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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/28 8:30:54 Investigating human base data， design standard for a variety of products will be adjusted
Starts the body of our country to the underlying data survey
Will last for 5 years but the people "size" cars, furniture, household appliances, such as how high design standards will be fully and adjust the seat to sit comfortable? Font size on the pill box look clear? Size size of clothing and hats how to determine? What the computer keyboard design, finger touch more sensitive comfort? The design that are closely related to our daily life, will depend on ergonomics-based data acquisition and analysis.
Led by China National Institute of standardization implemented "ergonomics based on parameters of Chinese adults survey" was announced yesterday. This is the second since the 1986 adult body size measurements for the first time, we again the underlying data to begin an investigation of the human body, is expected to last 5 years to complete.
27 years later, once again, why measuring body size? What impact does brings to the daily life of the data?
The status quo
Adult costume-GB
27 years ago
Buy is either small waist trouser long trousers; get in the joint venture car, not being too low roof short is the steering wheel ... ... They are from the underlying data accurate measurement of the human body.
"The product is only considered ' human ' physiological characteristics in order to be able to meet the ' human ' needs. "China National Institute of standardization researcher Zhao Chaoyi said, as living standards improve, people's body size changes, consumer attitudes are changing, on the use of the product not only to" use "or" good ", with more emphasis on the safety, health, comfort, business focuses on" pleasant. "
"Only with the Chinese data, to design and produce for Chinese products. "Zhao Chaoyi said, like Asia people of head type round, European head type flat, if according to European people of head die design hat, and glasses, products, effect will big discount; again like, China male of arm long and Germans can difference six or seven cm, torso long can difference eight or nine cm, so my male in driving European car Shi, will feels" not suitable, not steering wheel away from have far, is pedal not Shang clutch players. "Westerners are generally tall with long legs, the seat is far from the steering wheel, so some driving imported cars is not suitable for Chinese people.
Zhao Chaoyi and other researchers, the "advanced technology can be introduced, ergonomics should not directly reference the underlying data foreign data," garment size, cabin furnishings, furniture design in China should adopt anthropometric data manipulator design should be based on the Chinese mechanical data, traffic signs and visual characteristics of display design should adapt to the Chinese people.
It is understood that the present basis of product designers in China, most was in 1986, the nation's first ergonomics based parameter data from the survey of adults. Garment, for example, the current domestic costume version of the reference standard is promulgated in 1992, the garments of the GB1335-1991 national standard, this standard is based on the 1986 my measurement data for the formulation of the basis of the human body for the first time, since measurements are more than 20 years ago, accuracy is greatly reduced.
"After more than 20 years, has undergone changes in the living standards of the Chinese people, but on the basis of Chinese human data is not updated in real time, which for more than 20 years and who is a Chinese body size varies by a few years. "Deputy researcher Zhang Xin told reporters of the China National Institute of standardization, collected 3,000 in 2009, three dimensional body dimensions of Chinese adults, found especially among people over the age of 35 Chinese apparent weight, increased adult male height 2 cm, waist circumference increased by 5 cm. "This is why some men's clothes to purchase 180 cm height 175 cm seems to fit better, because some costume size standard reference is the anthropometric data of more than 20 years ago. ”
Measurement
A testee measured more than more than 200 items that you want
New projects such as Visual and auditory sense
It is understood that the data collections and survey, targeted to 18-75 of Chinese adults, the area is divided into 6 regions of the country, each 2 to 3 measurement points taken from within the region, measured and investigated more than 20,000 specimens (person).
Each testee will be sampling and measurement including body shape, body mechanics, Visual, auditory, fingertip touch based data more than 200 items, such as ergonomics, expected to be completed end of May 2018.
In addition to anthropometric parameters from 74 per cent to more than 160 entries, the measurement of human muscle power, Visual, fingertip tactile sensitivity, sound sensitivity, new projects. Even added a Web thickness measurements, this designer chairs and sofas to provide more detailed data.
