Go homepage(回首页) Upload pictures (上传图片) Write articles (发文字帖)
The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/27 9:14:02 Anhui “new land reform“ subject to restrictions
South reporter KOLON from Anhui "establish and improve the incentive mechanism for circulation of land contract and management rights, and guide the transfer of lands to the new agricultural enterprises" Anhui "land reform in the new" broad attention in recent days. In fact, the farmland in Anhui have existed for many years, its circulation forms have become more diversified.
The Anhui selected 20 counties (districts) of comprehensive rural reform demonstration pilot work carried out, the South reporter found in some pilot, effective treatments, such as medium, land barren land circulation illnesses, but large farmers landless worries, financing difficulties, is still unsolved problems of restricting circulation.
For the villagers of Xiaogang village in fengyang County, land was "the all-round contract" village after another transition opportunities, and Wuhe Zi Hucun some villagers said, "don't want to consider transfer of land".
Zi Hucun abortion land circulation
"According to the original plan, Zi Hucun current circulation of 3,000 acres of land, but because of objections from some villagers, only circulation of 2000 acres. "In Wuhe County double zhongmiao town, one official told the South reporter.
Zi Hu village has five thousand or six thousand acres of agricultural land, late last year, the villagers ' land transfer project involving 150 households in the village had a miscarriage. Village plans to Kwak, the land transfer to the Beach Village, by their uniform cultivated, but strongly opposed by villagers. Some villagers said the project did not hold villagers listened to their views of the General Assembly, did not vote.
Zi Hucun permanent residence for the elderly villagers, the farm has become their long-term habit. "We've worked away from older, if all land transfer out, is there anything you can do? "Several villagers have expressed similar views.
Abacus is not cost-effective. "If the circulation to each other, buy food to eat myself, life is not easy. "One has 10 acres of fields deal with reporters for the elderly at home last year when planning a transfer, the other side of the transfer fees are per acre of 800 Yuan/year, in two stages. According to this figure, he could only receive 8,000 yuan a year, down from their farm income of 13,000 dollars.
Another house in the same 10 acres and villagers said, by the party wanted to, well that is the whole even in some corners of the isolated Massif is poor circulation. He has 5 acres of land is a piece of, an additional 5 acres is isolated, "If you only have 5 acres of land, 5 acres and requires its own cultivation, harvest are not enough food to eat. ”
Because of widespread opposition, circulation projects abortive, Zi Hucun intends to transfer part of the land still in the hands of villagers. Pair of zhongmiao town, an official said, land transfer is in accordance with policy implementation, "there was more cautious. ”
"Turnover is rare against the masses", he explained, some villagers race four or five relatives, relatives are out, these do not need to pay the costs. If the land, villagers can only access their own contract land transfer fees, revenues declined by naturally against the flow.
Zi Hu worries do not only exist for landless villagers. Xuanzhou District of xuancheng city, Anhui Province September 5, 2013, mentioned in the report on the circulation of rural land work, few farmers fear land subcontracted out, loss of land ownership, no minimum life "security line", "so few farmers to migrate later, would rather land barren than subcontracted out. ”
Mass transfer is not easy, "when large scale implementation of land transfer contract, often because one or several contractor cannot be settled, making it difficult for land mass transfer is successful, resulting in a land scattered and restricts the development of economies of scale. ”
Xiaogang village, from "the all-round contract" to big business
Zi Hucun old concerns about land, but Yan Jinchang, Xiaogang village in fengyang County 70, which is out of step.
Back in 2008, Yan Jinchang, bid farewell to his many years of peasants ' role. This year, he opened a restaurant at the streets of Xiaogang village, built on his homestead. A steady stream of tourists and the mission so that restaurants maintain good business.
The demonstration pilot work on deepening the rural reform in Anhui Province late October after the introduction of the guidance to establish 20 counties (districts) as pilot reform in fengyang County is one of them, Xiaogang village once again attracted much attention.
