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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/23 17:26:11 Wang Yang in the people’s daily published an article： building an open economy new system
Wang Yang
Reform is a powerful driving force of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Looking back 35 years of reform and opening up process, reform and opening up are complementary and inseparable. Reforms create the institutional base and underlying conditions for open, open for the reform provides the experience and lifeblood. At present, China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, development in a period of transition and the shift requires a higher level of opening up to further promote domestic reforms, for the creation of a long-term economic development "open dividend". The CPC Central Committee on comprehensive decision on deepening the reform of major issue (hereinafter the decision), forward-looking, consider, on the construction of open economy has made a significant step to the new system, will have a profound impact on China's reform and opening up and the modernization drive.
First, a good understanding of China's opening to the face of the new situation
Since the third plenary session of the party, always adhere to the basic national policy of opening up, continuously expand the breadth and depth of opening, realized from the closed half-closed to all-round opening of great historical turning point. Open gave new impetus to China's economic and social development and vitality, promote the establishment and improvement of a socialist market economic system, and enhance China's comprehensive national power, international competitiveness and international influence, and also promoted the common development of China and the countries of the world. Today, our open economy has been standing at a new starting point, face a complex environment is undergoing profound changes at home and abroad. Mainly reflected in:
(A) the driving forces of economic globalization is undergoing major changes
In today's world, in-depth development of economic globalization trend has not changed. Under the influence of various factors, development of the multilateral trading system difficult, stagnating Doha Round negotiations, trade and investment protectionism to heat up, politicize economic and trade frictions tend to look up. At the same time, regional economic cooperation flourish, all kinds of free trade agreements have emerged, become an important driving force of economic globalization. As of July this year, remains effective to inform the World Trade Organization and regional trade arrangements a total of 249, around 70% in nearly 10 years. At present, only 1 out of 159 members of the World Trade Organization did not participate in the regional trading arrangements. Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), trans-Atlantic trade and investment partnership agreement (TTIP) and other large free trade area is pregnant and will have a profound impact on the trend of economic globalization. Build a free trade area in our country the urgency.
(B) significant changes in world trade patterns are
The international financial crisis, caught in the marshes of the debt crisis in many developed countries, economic recovery and arduous, became an important force driving world economic growth in developing countries, a group of emerging economies, rapid rise, BRIC countries share of total global economic output more than 20%, the global economic landscape, "East West down" more apparent. According to UNCTAD statistics, 2008-2012, total imports of developing countries with an average annual growth of 10.9%, significantly higher than the 3.3% growth in developed countries, share of global imports from 39% per cent. Deep adjustment of global demand structure requires that we at the same time consolidating the traditional markets, accelerate the promising emerging markets.
(C) the international situation is undergoing major changes in competition and cooperation
From a global perspective, international division of labor and cooperation still deepening, but with some interesting new trends. By emerging economic body integrated manufacturing cost rose of effects, labor intensive industry especially low-end manufacturing links accelerated to low-income national transfer; in developed "again industrialized" policy of traction Xia, some in the high-end manufacturing to developed return; service outsourcing and service investment became international trade cooperation new hot, for emerging economic body upgrade in global value chain in the of status brings has opportunities; new energy, and cloud computing, and 3D manufacturing, and gene diagnosis and repair, revolution made new breakthrough, High expectations are pinned on the new industry development in all countries, to seize the commanding heights of industry competition has become increasingly fierce.
(D) the basis and conditions for China's participation in economic globalization is undergoing major changes
At present, China's economic aggregate ranked second in the world, becoming the first largest exporter and second largest importer and second-largest foreign investment country, the third-largest foreign investor, the first large foreign-exchange reserves, for China to open further and provided a solid foundation. At the same time, vast domestic market, adequate funding, increasingly well-developed infrastructure, strong industrial support ability, as well as the increasing internationalization of enterprises ' innovation ability and operation ability, and provided favorable conditions for China's participation in economic globalization. But as China into the ranks of middle-income countries, cost of labor, land, and other elements into a period of concentration rises, low-cost manufacturing advantage diminished, energy resources and environmental constraints to strengthen. How to reinforce the traditional strengths, to create new competitive, before us is a major issue.
