go and visit his home, the whole "used houses are extremely frugal hut", Deputy Prime Minister slept in shabby mattresses woven with bamboo door curtain-free foil, when it comes to rain, mat hanging on the door block.
And Lu Huaishen while Yao Chong, living conditions and a dozen of them. According to the old book of Tang, volume 124 is written, probably because heart rates are too expensive because of the Yao Chong at Putin's residence in remote areas, for ease of commuting and pack a room near the Imperial City Hotel, the end result of personal disorder fell ill at the Inn. After Xuanzong was informed, ordered in specially the reception around minority and foreign envoys "superior Hotel concerning Foreign Affairs," as he opened a "Suite" to facilitate the living to take care of a wife and children, but Yao Chong felt too luxury and dare not live.
When he introduced Tang dynasty capital city hall of residence of the Chang-Chi, said Ning Fang Yao Chong, and specifically indicates that this is the State-owned assets. It seems that Emperor Xuanzong allow the Government to pay for in the end, in the heart of newly built a Yao Chongzi considered to be the right kind of dwelling, avoiding the troubles of hotel.
Court takes on curved alley, the Emperor's car lift
Without day mandarins of the Tang dynasty practice of providing free housing, after largely inherited throughout, especially in the song "energy".
From Kyoto to the State capital, have property shop as Executive in charge of State-owned real estate and Residence Inn, is responsible for the rent, and built, equivalent to the modern "Housing Authority". Selfless-serving official in Kyoto, rental home, although slaughter practise as Ministers.
Yang Li in the Lord Deputy, stay the same, "Housing Authority" of the House. After his death, Emperor Zhenzong of Song in memory, only to find the Deputy Prime Minister level take on curved alley, the Emperor's car to lift won't go in.
However, without day mandarins to provide residential institutional, although cost savings but increases the work of the Forum. Dream of the stone forest of poetry, at times, the Prime Minister was supposed to return home from work, carry out, and suddenly there was an emergency official, also military two Fu (slaughter house, Privy Council) countersigned the Directorate to take effect but who hold official documents by collectors who invited fellow leaders sign, delays, and easy to leak secrets. At the beginning of shenzongyuanfeng, was built in tuck right before the doors of Government House, every house of four, four sets of "units" means eight bits. From this two-official residence of the head of House is built in the Imperial City area.
However, can live for free in "two House eight", after all, there are very few, the subordinate officials still have to rent residential home. Branches in tortured and serving Board of civil service departments and divisions, such as Jiang Xiufu had complained "expected payday, sleep when the Sun and moon earlier in the month long, short sleep when the Sun and moon until the end of the month to pay money", we can see that rent is paid on a monthly, compared to income, the "Engel's coefficient" is also not low. And in the annals · in food-Chi, also from time to time to see the "shop increased three separate rooms on the first floor of money" argument, State-owned rental price not low percentage, the reason for this was the financial distress. Painted by Zhang Zeduan's qingming River on the map, you can sketch out the "Zhao Taicheng home" or "home", many noble lay hidden on a large number of ordinary homes or shops in the historical truth of business establishments.
The beams in wood, he half on their new home construction
Similar to situations in the Ming dynasty and the Tang and Song dynasties; but there's a new trend, many departments and divisions build themselves a house or buying a House. If system requires each day mandarins may rank low, using several SOAP service to do chores, without leaving the SOAP service worker food conversion over silver.
Volume II of the Yutang clump of words in mind, when Xie Duo became Nanjing Guozijian libate, all these money over the past few months, originally leased to the Government of the State housing buy their ownership change from a State-owned body, residence exclusively for the incumbents, no longer have to pay the money. Carefully crafted, fresh silver to buy out property rights of these workers, the monthly distributed to anyone. Xie Duo, a practice is for posterity to do good things in the long run, seen from the front is compensate incumbents. Because of house organ owned once transferred or retired, and had to be returned.
Just from a systems perspective, and stated above, another point of view, not secure an official position in the history of our mansion examples abound. 36 year of Jiajing in Ming dynasty (1557) the night of April 13, a big fire caused by lightning, three main halls and the main building of the Palace gate month galleries to ashes. Soon after that, the State "construction" (the Ministry) avoids presided over the reconstruction. Slow works progress, two or three months later, according to his sayings should be completed as soon as possible the zhengyang gate, also see signs for the completion.
One day, emperor ascended in the Palace, sprang up from afar this West Chang an Street, the newly open views of the high roof, who is asked to build houses. About a: this is a history of Zhao Wenhua new mansion. Added: the beams in wood, he half on their new home construction.