More than 30 years ago in 1978, the 18 leaders including Yan Jinchang, pressed the Red handprint on the contract, implementation of agriculture "the all-round contract" so that the Xiaogang village world-famous. Since then, Xiaogang village's "reform" label, become the flagship of village development.
Yan Jinchang contracted 35 acres of land in that year became an individual producers. "The all-round contract" so that he solved the problem of food and clothing, land planted with rice, wheat and local specialty black beans. But 35 acres are medium, and no major economic benefits. Land is the downland of Xiaogang village, fed. Experienced drought years, food production is not high.
Time slowly changed. In 2000, Xiaogang village to usher in an important shift, began the first land transfer. Circulation of a dozen families of the village that year over 80 acres of land, for the development of viticulture. Transfer contract says, "make full use of the local land resources, speeding up economic development. ”
This year, another "the all-round contract" leader Yan Lihua flow 12.5 acres of land. At that time, "the all-round contract" became the place in his home, it was a thatched hut, now long dead. And Yan Jinchang, Yan Lihua later opened a restaurant in Xiaogang village streets.
Yu Qian Vice Secretary of party Committee of Xiaogang village recalled the beginning of land circulation, "did not have the transfer policy. We called ' anti-rental packages ', initially divided the land into every household, and then will return to rent land from the farmers to the village, then leased to major scale operation. ”
Zhihou, Xiaogang village paving the way for a series of land transfer. In 2008, the circulation Center formed land in fengyang County, by standardizing the County's land. "In the process of land transfer, adhere to a principle, circulation income losses of farmers, and there was a slight increase. Land does not change the nature of agricultural land. "Yu Qian introduced.
In 2009, the peak of Xiaogang village into the land. The village agricultural land 1.90,000 acres, of which 14,500 acres of arable land is now has circulation of more than 8,400 acres of land, about 44% of agricultural land.
In 2011, Yan Jinchang is 30 acres of land out. 15 acres were leased to businesses, the transfer fee is per acre 700 kilograms of rice grain protective price. In 2012, the figure is per acre 875 Yuan. The 15 acres of land rented to companies, rental period of 15 years, were used to grow rice and honeysuckle. Circulation of an additional 15 acres of land once used as nursing homes, hotels and schools, every acre of land transfer fees are 29,000 yuan.
A dozen years of circulation to reshape the land in Xiaogang village. And Yan Jinchang, more and more people out of the farmer's identity, became owners, the self-employed and migrant workers. Xiaogang village is more like a small town, village stands inscription sociologist Fei Xiaotong, arches, roads perpendicular rows of houses on either side, turned into shops, gift shops and restaurants.
More than 2,300 acres of land in the village, circulation to the hands of an agricultural company, contract period of 17 years. Company changed the traditional of Xiaogang village, planted a calabash, cherry, Blueberry, over more than 300 peasants in the vicinity, to leave the land later became the company's casual workers.
Anhui rural areas of the new policy that "actively explore development land share cooperatives. Exploration of the soil (forest), collective construction land use right of land contract share, creating land share cooperatives. ”
Witnessed the Xiaogang village lands shifted from collective family contract, and then turned to big business, said Yan Jinchang, the village had been considering demutualization will land, but farmers fear is at your sole risk. Yu Qian said Deputy Secretary of party Committee of Xiaogang village, "land joint-stock system is the direction of rural development in the future. But we have no such intentions. ”
Zhuqiao townships contracting of large financing troubles
In the trend of the land transfer in Anhui, zhuqiao townships of Wu Wenyi acted as a "major" role.
In 2006, has not left the countryside of Wu Wenyi, xuancheng Xuanzhou District zhuqiao townships have set up a rice industry Corporation, specifically to grow rice, which requires large land. At first, the small size of the company were to turn more than 200 acres of land, is easy to change hands contract signed.
In 2009, Xuanzhou District promulgated regulations on the implementation of the views of the rural land contracting, from the policy level land, and standardized. From this year onwards, literary Wu got the land contract specification, the full name is "Xuanzhou District of xuancheng city contracting of rural land contracts".