(E) the international community's understanding of China, and look forward to major changes taking place
As the comprehensive national power lifting, my voice in international economic governance system and the increasing influence, and on major international and regional issues, pay more attention to China's position, more attention to draw on and cooperation in China. At the same time, in China are accelerating towards the international business reception, some developed countries in the rebalancing of the global economy, climate change, exchange rate, intellectual property protection, market access and other aspects of China's growing demands, some developing countries looked forward to more and more to China. Still is and will be for a long time in the primary stage of socialism in our country's basic national conditions have not changed, as the largest developing country in the world's international status has not changed. External awareness with the country's actual situation, and give me a complex impact on participation in international economic cooperation.
Situation which does not advance loses ground. Things, circumstances of profound changes in the opportunities brought about by unprecedented challenges are unprecedented. Only adapt to the new situation of opening up, fully seize the opportunities, meet the challenges, can stand in the complex external environment, seize the initiative in the increasingly fierce international competition.
Second, efforts to build an open economy new system
35 years of reform and opening, China's foreign-related economic restructuring make solid progress, initially built according to its own national conditions and open economic system of the World Trade Organization rules. But overall, China's open economic institution building uneven, uncoordinated and unsustainable problems more prominent, some systems do not adapt to the situation at home and abroad and the open economy has its own development needs. In contrast, few in-depth reform of foreign trade, utilization of foreign capital and foreign investment reform is lagging; coastal open economic system more mature, inland regions lagging behind; fast pace of enterprise reform and transformation of Government function and intermediary organizations is lagging behind. The decision look forward to the future, defined the main direction of the new building open economic system, based on the current, makes a number of important initiatives. Includes:
(A) the relaxation of the foreign investment market access
Utilization of foreign capital is not simply the introduction of capital at this stage, picked up by more importantly absorb international investments in technological innovation and advanced management experience, which is crucial to upgrade China's industrial structure adjustment and economic transformation. More than 30 years, the overall competitiveness of manufacturing industry in China have been greatly improved, making Taiwan the world's largest exporter of manufactured goods, thanks to the opening of manufacturing areas, a comprehensive and in-depth. In contrast, the low level of opening China's service industries, competitiveness, is the economy in the development of a "short Board". Growth and development is vital to further deepen the reforms, expand opening up. Focuses on promoting service industries such as finance, education, culture, health care and orderly opening, let go of foster care for the elderly, building design, accounting and auditing, Commerce and foreign investment restrictions in the area of logistics, e-commerce and other services sector. Services not only to open to the public, also opening.
(B) innovative use of foreign investment management system
For many years, we adopt a case-by-case approval and catalogue of industries for guiding foreign investment management, at the same time, domestic and foreign-funded enterprises in a number of areas of different laws and regulations. Advantage of this form of management is guiding policies, and disadvantage of approval links, lack of policy stability, easily lead to "glass doors", "Spring", and so on, administrative costs and the costs of doing business are higher. An increasing number of countries in the world to take "prior to access to national treatment", and "negative lists" foreign management methods, on Prohibitions or restrictions on foreign investment in the sector included in the list, and may enter areas not included in the foreign investment, foreign enterprises enjoy equal treatment. This management style is conducive norms and constraints on Government behavior for enterprises to create a stable, transparent and predictable business environment. Reform of management system of China's foreign investment, is to learn from this management mode to minimize and standardize administrative examination and approval, to correct "prior approval, the light subsequent regulatory" tendency, giving investors the opportunity to engage in fair competition in the market. Establishment of a free trade zone, Shanghai, China is the Party Central Committee in a major initiative to advance the reform and opening up in the new situation, not only expanding the opening of the services market, and tried before the access added a negative list of national treatment of foreign management model. Countries on a pilot basis in the future, select the number of qualified local free trade zone (Hong Kong), experience at national level to implement this management mode.
(C) reform of foreign investment management system
From trade to investment powers, from product output to the export of capital, is the open economic transformation and upgrading of the Rainbow. Over the past decade, it surged to an average of 40% per cent of the high speed growth, the cumulative direct foreign investment of more than $ 500 billion, among the powers of foreign investments. But over all Chinese companies to expand overseas is still in its early stages, in particular foreign investment management system construction is lagging behind, not fully adapt to the foreign investment to speed up the development of the new situation, investment approval, foreign exchange management, financial services, import and export of goods, personnel entry and exit, and there are a lot of obstacles. Speeding up the implementation of the strategy of going out, the key is to deepen the reform of external investment management, relaxation of foreign investment restrictions, the implementation of the "who invest, who benefit decisions, who, who will bear the risk" principle, established the main status of enterprises and individuals to invest overseas. In this regard, the decision put forward the "three allowed", or "allow businesses and individuals to play to their own advantages to overseas investment and cooperation, allow own risk to the freedom of all countries and regions to contract projects and labor service cooperation projects, allow innovative ways out of greenfield investments investment, securities investment, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, etc. "This is the enthusiasm of the majority of enterprises and investors expect, fully embodies the State-supported enterprises to speed up the go out policy-oriented, will propel China's foreign investment to a new level.