"For more than 20 years, measurements of basic parameters of human ergonomics means also advanced. 1986 poll is basically a ruler will be able to complete this three-dimensional, such as body scanners will take the latest international technology, measurements easier and more accurate. "Zhao Chaoyi researcher said. According to him, the subjects wear measurement of close-fitting clothing, at the points marked on the sticker point at the condyles, with the surveyors password to do some action, less than 20 seconds, three dimensional scanned images of the human body can extract complete. "The optical scan no radiation, and must ensure privacy. ”
Target
Products and public facilities more fitting
Belt drilling position adjustment
Underlying data came out of a new round of adult ergonomics, product design will be more humane and public facilities. Such as height, leg length data are applied to automotive seat design, finger length, weight data apply to refrigerator handles, high elbows, calves for applications such as data on the subway Rails, seats. According to height, arm length feature, Metro brushed confidential in line with normal height, handles on the subway to meet adults reach a height, based on Visual characteristics of Chinese, traffic signs and display design will be more suitable for Chinese people's habits. For example, some emergency signage must be placed in a prominent position, and so on.
"Companies in the deeper vibes. "Zhao Chaoyi to reporters, for example, a glasses-enterprise because of data lags, the production of glasses is not suitable for slight comfort, resulting in a backlog of goods. Also, trousers for buy at home, despite being the same size, but a different brand of pants may vary greatly in size, this is because there is no uniform size standards, each garment factory clothing sizes only at their own experience to be modified.
According to associate professor Zhang said some household electrical appliance enterprises, cars to China National Institute of standardization institutions have taken the initiative to consult the relevant data for refrigerator handles design, including news of the washing machine drum height, manipulator designed to adjust.
"Our survey data will tell product designers a particular indicator distribution features of the Chinese people, tell the designer what's the right size for most of the Chinese people. "She said," for example, enterprises know adult male waist circumference increased, drilling position will change the belt, shirt bust and waist ratio will change the same pants at design time, in the waist and hips sizes and design is also much more reasonable, consumers buy the right products will increase the chances of. ”
Planning
Nationals "type" database
Fine to "women open refrigerator door"
"Ergonomic computer Chair", "ergonomic keyboard shelf" ... ... The researchers found that the current "human ergonomics" is becoming the new selling point for businesses. Taobao claims to comply with the "ergonomic" or "Ergonomics" commodity 49,259, relating to digital products, bedding, furniture, toys, car accessories, electrical appliances, clothing, hats, fitness products, and so on.
"To this investigation data for based, also will design some ergonomics learn standard, hopes can on market Shang touted ' meet human workers learn standard ' of products up to specification role", Zhao Chaoyi said, market Shang has many touted meet human mechanical, and human workers learn concept of sofa, and car seat, and children bag,, but quality and efficacy uneven, has has standard zhihou, market specification on has has pursuant to.
It is understood that abroad was 5-10 updated on an annual basis of ergonomics data. In contrast, my more than 20 years before a second ergonomics parameters investigated, related mechanism is still not perfect.
Therefore, China has begun constructing the index system for ergonomic parameters, preparing adults ergonomics survey network based parameters, ensure a shorter cycle, regularly updated by our own human base data for China to provide more tailored products and personalized service.
According to Zhao Chaoyi introduction, database construction completed, paid use of approaches will open to business or personal users. At that time, just enter the basic features, such as region, age, sex, database will provide basic data for these characteristics in China, even careful to "women in the strength parameters required to open the refrigerator door."
Solutions for Word
Ergonomics-basic parameters
Ergonomic base parameters including body shape, mechanical and sensory (sight, hearing, touch, etc) and other types of data related to human characteristics and design of products and environments.
These data including height, arm length, waist circumference and other morphological parameters of human body, joint mobility, strength, tensile strength parameters of human body, sight distance, Visual acuity, vision and other Visual ergonomic parameters, and so on.
Ergonomics-based parameters project, will provide scientific data for the humanization design of product and environmental support.