At that time, Wu observed literary, zhuqiao town part of the production team, half of the land has been deserted. Local land contractors, each only a few acres of land, because farming was unprofitable and they went to work in the field.
Thus, rapid increase in the land of Wu Wenyi, has now reached 4,000 acres, zhuqiao townships 4 villages involved nearly 1000 households, and he therefore has been recognized on the national farming system "national of the cereal".
Wu Wenyi xuancheng city of Xuanzhou District, is one of the pilot reform in Anhui Province, as of September this year, Xuanzhou District rural land with a total area of 24.30,000 acres, 28% of total arable land.
Local farmer willing to sell land to the NG art because it is more cost-effective.
Zhujiaqiao community Hou Xuanxiang, 6 acres of land, 2011 flow out, he is currently a literary NG firms farm accounting. 1000 RMB/per acre his income in the past year, the current turnover is EUR 520 Yuan/year, and employed in the company's more than 2000 Yuan a month and total revenue growth.
But not all-payer wants to rapid expansion. Xuanzhou District of the report on the circulation of rural land work mentions that "few contract big investors fear market gloom, contract no benefit, not a large-scale agricultural development. ”
Xuanzhou District the problems faced by land, land demarcation are not clear under the household contract responsibility system. Xuanzhou District agriculture section chief Wang Lixiang in agricultural economics told the South reporter, "spatial location of the land unknown, four sites are not clear, declarative, and issue of the certificate of registration. Certificate of certification is issued to the land contract and management rights. Dividing boundary basis in the past are not working fine stone by stone draw boundaries, is currently done with the satellite aerial map in place. ”