(D) speed up the construction of free trade zone
Compared with the opening of the multilateral trading system, free trade zones have optional features, process control, can be up to local drives the overall opening effect. At present, China has signed 12 free trade agreements, but compared with developed countries, the overall level is not high, is limited. In future, we will continue to uphold the multilateral trading system's dominance in the global trade development, at the same time to speed up the implementation of the strategy of free trade zone form based around, high standards of a free trade area in the world-oriented network, expand the opening up and development of the national economy. Take to build China-ASEAN free trade area upgrades and further enhance the level of trade and investment liberalization and facilitation in the region; promote in Korea, Japan, South Korea, Australia (and Australia), regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP), free trade agreement negotiations, promoting the Asia-Pacific economic integration processes; initiate free trade agreement negotiations with other trade partners.
(E) expansion of inland areas open to
At present, the inland area of China's open economy facing historical opportunities of development, but because neither the sea, nor the border, there is less open ports, logistics costs, regional transit, and many other constraints need to crack. Expanding inland open is a great article, from the institutional mechanism, policy environment to work and fully consolidate the Foundation of inland open economic development. Inland processing trade model of innovation, advance the whole production, spare parts, raw materials, supporting research and development the settlement integration cluster development in inland areas, make the outback a coastal chain of processing trade to undertake. International construction and manpower promoting inland areas, speed up the construction of Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Europe and other areas of international logistics channel, supporting inland cities to operate international passenger and cargo flights, development of river-sea, tiehai, aviation and multimodal form traverses East-West foreign economic corridor, collaboration between the North and the South. Collaboration to promote coastal inland clearance along the edge, for port management departments for information interchange, mutual recognition, mutual assistance in law enforcement supervision, expand the "territorial Declaration, port clearance," pilot reform inland cargo imports and exports towards "a declaration, inspection, release time and again", improve the efficiency of ports and reduce costs.
(F) accelerating the pace of opening up along the edge
With 14 countries adjacent to the land boundary 22800 kilometres along side 139 County-level administrative region land area totals about 2 million square kilometers, is home to 45 ethnic minority. Speed up opening up along the edge, to optimize the pattern of opening up, promoting coordinated regional development, construction of major strategic importance to the prosperity and stability of the frontier. In recent years, the opening have taken solid steps along the sides, but the history, the impact of natural factors such as condition and surroundings, overall smaller open economies of scale along the edge, economic cooperation levels are not high, unsound mechanisms for cooperation with neighboring countries, levels needs to be improved to facilitate trade and personnel exchanges. At present, China has accelerated along the boundary of the favourable conditions on the increase. Neighboring countries are so populous, energy resources and enrichment, economic generally have developed rapidly in recent years, with my desire to carry out trade and economic cooperation strongly. Recently, General Secretary XI Jinping during his visit to Central Asia and South-East Asian countries, respectively, present a common construction of "Silk Road economic belt" and the "21st century Silk Road at sea" strategic vision, strong resonance from the relevant countries, and bring big opportunities for China to speed up the border opening. Advancing along the open side stick to overall planning, geography, mutual benefit and common development, the principle of interaction, outreach, "" the move on from cooperation mechanisms and open policy to seek a breakthrough. Innovation edge open door policy, allowing focus along the port, personnel exchanges in the border city, economic cooperation area, processing, logistics, tourism and other special methods and policies, improve the level of trade and investment facilitation, development of special advantage industries. Finance to open along the edge to play the supporting role, the establishment of developmental financial institutions to speed up and the construction of regional infrastructure interconnections with neighboring States and provide good conditions for opening up along the edge. To encourage border areas and between adjacent local governments to establish efficient and pragmatic mechanisms, solve problems in the adjacent areas of trade and economic cooperation and personnel exchanges.
