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The author:(作者)qqpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/27 9:14:49 Data shows human lunar exploration success rate of only 51%
Human lunar exploration success rate of only 51%
Currently only the United States and the Soviet Union successfully implemented 13 unmanned moon landing
Morning News (reporter Hana) Lunar Vice Director Li Benzheng, said yesterday that as of now, does not include Chang, third, conducted a total of 129 lunar exploration activities of the world, where the United States 59, 64, the former Soviet Union, Japan and China all 2 times, ESA and India 1. More successful or successful 66 times, falling 63 times, the success rate is only 51%.
Chang-third mission to take China's soft landing on the Moon and the lunar surface for the first time to inspect investigation of burden. At present, only United States, the former Soviet Union successfully implemented 13 unmanned soft landing on the surface of the Moon; only the United States achieve a manned moon landing, 2 months of Soviet unmanned patrol missions.
Since 1976 after lunar exploration program to an end of the world, there is no country on the Moon for Moon probing. Chang, third is after many years in the world's first moon probing.
Events of the Chinese lunar exploration program
In 1998
Official start of the original charge of lunar exploration planning demonstration project and carry out scientific and technological research.
In 2004
In January, the lunar exploration project approval in February, lunar exploration program named "Chang".
In 2007
On October 24, the goddess, first successful launch on November 7 to become immortal, the first satellite accurately entered the Moon's orbit on November 26, from Chang-first section of voice and sings country songs, back from the Moon's orbit, on China's first lunar probe engineering first-month upload images through the Xinhua News Agency around the world.
In 2008
On January 31, formerly in charge of officially released the first site youchange satellite footage of the Moon's polar regions, first image; in October, the State Council approved implementation of Chang-second mission on November 12, youchange shooting data, first produced "China's first full moon images" released. Published in the world one of the most complete image of the Moon images.
2009
On March 1, Chang first satellite controlled hit months.
2010
October 1, March third, c rocket in Xichang satellite launches Center put Chang second, satellite success into space; October 9, Chang second, satellite success entered track height for 100 km of round ring months work track; October 26, Chang second, satellite success drop rail, entered Apogee 100 km, in recent months points 15 km of track, for in moon Rainbow Bay District shooting image do has prepared; October 29, Chang second, satellite successfully completed on Moon Rainbow Bay District Imaging task. Satellite through the implementation of rail lift control in recent months, returns 100 km on November 8, Defense Science and Industry Council announced Chang, second moon Rainbow Bay local images.
2011
April 1, Chang second, half design life expires, established of six big engineering target and four science detection task successfully completed; April 2011 late to May end of, fill took Moon North-South poles leak took points and again on Chang third, preselection landing district for high clear Imaging; August 25, Chang second, in world Shang first achieved from Moon track departure, by controlled accurate entered day to pulled Granges L2 points of surround track.
2012
On February 6, Defense Science and Industry Council, with buchange second 7-meter resolution image of the moon on December 13, Chang managed second, arrived about 7 million miles from Earth in deep space, flew over the tutadisi asteroid detection.
Now
Has become China's first solar system asteroid Moon, second, exceeded 60 million kilometers distance from the Earth, and continue to the farther deep space "long March".
■盘点
Those years Moon Rover
On November 17, 1970, launched by the former Soviet Union, "17th Moon" probe of the world's first unmanned Rover-"1th Lunar Rover" on the moon. This car weighs 1.8 tons, 10.5 kilometers ' driving on the lunar surface, looked at 80,000 square meters of surface. Since the former Soviet Union to the Moon "Rover 2nd" travel 37 km and 88 pictures of the lunar surface is sent back to Earth panorama.
On July 31, 1971, the United States "Apollo 15" astronaut-B--R-Scott Davis and James Owen was man's first Lunar Rover, and they are driving 4-wheel Lunar Rover, on the bumpy surface of the Moon, over the crater and gravel 27.9 km, 77 kg of rock samples collected.
After "Apollo 16th", "Apollo 17th" bring Rover, respectively on the lunar surface a 27 km and 35 km, and leverages the Rover's camera and transmission equipment, astronauts on the lunar surface is sent back to Earth in real time sports scene.
Other countries and organizations that lunar exploration events
In 1959
Former USSR unmanned Moon "the Moon, 2nd" became the first man-made objects to reach the moon.