While the plague contracted payer Wu Wenyi is financing. Companies receiving increasing land area, he is happy: includes roads, water conservancy and other infrastructure construction has already cost millions of dollars, but the land operation rights cannot be mortgaged, the company capital chain tight. Art sometimes Wu went to the Bank in an attempt to "Government has introduced preferential policies" convince them the loan, the answer is "we have not received a notice from superiors". For problems in the land transfer, Xuanzhou District end of September made a number of suggestions to their superiors, including the large circulation by virtue of contract of loan.
"By 2015, and new agricultural enterprises covers contracting 50% per cent of cultivated land", which is on deepen comprehensive rural reform, Anhui provincial government demonstration pilot work objectives of the guidance. For many regions, constantly, that number is still needed in the real world to solve it.
(Edit: SN095)November 27, 2013 The Southern Metropolis daily(安徽“新土改”受制约:农民失地忧大户融资难|小岗村|安徽|土改_新闻资讯
南都记者 高龙 发自安徽 “建立健全土地承包经营权流转激励机制，引导土地向新型农业经营主体流转”，安徽“新土改”近日广受瞩目。事实上，土地流转在安徽多地已存在多年，其流转形式日趋多元化。
此次安徽选取20个县(区)开展农村综合改革示范试点工作，南都记者在部分试点发现，土地流转有效治疗了低产田、土地荒芜等痼疾，但农民的失地忧虑、大户的融资困难等，仍为制约流转的待解之题。
对于凤阳县小岗村的村民，土地流转是“大包干”之后村庄的又一次转型良机，而五河县訾湖村的一些村民则称，“不想再考虑土地流转的事了”。
訾湖村 一次流产的土地流转
“按照原计划，訾湖村到目前要流转土地3000亩，但因为部分村民反对，只流转了2000亩。”五河县双忠庙镇一位负责人告诉南都记者。
訾湖村拥有农用地五六千亩，去年底，一个涉及150户村民土地的流转项目在村里流产了。村干部计划将这些土地流转给单滩村的郭某，由其统一耕种，但遭到了村民的强烈反对。一些村民说，项目没有召开村民大会听取他们的意见，也没有进行表决。
訾湖村常住村民多为老人，干农活已经成为他们长期的习惯。“我们都过了出门打工的年纪，如果土地全部流转出去，有什么事可以做？”几位村民表达了类似观点。
且算盘一打，并不划算。“如果流转给对方，自己再买粮食吃，生活不好过。”一位家里有10亩田的老人跟记者算账，去年计划流转时，对方给的流转费是每亩地800元/年，分两次给。按照这个数字，他一年只能得到8000元，低于自己种地的收入1.3万元。
另一名家中同样有10亩地的村民则说，受让方想要的地，是整片连在一起的好地，在一些角落的孤立地块则不好流转。他家有5亩地是成片的，另外5亩地是孤立的，“如果只有5亩地流转，5亩地需要自己耕种，这样收获的粮食吃饭都不够。”
因为遭到广泛反对，流转项目最终流产，訾湖村本拟流转的部分土地仍在村民手中。双忠庙镇一位负责人说，土地流转是根据政策执行，“目前更加谨慎了。”
“反对流转的是极个别群众”，他解释，有些村民一个人种四五个亲戚的地，亲戚外出，种这些地并不需要支付费用。若土地流转，村民只能获得属于自己承包土地的流转费，收入减少了，自然反对流转。
对失地的忧虑并不只存在訾湖村村民中间。安徽宣城市宣州区2013年9月5日的《农村土地流转工作情况汇报》提到，少数农民怕土地转包出去后，丧失了土地经营权，没有了生活的最低“保障线”，“因此少数农民外出打工后，宁愿土地荒芜也不愿转包出去。”
大规模流转也并非轻而易举，“承包大户在实施土地规模流转时，往往因为一户或几户承包户不能谈妥，而使土地规模化流转难以成功，从而导致土地流转比较分散，制约了规模经济的发展。”
小岗村 从“大包干”到大户经营
訾湖村的老人对土地流转产生担忧，但对于凤阳县小岗村70岁的严金昌来说，这是脱困之举。
早在2008年，严金昌就告别了他多年的农民身份。这一年，他在小岗村的街头开了一家餐馆，建在自家的宅基地上。源源不断的游客和访问团，使得餐馆维持着不错的生意。
安徽《关于深化农村综合改革示范试点工作的指导意见》10月底出台后，设立了20个县(区)作为改革试点，凤阳县是其中之一，小岗村再次备受关注。