(G) the reform of (co-) management system
(Co) is an important part of modern market system. As the scale of China's open economy continues to grow, and accelerate the transformation of government functions, development of industry standards, regulating sector order and open up international markets, respond to trade frictions become increasingly dependent on (co). There is an unclear legal status, its function is not clear, flexible management mechanism is not institutional constraints, such as, my business (co) there is insufficient development, services are not in place, administrative issues mostly. Develop and standardize company (Association), from the ideological understanding, policy environment, removing barriers in areas such as institution-building, management systems, is not within the scope of the administrative functions of the back (), can be purchased through the service, and other ways to support the Government. The decision states that: "the decoupled from the real deadline for the achievement of industry associations, chambers of Commerce and the Executive, focusing on cultivating and priority development industry associations, chambers of Commerce, technology parts, charities, community organizations in rural and urban community service category, upon the establishment of a direct application for registration according to the law. "This is a significant economic and social management innovation, future () is of great significance for reform and development. With the large number of traders, in accordance with the operation of the market-oriented (co-) emerged, between Governments and businesses will be more closely associated, through Government's macro-economic management and efficiency in the market in the allocation of resources will be significantly improved.
Third, the reform and innovation in such participation and lead the new international economic cooperation and competition advantages
35 proves that reform is emancipating and developing the productive forces, enhance the overall competitiveness of the economy the only way, institutional changes led to the most comprehensive, stable and lasting competitive advantage. Open economic reforms increased during the period, during which economic competitiveness improve faster; open economic system more mature, which areas of the economy more dynamic. The decision on the construction of open-major deployment of the new system, as they deployed progressively implemented, would further emancipate and develop the productive forces, in the fierce international competition, formation of new competitive advantages for participating in and leading international economic cooperation.
(A) to develop comprehensive new competitive advantage
"Ten five" China's export in the period with an average annual growth rate as high as 25%, the "Eleven-Five" period to 15.7%, had been converted to single digit growth in the last two years. Results of both poor demand in the international market, is a reflection of traditional competitive advantage of our economy gradually weakened, full description of relying solely on cheap resources and cheap labor, open economy development model is ultimately unsustainable, is impossible to build economic power. Decided under made, reform foreign investment management system, and relaxed foreign access limit, strengthened intellectual property using and protection, and sound technology innovation incentive mechanism, innovation external investment way, and encourages enterprise merger abroad research institutions and well-known brand, major initiatives, is to further played open on technology innovation and industry upgrade of led role, promoting open type economic from scale expansion to quality benefits upgrade shift, from cost advantage to to talent, and capital, and technology, and service, and brand for core of integrated competition advantage shift, Efforts to improve the position in the international division of labor.
(B) to develop new advantage of all-round opening
At present, the Midwest has only reaches about 13% foreign investment, import and export, 17% cent of the outward investment, which is the result of a combination of factors, also highlighted the development potential of China's open economy. Further opening of the enormous potential and room for manoeuvre in the Midwest, expanding the important direction of the open economy in breadth and depth in the Midwest. Open economy has entered the fast lane of the Midwest, showed a very broad prospects for development. The decision suggested that the expansion of inland and along the boundary, open innovation inland and along side the open mode, homeopathy is meant to exploit, and for mining open potential of the Central and Western regions, stimulate dynamic, speed up the formation of sea and land and Manpower, West: emphasizing open new patterns.
(C) to develop a stable, transparent and predictable business environment new advantages
In today's world, talent, resources, capital, technology and increasingly fierce competition in the market, the business environment became an important backing of the countries to participate in international economic cooperation and competition, is the economic importance of soft power reflects. China's socialist market economy was established and continues to improve, but the transformation of government functions is not in place, market intermediary organizations developed, construction of social credit system lags significantly increased the company's cost of doing business. Decided under made, deepening administrative reform, unified within foreign legal regulations, unified market access system, unified market regulatory, established open transparent of market rules, is to active butt international advanced concept and passage rules, strongly create competition ordered of market environment, and transparent efficient of Chief environment, and fair justice of legal environment, guarantee various ownership economic law equal using production elements, and open fair just participation market competition, and equal was legal protection, enhanced various enterprise long-term investment China of confidence.