In 1964
United States "wanderers, 7th" lunar probe successfully landing on the moon.
On July 20, 1969
Humans ushered in an important moment in aviation history. United States astronauts Armstrong, aldrin and his companions succeeded in landing on the Moon, and left the first footprints of humans in outer space.
September 12, 1970
Former Soviet Union launched "the Moon, 16th" probe, which was the first to achieve automatic sampling and sent back to Earth from the Moon probes.
On November 10, 1970
Former Soviet Union launched the "17th Moon" probe, the probe carries the first unmanned Moon vehicle "1th Lunar Rover" and carry out scientific exploration of the Moon's surface for the first time, ended up working on the Moon in 11 months.
During 1969 to 1972
United States implemented 6 technology more sophisticated lunar exploration activities, including, inter alia, "Apollo 13th" spacecraft failed to be implemented outside the lunar module and the rest have been unsuccessful. A total of 12 astronauts landed on the Moon, and Ground back to 440 kg of rock samples, a wealth of Lunar photographs, scientific data on the Moon's surface and lunar orbit rim test data, allowing researchers about the moon rose to an all time high, but also for the United States a basis for future lunar exploration.
On October 18, 1989
United States launches "Galileo" spacecraft, the probe in November 1992, multispectral imaging the Moon, gets the data are widely used in image maps of the Moon and Lunar material constituents.
On January 24, 1990
Japan launched the "flying" lunar probe, becoming the third moon country. "Flying" closer to the Moon later lost contact with the ground, without detection.
September 27, 2003
ESA's first lunar Explorer "SMART-1" successfully blasted off, the use of solar-powered ion engine, expected lunar exploration mission successfully, and in September 2006, hit a month.
September 14, 2007
Japan launched its first lunar satellite "Moon Goddess". In June 2009, "Moon Goddess" controlled crash months, ending a 2-year mission.
In October 2008
India "the 1th month ship" the successful launch of a satellite around the Moon, global imaging of the Moon, and mineral and chemical mapping. In August 2009, "the 1th month boat" after 312 days in orbit, lost contact with the ground.
June 2009
United States launches "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter" and "lunar crater observation and sensing satellite", October 9 "lunar crater observation and sensing satellite" successfully hit the Moon, found water.
September 2013