(Excerpts from people's Forum 2009)
Further reading
What foreign-residence is
Residence abroad are already in place for many years. The familiar, United States President lives in the White House, United Kingdom Prime Minister, Downing Street, 10th, France presidential Elysee Palace.
United States: symbol and charges for one year $ 1
United States elected Federal, State and city officials, such as President, Vice-President, Governor, Deputy Governors and mayors (only sizable mayors in large cities), the law stipulates that the Government should provide residence can enjoy during his tenure, term ends you should move out. For safety reasons, the President, the Vice President, the residence of the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor must live, Mayor may choose to voluntarily waives the right to residence of the living, buying their own homes live.
Purchase, use and maintenance of the residence are budgeted expenditure by the Government, residents pay only a nominal annual rent of $ 1. To State, State elected members (including the Senate) housing rental allowance subsidy system, subsidy principle to "decent, comfortable" as a benchmark for specific amounts by the parliamentary Finance Committee approval.
Germany: Government paid or pipe maintenance
Germany objects that implement the residence system, primarily in the former senior civil servants, including the Prime Minister, Ministers of the Federal Government. In addition must be stationed outside the official residence of the Prime Minister, Ministers can have a certain degree of flexibility: the residence of the emplacement either owned or rented homes. All of the Federal mansion, are funded by the Federal Government, according to the financial means available, equipped with the appropriate equipment and furniture, maintenance, and maintenance to make strict regulations.
France: exceeding the area of paying your own
France-residence than Germany but also small, among government leaders, State Ministers residence of the unified system, but implementation of the housing subsidy system. Minister of State-funded apartment maximum benchmark 80 square metres in area, Ministers each additional child in the family, the Housing Authority can expand the size of 20 square meters. Over an area of housing costs must be borne by the Minister himself. In February 2006, when he was France's Finance Minister Herve Gaymard was conveniently in Paris using public funds for the family of ten 600 square meters rental mansion was exposed, was forced to resign due to violation of regulations, in France caused a huge reaction.