(D) fostering participation and lead the international rules and standards for the development of new advantages
Competition rules and standards are the highest level of competition. China's accession to the World Trade Organization, entered the inner circle of major negotiations on economic and trade issues, is playing an increasingly important role in global economic governance. But as the prevailing international economic and trade rules suited to, follow the role did not change at all. Decided under made, insisted world trade institutional rules, insisted bilateral, and multilateral, and regional times regional open cooperation, accelerated environmental protection, and investment protection, and Government procurement, and e-commerce, international trade new topics negotiations, expanded with States regions interests convergence points, is to to more active, and confident, and is responsible for of attitude, participation international system change and international rules developed, participation global problem governance, enhanced my in international trade rules and standard developed in the of discourse right, Push the direction towards a more just and rational international economic order to better safeguard China's fundamental interests and the common interests of mankind.
(Original title: new system build open economy)
汪 洋
改革开放是发展中国特色社会主义的强大动力。回顾35年改革开放历程，改革与开放是相辅相成、不可分割的。改革为开放创造体制基础和内在条件，开放为改革提供经验借鉴和活力源泉。当前，我国改革已进入攻坚期和深水区，发展处于转型期和换挡期，需要通过更高水平的对外开放，进一步促进国内体制改革，为我国经济长远发展再造一个“开放红利期”。《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)，高瞻远瞩、审时度势，对构建开放型经济新体制作出了重要部署，必将对我国改革开放和现代化建设产生深远影响。
一、正确把握我国对外开放面临的新形势
党的十一届三中全会以来，我国始终坚持对外开放的基本国策，不断拓展对外开放的广度和深度，实现了从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的伟大历史转折。对外开放为我国经济社会发展注入了新的动力和活力，推动了社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善，提升了我国的综合国力、国际竞争力和国际影响力，也促进了中国与世界各国的共同发展。今天，我国开放型经济已站在新的起点上，面临的国内外环境正在发生深刻复杂的变化。主要表现在：
(一)经济全球化的驱动力正在发生重大变化