Reporter Yang bin D044
我国启动人体基础数据调查
将历时5年更新国人“尺寸” 汽车、家具、家电等设计标准将全面调整 座椅要多高坐着才舒服？药盒上的字体多大看着才清晰？服装鞋帽的尺码号型该如何确定？电脑键盘又该怎样设计，手指触觉才更灵敏舒适？这些与日常生活息息相关的设计，都有赖于人类工效学基础数据的采集分析。
由中国标准化研究院牵头实施的“中国成年人工效学基础参数调查”于昨日宣布启动。这是继1986年开展第一次成年人人体尺寸测量以来，我国再次对人体基础数据启动调查，预计历时5年完成。
时隔27年，为什么要再次测量人体尺寸？这些数据会给日常生活带来什么影响呢？
现状
成人服装版型国标
仍按27年前的尺寸
买西裤不是腰小就是裤腿长；坐进合资汽车，不是感觉车顶矮就是方向盘太低……这些困惑其实都来自人体基础数据的准确测量。
“产品只有考虑‘人’的各种生理特点才能真正满足‘人’的需求。”中国标准化研究院研究员赵朝义说，随着生活水平的提高，人们的身材体型发生变化，消费观念也在变化，产品的使用上不仅要“用”还要“好用”，更加注重人的安全、健康、舒适，企业也更加注重产品的“宜人性”。
“只有用中国人的数据，才能设计和生产出适合中国人的产品。”赵朝义说，比如亚洲人的头型圆，欧洲人头型扁，如果根据欧洲人的头模设计帽子、眼镜等产品，效果会大打折扣；再比如，中国男性的臂长和德国人能相差六七厘米，躯干长能相差八九厘米，因此我国男性在驾驶欧洲车时，会感觉“不合适，不是方向盘离得远，就是脚踏不上离合器。”而且西方人普遍身高腿长，座椅离方向盘远，因此一些进口车不适合中国人驾驶。
在赵朝义等研究人员看来，“先进技术可以引进，工效学基础数据不应直接引用外国数据”，我国的服装号型、驾驶室布置、家具设计等都应采用中国人体尺寸数据，操控器的设计应依据中国人的力学数据，交通标识与显示器的设计应适应中国人的视觉特性。
另据了解，目前我国产品设计师的基本依据，大多还是1986年我国第一次成年人工效学基础参数调查的数据。以服装为例，目前国内参照的服装版型标准还是1992年颁布的GB1335－1991《服装号型》国家标准，这个标准就是根据1986年我国首次测量的人体基础数据制定的，由于测量数据是20多年前的，准确性大打折扣。
“20多年过去了，中国人的生活水平发生了翻天覆地的变化，但是关于国人人体基础数据却没有实时更新，而这20多年又是中国人体尺寸变化较大的几年。”中国标准化研究院副研究员张欣告诉记者，2009年曾采集了3000份中国成年人三维人体尺寸，发现中国人尤其是35岁以上人群明显变胖，成年男子身高增加2厘米、腰围增加5厘米。“这就是为什么有些身高175厘米的男士购买180厘米的衣服似乎更合身一些，因为有的服装尺码标准参考的还是20多年前的人体尺寸数据。”
测量
一个被试者需测200多项
新增视觉听觉触觉等项目
据了解，此次数据采集和调查，以18至75岁的中国成年人为对象，将全国区域划分为6个区域，每个区域内抽取2至3个测量点，测量和调查2万多个样本(人)。
每个被试者都将被采集和测量包括人体形状、人体力学、视觉、听觉、指端触觉等200多项人体工效学基础数据，预计2018年5月底完成。
除了人体尺寸参数从74项增加到160多项外，还将测量人体肌肉力量、视觉敏感度、声音敏感度、指端触觉等新项目。甚至还新增了腹厚的测量，这将为椅子和沙发的设计者提供更细致的数据。