Japan: two types of officials would live for free
Japan is a special case. In Obuchi's reign, in addition to outside the residence of the Prime Minister and Chief Cabinet Secretary kept, residence of the rest will be abolished. But there are still two classes of official free residential: one is more than a Cabinet Minister, senior government officials and leaders of Parliament; others are officials of the special needs.
According to Japan law, Senate Deputy Speaker of Parliament, the Prime Minister and Cabinet Ministers, Supreme Court judges, the Attorney General and others can be used for free hotel in the civil service.
Other free use of staff quarters is generally during working hours, for the protection of people's life or property at any time the civil service jobs are likely to go to work, and these dwellings must be established within the territory or nearby.
(Excerpts from Xinhua, Phoenix, and the City Express)
(Edit: SN010)November 22, 2013 Jiefang Daily(古代官邸制轶事：唐朝不为京官提供免费住房|官邸|轶事|官邸制_新闻资讯
古代官邸啥模样
■完颜 绍元
官邸制，简单说来，就是国家官员的住房制度，俗称“铁打的房子，流水的官”。
我国古代实际上也实行过“官邸制”。古代的官邸什么样？什么级别的官才有资格入住呢？
自秦汉以来，凡州郡府县各级地方政府的大小官员，均由中央依籍贯回避的原则任命，说白了就是所有的地方官全不是本地人。为此，各级地方官员在职期间的住房，皆由国家提供，并且都圈定在各自的衙署即机关大院以内，通称官舍、内衙或私宅，照例都用屋宇式的宅门同以大堂为中心的办公区域划出界线。
古人常用“衙内”作为官府子弟的代称，就是以他们这种特殊的居住条件为依据的。
老百姓带上砖瓦木料，替老宰相盖起两间“经济适用房”
居住官舍不仅是一项福利，也是一种政治待遇。北宋名相寇准受政敌迫害，被贬为衡州司马，徒有虚名、实受监管。像这种情况，衡州官府就不给他提供住房。老百姓听说后，各自带上砖瓦木料，以最快速度替老宰相盖起两间“经济适用房”。眼看其在民众中威望如此之高，政敌又赶快把他迁到雷州，并最终达到令他郁愤而卒的目的。
苏东坡的弟弟苏辙也曾被政敌章贬到雷州，因为没有居住官舍的资格，只得在衙署外借住民房。章得知，严令州府究治借房给“管制分子”的当地居民。后来章也被贬到雷州，碰巧也向这个人求租房子，对方心有余悸地答复他：“前苏公来，章丞相几破我家，今不可也。”
住房以外，官吏住所内的所有家具杂物亦由机关按入住者的身份提供，待官员调任或退休时，都要按清单归还。《萍洲可谈》述，王安石从江宁府任上自请退休，夫人吴氏把官舍里一张用习惯的藤床带回了家。未几，江宁府吏来王家追讨，左右莫敢言，只好悄悄地向老爷汇报。王安石知道吴夫人好洁成癖，自己则因邋遢与她每不相合，于是赤脚登上这张藤床，偃卧良久。吴夫人一看，马上命人将床还给公家。
《大唐新语》卷三记，玄宗即位不久，老宰相李日知自请退休，一旦获准，马上退还官舍，搬进其他房子。《唐语林》卷七记，永宁坊有一幢被风水先生称为“金盏地”的住宅，先后有王锷、韩令弘等许多大臣住过，可知这都是与职务相关的待遇。当然以“赐第”形式化官为私的也有，不过因改朝换代或获罪受处等原因，亦难保永业。如安禄山得志时，玄宗曾下敕在长安亲仁坊南街建造宅堂，送给他以便其进京朝见时居住。等他垮台了，房子也就被没收了。
京城当官，自己掏钱；长安房贵，白居不易
隋唐时期的京都长安，办公区与生活区有了更加明确的划分。凡百官衙署，大都建造在皇城里，官员们的住宅则分布在皇城外郭城内的居民区。假如拖上老婆儿女一大家子在京城当官，在长安又无祖业，就得自己掏钱为“长安居”之“大不易”埋单了。一种是买地建房或直接买现成的公馆，如左丞相张说在永乐坊的豪宅，就是因风水先生怂恿而买下的“二手房”。假如经济条件困难，便只能陋室将就了。
唐玄宗时副宰相卢怀慎请病假，同僚宋瞡、卢从愿等去他家探病，但见“器用屋宇，皆极俭陋”，堂堂副宰相睡在用竹片编成的破旧床垫上，门无帘箔，碰到刮风下雨时，就用条席子挂在门上遮挡。