当今世界，经济全球化深入发展的总趋势没有改变。受种种因素影响，多边贸易体制发展坎坷，多哈回合谈判徘徊不前，贸易投资保护主义升温，经贸摩擦政治化倾向抬头。同时，区域经济合作蓬勃发展，各类自由贸易协定大量涌现，成为经济全球化的重要动力。截至今年7月，向世界贸易组织通报并仍然有效的区域贸易安排共249个，70%左右是近10年出现的。目前，世界贸易组织159个成员方中只有1个没有参与区域贸易安排。跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(TPP)、跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定(TTIP)等超大自由贸易区正在孕育，将对经济全球化的走向产生深远影响。我国建设自由贸易区形势紧迫。
(二)世界经贸格局正在发生重大变化
国际金融危机后，不少发达国家深陷债务危机的沼泽，经济复苏艰难曲折，发展中国家成为拉动世界经济增长的重要力量，一批新兴经济体快速崛起，金砖国家占全球经济总量的比重超过20%，全球经济格局“东升西降”更加明显。据联合国贸发会议统计，2008—2012年，发展中国家进口总额年均增长10.9%，明显高于发达国家3.3%的增速，占全球进口的比重由39%升至45%。全球需求结构深刻调整，要求我们在巩固传统市场的同时，加快开拓前景广阔的新兴市场。
(三)国际产业竞争与合作的态势正在发生重大变化
从全球范围看，国际产业分工与合作仍在深化，但出现一些值得关注的新动向。受新兴经济体综合制造成本上涨的影响，劳动密集型产业特别是低端制造环节加速向低收入国家转移；在发达国家“再工业化”政策的牵引下，一些中高端制造业向发达国家回流；服务外包和服务投资成为国际经贸合作新热点，为新兴经济体提升在全球价值链中的地位带来了机遇；新能源、云计算、3D制造、基因诊断与修复等新技术革命取得新突破，各国均对新兴产业发展寄予厚望，抢占产业制高点的竞争日趋激烈。
(四)我国参与经济全球化的基础和条件正在发生重大变化
目前，我国经济总量居世界第二位，成为第一大出口国、第二大进口国、第二大吸收外资国、第三大对外投资国、第一大外汇储备国，这为我国进一步扩大开放提供了坚实的物质基础。同时，广阔的国内市场、充足的资金、日趋完备的基础设施、强大的产业配套能力，以及不断增强的企业创新能力和国际化经营能力，也为我国参与经济全球化提供了有利条件。但随着我国迈入中等收入国家行列，劳动力、土地等各类要素成本进入集中上升期，低成本制造的传统优势受到削弱，能源资源和生态环境约束强化。如何巩固传统优势、增创新优势，是摆在我们面前的重大课题。
(五)国际社会对我国的认知和期待正在发生重大变化
随着综合国力提升，我国在国际经济治理体系中的话语权和影响力不断增加，各方在重大国际和地区问题上更加关注中国的立场，更加注重对我国的借重与合作。同时，我国被加速推向国际事务前台，一些发达国家在全球经济再平衡、应对气候变化、人民币汇率、知识产权保护、市场开放等方面对我国的要求越来越高，一些发展中国家对我国的期待也越来越多。我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变，作为世界最大发展中国家的国际地位没有变。外界认知同我国实际情况的落差，给我参与国际经济合作带来复杂影响。
形势逼人，不进则退。世情、国情的深刻变化，带来的机遇前所未有，挑战也前所未有。唯有适应对外开放新形势，全面把握机遇，沉着应对挑战，才能在错综复杂的外部环境中站稳脚跟，在日趋激烈的国际竞争中把握主动。
二、努力构建开放型经济新体制
改革开放35年来，我国涉外经济体制改革迈出坚实步伐，初步建立了符合自身国情和世界贸易组织规则的开放型经济体制。但总体看，我国开放型经济体制建设不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题比较突出，有些体制不适应国内外形势和开放型经济自身发展的需要。比较而言，外贸体制改革更深入一些，利用外资和对外投资体制改革相对滞后；沿海地区开放型经济体制比较成熟，内陆地区相对滞后；企业改革步伐较快，政府职能转变和中介组织建设相对滞后。《决定》着眼长远，明确了构建开放型经济新体制的主攻方向，也立足当前，提出了不少重要举措。主要包括：
(一)放宽外商投资市场准入
现阶段利用外资不是简单的引进资金，更重要的是吸收国际投资中搭载的技术创新能力和先进管理经验，这对我国产业结构调整和经济转型升级至关重要。三十多年来，我国制造业的整体竞争力得到极大的提升，跃居全球第一大制成品出口国，得益于制造领域实行了全面而深入的对外开放。相比之下，我国服务业开放程度低，竞争力弱，仍是经济发展中的一块“短板”。壮大和发展服务业需要进一步深化改革、扩大开放。重点是推进金融、教育、文化、医疗等服务业领域有序开放，放开育幼养老、建筑设计、会计审计、商贸物流、电子商务等服务业领域的外资准入限制。服务业不仅要对外开放，也要对内开放。
(二)创新利用外资管理体制