30多年前的1978年，正是包括严金昌在内的18名带头人，在契约上按下了红手印，实施了农业“大包干”，从而使小岗村举世闻名。自那之后，小岗村身上的“改革”标签，成为村民发展的金字招牌。
严金昌在那一年承包了35亩土地，成为一名个体生产者。“大包干”使他家解决了温饱问题，地里种上了水稻、小麦和当地的特产黑豆。但这35亩地是低产田，并无多大经济效益。小岗村的土地是岗地，靠天吃饭。遇上干旱的年成，粮食产量不高。
时代慢慢变了。2000年，小岗村迎来了重要转变，开始了第一宗土地流转。当年全村十几户人家流转了80亩地，用来发展葡萄种植。流转合同写着，“充分利用本地土地资源，加快经济发展。”
这一年，另一位“大包干”带头人严立华也流转了12.5亩地。当年，“大包干”按手印的地点就在他家，那是一间茅草屋，如今早已消失。和严金昌一样，严立华后来也在小岗村街道开了一家餐馆。
小岗村党委副书记余谦回顾最开始的土地流转，“当时还没有流转政策。我们叫‘反租倒包’，起初把土地划分到每家每户，之后再从农民手里将土地返租到村里，再租赁给大户，进行规模化经营。”
之后，小岗村陆续进行了一系列土地流转。2008年，凤阳县成立了土地流转中心，对全县土地流转进行规范。“土地流转过程中，坚持一个原则，农民流转前后收入不受损失，略有增长。土地流转不能改变土地的农用性质。”余谦介绍。
2009年，小岗村进入土地流转高峰期。村里有农用地1 .9万亩，其中可耕土地有14500亩，目前土地已流转了8400多亩，约占农用地的44%。
2011年，严金昌将30亩地流转出去了。其中15亩出租给了企业，流转费是每亩地700斤水稻的国家粮食保护价。2012年，这个数字是每亩875元。出租给企业的15亩地，出租期15年，被用来种植水稻和金银花。另外15亩地一次性流转出去，用作养老院、宾馆和学校，每亩地的流转费是2.9万元。
十几年的土地流转重塑了小岗村。和严金昌一样，越来越多的人脱离了农民身份，变成了老板、个体户和打工者。小岗村也越来越像一个小城镇，村口立着社会学家费孝通题字的牌坊，道路两侧矗起了一排排房屋，变成了商店、礼品店和餐馆。
村中的2300多亩土地，流转到了一家农业公司手中，承包期17年。公司改变了小岗村的种植传统，种了葫芦、樱桃、蓝莓等，附近的300多名农民，离开土地之后成为这家公司的散工。
安徽农村新政策提及，“积极探索发展土地股份合作社。探索将土(林)地承包经营权、集体建设用地使用权作价入股，创建土地股份合作社。”
目睹了小岗村土地从集体经济转向家庭承包，再转向大户经营的变化，严金昌说，村里一直考虑将土地股份化，但是农民怕担风险。小岗村党委副书记余谦则表示，“土地股份制是以后农村发展的方向。但我们暂时没有这个意向。”
朱桥乡 承包大户的融资烦恼
在安徽的土地流转潮流中，朱桥乡的吴文艺充当了“大户”的角色。
2006年，一直未离开农村的吴文艺，在宣城市宣州区朱桥乡成立了一家米业公司，专门种植优质水稻，这需要规模较大的土地。起初，公司小规模地受让了200多亩流转土地，签订的是简易的流转合同。
2009年，宣州区出台了《关于推进农村土地承包经营权流转的实施意见》，从政策层面肯定了土地流转，并使之规范化。从这年起，吴文艺拿到了规范的土地流转合同，全称是“宣城市宣州区农村土地承包经营权流转合同”。
当年，吴文艺观察到，在朱桥乡部分生产队，半数的土地已经荒芜。当地的土地承包者，每家只有几亩地，由于种地无利可图，他们都到外地打工去了。
于是，吴文艺受让的土地迅速增加，目前达到了4000亩，涉及朱桥乡4个村近1000户农户，他因此被评上全国农垦系统的“全国种粮大户”。
吴文艺所在的宣城市宣州区，也是安徽省的改革试点之一，截至今年9月，宣州区农村土地流转总面积24 .3万亩，占耕地面积的28%。
当地农民愿意出让土地给吴文艺，因为这样更划算。
朱家桥社区的侯选祥，有6亩多地，2011年流转出去，目前他是吴文艺公司的农田会计。以往他每亩地收入1000元/年，目前的流转费用是每亩520元/年，加上受雇于公司的2000多元月薪，总收入大为增长。
但并非所有大户都想迅速扩地。宣州区《农村土地流转工作情况汇报》提到，“少数地方承包大户怕市场前景不佳，承包无效益，不敢大规模搞农业开发。”
宣州区土地流转面临的问题，还有家庭联产承包责任制下土地划界不清。宣州区农委农经科科长汪立祥告诉南都记者，“空间位置不明、四址不清的土地，要进行确权、登记、发证。发证是发给土地承包经营权证。过去划分地界的基础工作不细，一块石头就划定了界限，目前做的工作是用卫星航拍图确立。”
而困扰承包大户吴文艺的则是融资问题。公司受让的土地面积越来越大，他却高兴不起来：包括道路、水利等基础设施建设已经花了几百万元，但土地经营权不能抵押，公司资金链吃紧。吴文艺有时去银行，试图以“政府出台了优惠政策”说服对方贷款，得到的回答是“我们并没有接到上级的通知”。针对土地流转中的种种问题，宣州区9月底向上级提出了一些对策建议，其中包括流转大户凭承包合同可获贷款。
“力争到2015年，新型农业经营主体经营面积占承包耕地50%以上”，这是安徽省政府《关于深化农村综合改革示范试点工作的指导意见》的目标。对于许多地区来说，达到这个数字仍需在现实中不断求解。
赞