和卢怀慎同时任相的姚崇，居住条件与之半斤八两。据《旧唐书》卷一二四所记，可能是因为中心地段房价太贵的缘故，所以姚崇在京的住所在偏远的地方，为上下班方便，又在皇城附近的旅馆里包了一间，终因起居失调而病倒在旅店里。玄宗得知情况后，下令在专门接待周边少数民族和外邦使节的“涉外高级宾馆”中为他开了一间“套房”，以方便妻孥同住照顾；但姚崇觉得宾馆太豪华了，不敢居住。
《长安志》介绍唐朝都城名人居所时，谓兴宁坊有姚崇宅，并特地指明此乃国有资产。看来，最终还是唐玄宗让政府出钱，在中心地段新盖了一所让姚崇自认为是合适的住宅，从此避免了住旅馆的苦恼。
朝廷大员借居在弯曲的巷子里，皇帝的乘轿都抬不进去
唐朝一般不为京官提供免费住房的做法，基本上为以后历朝所继承，其中尤以宋朝最“悭”。
自京都到各地州府，都设有楼店务作为主管国有房产和邸店的行政部门，负责出租及修造事宜，相当于近世的“房管局”。在京都任职却无私第的官员，皆租屋而居，虽宰执大臣亦然。
杨砺官居枢密副使，照样借住“房管局”的房子。他死后，宋真宗登门悼念，才发现这位与副宰相平级的大员居然借居在弯曲的巷子里，皇帝的乘轿都抬不进去。
然而，不向京官提供住宅的制度，虽然能节省支出；但却增加了工作上的不便。叶梦得《石林诗话》称，有时候，宰相已下班各自回家了，忽然有紧急公文需要办理，按制度还得军政两府(即宰府、枢密院)的首长连署才能生效，只好由吏员拿着公文一家一家去请各位领导画押，既耽搁时间，又容易泄露机密。于是在神宗元丰初，始建东西府于右掖门之前，每府相对四位即四套“单元房”，俗谓之八位。从此两府首长才有了建在皇城区的官邸。
不过，能免费住进“两府八位”的毕竟没有几个，广大中下级官员还得租舍而居。先后在刑部、吏部等部司供职的江休复曾抱怨说：“盼望月初发薪水时觉日月长，待到月终付房钱时觉日月短”，可知房租是按月缴纳的，对比收入，“恩格尔系数”也不低。而且在《宋史·食货志》里，还不时见到有关“楼店务增三分房钱”的争论，国有房租提价的比例不低，其原因当是财政窘迫。张择端所绘的《清明上河图》上，隐约可见“赵太丞家”或“某某家”，正是众多官宦之居藏伏在大量普通民宅或商肆店铺中的历史真相。
工部的栋梁大木，半数被他用到新宅建筑上了
明代的情形和唐宋相似；但又有新的动向，就是不少部司自己盖房或买房。如当时制度规定，每个京官都可依品秩高低，使用若干名皂役做杂务，亦可不用而将皂役的工食银折算归己。
《玉堂丛语》卷二记，谢铎任南京国子监祭酒时，将这些钱全积攒起来，把原先国家租借给学官们的住宅一次性买断，使其所有权关系从国有变为机关所有，专供在本机关任职者居住，不必再另付房钱。仔细推敲起来，用来买断产权的这些工食银，原来该按月分给各人。谢铎的这一做法，从长远看是为后人办好事，从眼前看却是让现任者吃亏了。因为房子属机关所有，一旦调任或退休，还得退还。
以上仅仅是从制度着眼而述，换一个角度看，历史上居官不廉而住豪宅的实例不胜枚举。明朝嘉靖三十六年(1557年)四月十三日夜，一场因雷击引起的大火，将皇宫主体建筑三大殿及午门月廊等化为灰烬。未几，国家“建设部”(工部)奉旨主持灾后重建。工程进度缓慢，两三个月过去了，按圣谕应该先尽快建成的正阳门楼，还看不见竣工迹象。
某日，皇帝在宫中登高，远远望见今西长安街上有新近拔地而起的高敞壮丽的屋脊，便问是谁家盖房。左右答：这是工部尚书赵文华的新公馆。又说：工部的栋梁大木，半数被他用到新宅建筑上了。
(摘编自《人民论坛》2009年第10期)
延伸阅读
外国官邸制都是怎么搞
官邸制在国外已实施多年。人们熟知，美国总统住白宫，英国首相住唐宁街10号，法国总统住爱丽舍宫。
美国：象征收费一年1美元
美国民选的联邦、州、市主要官员，如总统、副总统、州长、副州长和市长(只有相当规模的大、中城市市长)，法律规定政府应提供官邸，任职期间可享用，任职期满则应搬出。基于安全理由，总统、副总统、州长、副州长必须居住官邸，市长则可选择自愿放弃居住官邸的权利，自购居所居住。
官邸的购买、日常使用和维护费均由政府预算支出，居住者则只需交纳象征性的年租金1美元。对邦、州当选议员(含参众两院)实施住房租赁津贴补贴制度，补贴的原则以“体面、舒适”为基准，具体数额由议会的金融委员会审定。
德国：政府出钱还管维护
德国实行官邸制的对象，主要是在任的高级公务员，包括总理、联邦政府各部部长。除了总理等必须进驻官邸外，各部部长则可以有一定的灵活性：可以进驻官邸，也可以自有或租用住房。所有的联邦官邸，均由联邦政府出资，根据现有财力配备相应的设备和家具、维护保养，并对维护保养做出严格规定。
法国：超标面积自己埋单
法国的官邸制范围比德国还要小，除政府领导人外，国家对各部部长也没有实行统一的官邸制度，而是实行了住房补贴制度。国家资助的部长公寓最大面积基准为80平方米，部长家庭中每增加一个孩子，房屋的面积可以扩大20平方米。而超标面积的住房费用必须由部长本人承担。2006年2月，时任法国财政部长盖马尔因用公款在巴黎黄金地段为一家十口租住600平方米豪宅被曝光后，因违反规定被迫辞职，在法国引起巨大反响。
日本：两类官员可免费住
日本的情况比较特殊。在小渊惠三执政时，除了首相和官房长官保留官邸外，其余官邸一律废除。但是仍有两类官员可以免费使用住宅：一类是内阁大臣以上的政府高级官员和国会有关领导；另一类是特殊工作需要的官员。
按照日本法律，国会参众两院正副议长、内阁总理大臣以及内阁大臣、最高法院大法官、检察总长等人可以免费使用国家公务员宿舍。
另一种免费使用公务员宿舍的人员是通常需要在工作时间之外，为保护国民生命或财产随时都有可能奔赴工作岗位开展工作的公务员，而且这些住宅必须建立在机关属地内部或者附近。
(摘编自新华网、凤凰网、《都市快报》)
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