“20多年来，人体工效学基础参数的测量手段也先进多了。1986年的调查基本上一把尺子就能完成，这次将采取三维人体扫描等国际最新技术，测量更简单、更准确。”赵朝义研究员说。据他介绍，被试者穿上紧身测量服，在骨节点等处贴上标记点，配合测量人员口令做几个动作，不到20秒，人体三维扫描图像就能提取完成。“这种光学扫描没有辐射，而且一定保证隐私。”
目标
产品和公共设施更加合身
皮带打眼位置都会有调整
新一轮成年人工效学基础数据出来后，一些产品和公共设施的设计将更加人性化。比如身高、腿长数据将应用到汽车座椅设计上，手指长短、粗细数据应用到冰箱把手上，肘高、小腿数据等应用到地铁扶手、座椅上。根据身高、臂长特征，地铁刷票机要符合正常人的高度，地铁上的拉手要符合成年人够得着的高度，根据中国人的视觉特性，交通标识与显示器的设计也会更适合中国人的习惯。比如，一些紧急指示牌必须摆在显眼的位置等等。
“企业的感触会更深。”赵朝义给记者举例说，一家眼镜企业就是因为参考的头型数据滞后，生产的眼镜不适合头脸的舒适度，结果造成货品严重积压。还有，在国内购买西裤，尽管是相同的尺码，但不同品牌的西裤在尺寸上可能差别很大，这就是因为没有统一的尺码标准，各个服装厂只能按自己的经验对服装尺寸进行修改。
据副研究员张欣透露，一些家电龙头企业、汽车研制机构已主动向中国标准化研究院咨询相关数据，对冰箱把手设计、洗衣机筒心高度、操控器的力度等设计进行调整。
“我们的调查数据，会告诉产品设计者中国人某项指标分布特点，告诉设计师什么尺寸适合最多的中国人。”张欣说，“比如，企业知道成年男子的腰围增加了，皮带打眼的位置就会变化，衬衫的胸围和腰围的比例也会发生变化；同样，西裤在设计时，在腰围和臀围的尺码设计上也会更为合理，消费者买到合适产品的几率就会增加。”
规划
将开放国人“版型”数据库
细到“女性开冰箱门力度”
“人体工学电脑椅”、“人体工学键盘架”……研究人员发现，目前“人工效学”正成为商家的新卖点。在淘宝网声称符合“人体工学”或“人体工程学”的商品就有49259件，涉及家具、玩具、床上用品、数码产品、汽车用品、电器、服装鞋帽、健身用品等。
“以此次调查数据为基础，还会设计一些工效学标准，希望能对市场上标榜‘符合人体工学标准’的产品起到规范作用”，赵朝义说，市场上有很多标榜符合人体力学、人体工学概念的沙发、汽车座椅、儿童书包等，但质量和功效参差不齐，有了标准之后，市场规范就有了依据。
据了解，国外都是5到10年就补充修订一次人体工效学基础数据。相比较而言，我国20多年后才进行第二次人体工效学基础参数调查，相关机制还不够完善。
因此，我国目前已开始构建工效学基础参数指标体系，筹建我国的成年人工效学基础参数调查网，确保能在更短的周期内、定期更新属于我们自己的人体基础数据，为中国人提供更多度身定做的产品和人性化的服务。
据赵朝义介绍，数据库建设完成后，将采用有偿使用的办法对企业或是个人使用者开放。届时，只要输入地区、年龄、性别等基本特征，数据库就会提供涵盖这些特征的中国人的基础数据，甚至细致到“女性在打开冰箱门需要使用的力量参数”。
解词
人类工效学基础参数
人类工效学基础参数主要包括人体形态、力学和感知(视、听、触等)等各类与产品和环境设计相关的人体特性数据。
这些数据包括身高、臂长、腰围等人体形态参数，关节活动度、握力、拉力等人体力量参数，视距、视敏度、视野等视觉工效学参数，等等。
人类工效学基础参数项目，将为产品和环境的人性化设计提供科学数据的支持。
本报记者 杨滨 D044
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