多年来，我们采取逐案审批和产业指导目录的外资管理方式，同时，在一些领域对内外资企业实行不同的法律法规。这种管理方式的优点是产业政策导向性强，缺点是审批环节多，政策稳定性不足，容易导致“玻璃门”、“弹簧门”等问题，行政成本和营商成本都较高。而世界越来越多国家采取“准入前国民待遇”和“负面清单”的外资管理方式，将禁止或限制外资进入的领域列入清单，未列入的领域外资均可进入，内外资企业享受同等待遇。这种管理方式有利于规范和约束政府行为，为企业创造一个稳定、透明、可预期的营商环境。我国外商投资管理体制改革的方向，就是要借鉴这种管理模式，最大限度减少和规范行政审批，纠正“重事前审批、轻事后监管”的倾向，赋予各类投资主体公平参与市场竞争的机会。建立中国上海自由贸易试验区是党中央在新形势下推进改革开放的重大举措，不仅扩大了服务业市场开放，而且试行了准入前国民待遇加负面清单的外资管理模式。今后国家将在试点基础上，选择若干具备条件的地方发展自由贸易园(港)区，为在全国推行这种管理模式积累经验。
(三)改革对外投资管理体制
从贸易大国到投资大国、从商品输出到资本输出，是开放型经济转型升级的必由之路。近十年，我国对外投资以年均40%以上的速度高速增长，累计对外直接投资超过5000亿美元，跻身对外投资大国行列。但总体看我国企业走出去仍处于初级阶段，特别是对外投资管理体制建设相对滞后，不能完全适应对外投资加快发展的新形势，在投资审批、外汇管理、金融服务、货物进出口、人员出入境等方面存在诸多障碍。加快实施走出去战略，关键是深化对外投资管理体制改革，放宽对外投资的各种限制，落实“谁投资、谁决策、谁受益、谁承担风险”的原则，确立企业及个人对外投资的主体地位。对此，《决定》提出了“三个允许”，即“允许企业和个人发挥自身优势到境外开展投资合作，允许自担风险到各国各地区自由承揽工程和劳务合作项目，允许创新方式走出去开展绿地投资、并购投资、证券投资、联合投资等。”这是广大企业和投资人的热情期盼，充分体现了国家支持企业加快走出去的政策导向，必将推动我国对外投资迈上新台阶。
(四)加快自由贸易区建设
与多边贸易体系的开放相比，自由贸易区有对象可选、进程可控的特点，可以起到以局部带动整体的开放效果。目前，我国已经签署了12个自由贸易协定，但与发达国家相比，总体水平不高、规模有限。今后，我们要继续维护多边贸易体制在全球贸易发展中的主导地位，同时要加快实施自由贸易区战略，形成以周边为基础、面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络，拓展改革开放和国民经济发展空间。要抓紧打造中国—东盟自由贸易区升级版，进一步提升区内贸易投资自由化便利化水平；积极推进中韩、中日韩、中澳(大利亚)、区域全面经济伙伴关系(RCEP)等自由贸易协定谈判，推动亚太经济一体化进程；适时启动与其他经贸伙伴的自由贸易协定谈判。
(五)扩大内陆地区对外开放
当前，我国内陆地区开放型经济发展面临历史性机遇，但由于既不靠海、也不沿边，存在开放口岸少、物流费用高、区域转关难等诸多亟待破解的制约因素。扩大内陆开放是一篇大文章，要从体制机制、政策环境等方面下功夫，全面夯实内陆开放型经济发展的基础。要创新内陆加工贸易模式，推进整机生产、零部件、原材料配套和研发结算在内陆地区一体化集群发展，使内陆地区成为沿海加工贸易链条的承接地。要统筹推进内陆地区国际大通道建设，加快建设面向东南亚、中亚、欧洲等地区的国际物流大通道，支持内陆城市增开国际客货航线，发展江海、铁海、陆航等多式联运，形成横贯东中西、联结南北方的对外经济走廊。要推动内陆沿海沿边通关协作，实现口岸管理相关部门信息互换、监管互认、执法互助，扩大“属地申报、口岸放行”等改革试点，使内陆地区货物进出口逐步实现“一次申报、一次查验、一次放行”，提高口岸通行效率，降低通关成本。
(六)加快沿边开放步伐
我国同14个国家毗邻，陆路边境总长2.28万公里，沿边139个县级行政区国土面积合计约200万平方公里，居住着45个少数民族。加快沿边开放，对优化对外开放格局、促进区域协调发展、建设繁荣稳定的边疆具有重大战略意义。近年来，沿边地区对外开放迈出了坚实步伐，但受历史、自然条件和周边环境等因素的影响，沿边地区开放型经济规模总体偏小，经贸合作层次不高，与周边国家合作机制不健全，经贸和人员往来便利化水平亟待提高。目前，我国加快沿边开放的有利条件在增多。周边国家人口众多，能源资源富集，近年来经济普遍发展较快，与我开展经贸合作的愿望强烈。近期，习近平总书记出访中亚和东南亚国家期间，分别提出共同建设“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的战略构想，引起相关国家的强烈共鸣，为我国加快沿边开放带来了重大机遇。推进沿边开放要坚持统筹规划、因地制宜、互惠互利、共同发展、东西互动、内引外联的原则，在“边”字上做文章，从合作机制和开放政策上寻求突破。要创新沿边开放政策，允许沿边重点口岸、边境城市、经济合作区在人员往来、加工物流、旅游等方面实行特殊方式和政策，提高贸易和投资便利化水平，培育特色优势产业。要发挥金融对沿边开放的支撑作用，建立开发性金融机构，加快同周边国家和区域基础设施互联互通建设，为沿边开放提供良好条件。要鼓励边境地区与毗邻国地方政府之间建立高效务实的工作机制，及时解决毗邻地区经贸和人员往来中的问题。