United States launches Lunar atmosphere dust environment probes, Lunar probes.
Hana/documentation
人类探月成功率仅51%
目前全球仅有美苏成功实施了13次无人月球表面软着陆
晨报讯(记者 韩娜) 探月工程副总指挥李本正昨日表示，截至目前，不包括嫦娥三号，世界上共进行了129次月球探测活动，其中，美国59次，前苏联64次，日本和中国各2次，欧空局和印度各1次。以上共成功或基本成功66次，失败63次，成功率仅有51%。
嫦娥三号任务肩负我国首次软着陆月球和月面巡视勘察的重担。目前，全球仅有美国、前苏联成功实施了13次无人月球表面软着陆；只有美国实现了载人登月，前苏联开展了2次月面无人巡视探测任务。
世界上自1976年探月工程告一段落以后，没有国家再到月球上进行落月探测。我国的嫦娥三号将是多年之后在世界上首次实现落月探测。
中国探月工程大事记
1998年
原国防科工委正式开始规划论证月球探测工程，并开展先期科技攻关。
2004年
1月，绕月探测工程立项；2月，绕月探测工程命名为“嫦娥工程”。
2007年
10月24日，嫦娥一号发射成功；11月7日，嫦娥一号卫星准确进入月球轨道；11月26日，来自嫦娥一号的一段语音和《歌唱祖国》歌曲从月球轨道传回，中国首次月球探测工程第一幅月面图像通过新华社传到了世界各地。
2008年
1月31日，原国防科工委正式发布首幅由嫦娥一号卫星拍摄的月球极区图像；10月，国务院批准实施嫦娥二号任务；11月12日，由嫦娥一号拍摄数据制作完成的“中国第一幅全月球影像图”公布。这是世界上已公布的月球影像图中最完整的一幅影像。
2009年
3月1日，嫦娥一号卫星受控撞月。
2010年
10月1日，长征三号丙运载火箭在西昌卫星发射中心把嫦娥二号卫星成功送入太空；10月9日，嫦娥二号卫星成功进入轨道高度为100公里的圆形环月工作轨道；10月26日，嫦娥二号卫星成功降轨，进入远地点100公里，近月点15公里的轨道，为在月球虹湾区拍摄图像做好了准备；10月29日，嫦娥二号卫星圆满完成对月球虹湾区成像任务。卫星通过实施升轨控制，近月点返回100公里；11月8日，国防科工局公布嫦娥二号月面虹湾局部影像图。
2011年
4月1日，嫦娥二号半年设计寿命期满，既定的六大工程目标和四大科学探测任务圆满完成；2011年4月下旬至5月底，补拍月球南北两极漏拍点和再次对嫦娥三号预选着陆区进行高清晰成像；8月25日，嫦娥二号在世界上首次实现从月球轨道出发，受控准确进入日地拉格朗日L2点的环绕轨道。
2012年
2月6日，国防科工局发布嫦娥二号获得的7米分辨率全月球影像图；12月13日，嫦娥二号受控飞抵距地球约700万公里远深空，飞越探测图塔蒂斯小行星。
目前
已成为我国首个人造太阳系小行星的嫦娥二号，与地球间距离突破6000万公里，并继续向更远深空“长征”。
那些年登月的月球车
1970年11月17日，前苏联发射的“月球17号”探测器把世界上第一台无人驾驶的月球车── “月球车1号”送上月球。此车约重1.8吨，在月面上行驶了10.5公里，考察了8万平方米的月面。此后前苏联送上月球的“月球车2号”行驶了37公里，并向地球发回了88幅月面全景图。
1971年7月31日，美国“阿波罗15”号宇航员戴维斯-R-斯科特和詹姆斯-B-欧文进行了人类首次月球车行驶，他们驾驶着4轮月球车，在崎岖不平的月球表面上，越过陨石坑和砾石行驶了27.9公里，收集了77公斤月岩样品。
以后的“阿波罗16号”、“阿波罗17号”携带的月球车，分别在月面上行驶了27公里和35公里，并利用月球车上的彩色摄像机和传输设备，向地球实时地发回宇航员在月面上活动的情景。
其他国家和组织探月大事记
1959年
前苏联的无人登月器“月球2号”成为第一个到达月球的人造物体。
1964年
美国的“徘徊者7号”月球探测器在月球上成功硬着陆。
1969年7月20日
人类迎来了航天史上的重要一刻。美国宇航员阿姆斯特朗和他的同伴奥尔德林成功登上了月球，并留下了人类在外太空的第一个脚印。
1970年9月12日
前苏联发射“月球16号”探测器，它是第一个实现在月球上自动取样并送回地球的探测器。
1970年11月10日
前苏联发射“月球17号”探测器，该探测器携带的第一辆无人驾驶月球车“月球车1号”第一次在月球表面行驶并进行科学探测，最终在月球上工作了11个月。
1969年到1972年期间
美国实施了6次技术更复杂的探月活动，其中除“阿波罗13号”飞船未能按计划登月外，其余几次均获成功。共有12名宇航员登上月球，并给地面带回440公斤的月岩样品，获得了大量月球照片、月球表面的科学数据和环月球轨道试验数据等，使研究人员对月球的认识上升到前所未有的高度，也为美国日后的月球探测奠定了基础。
1989年10月18日
美国发射“伽利略”号探测器，该探测器1992年11月对月球进行了多波段成像，获取的数据被广泛用于月球影像成图和月球物质成分研究。
1990年1月24日
日本发射了“飞天”月球探测器，成为第三个探月的国家。“飞天”号接近月球后与地面失去联系，未获得探测成果。
2003年9月27日
欧空局第一个月球探测器“SMART-1”顺利升空，采用太阳能离子发动机，成功完成预期月球探测任务，并于2006年9月撞月。
2007年9月14日
日本发射了首枚探月卫星“月亮女神”。2009年6月，“月亮女神”受控撞月，结束为期2年左右的探测任务。
2008年10月
印度“月船1号”绕月卫星发射成功，对月球进行了全球成像，并进行了矿物和化学测绘。2009年8月，“月船1号”在轨工作312天后，与地面失去联系。
2009年6月
美国发射“月球勘测轨道飞行器”和“月球陨坑观测与遥感卫星”，10月9日“月球陨坑观测与遥感卫星”成功撞击月球，发现了水。
2013年9月
美国发射月球大气尘埃环境探测器，进行环月探测。
韩娜/资料整理
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