(七)改革行业商(协)会管理体制
行业商(协)会是现代市场体系的重要组成部分。随着我国开放型经济规模不断壮大以及政府职能加快转变，制定行业标准、规范行业秩序、开拓国际市场、应对贸易摩擦等方面越来越离不开商(协)会的作用。但受法律地位不明确、职能定位不清晰、管理机制不灵活等体制因素的制约，我国商(协)会存在发展活力不足、服务不到位、行政色彩浓厚等问题。发展和规范商(协)会，要从思想认识、政策环境、机构建设、管理制度等方面消除障碍，把本不属于行政范畴的职能还给商(协)会，政府可通过购买服务等多种途径予以支持。《决定》指出：“限期实现行业协会商会与行政机关真正脱钩，重点培育和优先发展行业协会商会类、科技类、公益慈善类、城乡社区服务类社会组织，成立时直接依法申请登记。”这是经济社会管理方式的重大创新，对今后商(协)会改革与发展具有重要指导意义。随着大批面向市场、依法运行的商(协)会涌现出来，政府和企业之间的联系将更加紧密、畅通，政府宏观管理和市场配置资源的效率都将大幅提高。
三、在改革创新中培育参与和引领国际经济合作竞争新优势
35年的实践证明，改革是解放和发展生产力、提升经济整体竞争力的必由之路，体制变革催生的竞争优势最全面、最稳定、最持久。哪个时期开放型经济体制改革力度更大，哪个时期经济整体竞争力就提升更快；哪个地区开放型经济体制更成熟，哪个地区的经济就更具活力。《决定》对构建开放型新体制作出了重大部署，随着这些部署逐步得到贯彻落实，一定会进一步解放和发展生产力，在激烈的国际竞争中，形成参与和引领国际经济合作竞争新优势。
(一)培育产业综合竞争新优势
“十五”时期我国出口年均增速高达25%，“十一五”时期降至15.7%，近两年已转为个位数增长。这既是国际市场需求不振的结果，更是我国经济传统竞争优势逐步弱化的反映，充分说明单纯依靠廉价资源和廉价劳动力支撑的开放型经济发展模式终究是不可持续的，也是不可能建成经济强国的。《决定》提出，改革外商投资管理体制、放宽外资准入限制，加强知识产权运用和保护、健全技术创新激励机制，创新对外投资方式、鼓励企业并购国外研发机构和知名品牌等重大举措，就是要进一步发挥开放对技术创新和产业升级的引领作用，推动开放型经济从规模扩张向质量效益提升转变，从成本优势向以人才、资本、技术、服务、品牌为核心的综合竞争优势转变，努力提高在国际产业分工中的地位。
(二)培育全方位开放新优势
当前，中西部地区仅拥有全国约13%的进出口、17%的外资、22%的对外投资，这是各种因素综合作用的结果，也凸显出我国开放型经济的发展后劲。我国扩大对外开放的巨大潜力和回旋余地在中西部地区，拓展开放型经济广度和深度的重要方向在中西部地区。中西部地区开放型经济已经驶入快车道，展现出十分广阔的发展前景。《决定》提出，扩大内陆和沿边开放，创新内陆开放和沿边开放模式，就是要因势利导、顺势而为，挖掘广大中西部地区的开放潜力，激发开放活力，加快形成海陆统筹、东西互济的开放新格局。
(三)培育稳定、透明、可预期的营商环境新优势
当今世界，人才、资源、资金、技术、市场竞争日益激烈，营商环境成为一个国家参与国际经济合作与竞争的重要依托，是经济软实力的重要体现。我国社会主义市场经济体制初步建立并不断完善，但政府职能转变不到位，市场中介组织不发达，社会信用体系建设滞后，大幅增加了企业的营商成本。《决定》提出，深化行政体制改革，统一内外资法律法规，统一市场准入制度，统一市场监管，建立公开透明的市场规则，就是要积极对接国际先进理念和通行规则，大力营造竞争有序的市场环境、透明高效的政务环境、公平正义的法制环境，保证各类所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公开公平公正参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护，增强各类企业长期投资中国的信心。
(四)培育参与和引领国际规则和标准制定的新优势
规则和标准的竞争是最高层次的竞争。我国加入了世界贸易组织，进入了重大经贸问题谈判的核心圈，在全球经济治理中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是我国作为现行国际经贸规则适应者、遵循者的角色没有根本改变。《决定》提出，坚持世界贸易体制规则，坚持双边、多边、区域次区域开放合作，加快环境保护、投资保护、政府采购、电子商务等国际经贸新议题谈判，扩大同各国各地区利益汇合点，就是要以更加积极、自信、负责的姿态，参与国际体系变革和国际规则制定，参与全球性问题治理，增强我国在国际经贸规则和标准制定中的话语权，推动国际经济秩序朝着更加公正合理的方向发展，更好地维护我国的根本利益和人类的共同利益。
(原标题：构建开放型经济新体制)
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