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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/28 8:40:30 Vice President of the Institute of real estate
Accelerating real estate tax? Lower prices? To corruption?
Uniform registration of the real estate what we mean
Our reporter, Wang Yijun
Real estate URS dragging its feet over the years finally had a breakthrough. Decades, land and housing registration certification by the different departments of our country's era is coming to an end.
November 20 Executive meeting of the State Council decided to integrate real estate registration duties and building a unified registration system with real estate. At the central level, supervised by the Ministry of land and resources is responsible for directing the national land, houses, real estate, such as grasslands, woodlands, seas unified registration duties and implement registration authority, registration book, registration and information platform based on "four unified" around the real estate must be registered functions are consolidated in a single sector, at the same time, establish a registration of real property information management platform and bring to public enquiry system.
On November 26, said Hu Cunzhi, Vice Minister of the Ministry of land and resources, will start as soon as possible the drafting of the real estate registration regulations.
National unified registration system imposed on real estate, is 6 years have been implemented in the provisions of the property law. For many years, because the relevant laws and regulations have not come, my real property registration are spread out across several sectors.
For many years, which Department for real estate registration has been controversial, real estate management and land management departments to get the permission. China real right law more consistent view is that, in accordance with the "premises," ideas, uniform registration permission given to land management departments are "trend", after all, housing, grasslands, woodlands and other immovable property belonging to the land of attachments.
Insiders pointed out that, real estate registration are consolidated in a single sector is a significant breakthrough in real property registration system in our country. Achieving real estate registration, confirm the ownership of real estate, is one of the Foundation of the market economy system, to build a modern market system, protection of citizens ' lawful property rights, improving government efficiency, the establishment of a unified real property information system, is significant.
This year March 26, circular publishing of including 72 items reform programme, and made clear timetable of on implementation State reform and functions shift programme task Division of notification under in the requires, homeland resources department, and housing and in urban and rural areas Construction Department (following abbreviation "live built Department") in conjunction with State legal office, and national tax General, about sector is responsible for drafted real estate unified registration regulations under (following abbreviation regulations under), June 2014 end of zhiqian will introduced this Department administrative regulations.
Register how to unity
National NPC representative, and Chinese Academy of social sciences law by civil room Director Sun Xianzhong had participation had property right law under of drafted, according to he introduced, my currently Executive real estate registration of sector at least has 6 a, housing and in urban and rural areas construction sector is responsible for city housing ownership registration; homeland resources sector is responsible for collective land ownership, and State land right, and collective construction with to right and Homestead right registration; agricultural sector is responsible for arable land, and grass contracting right registration; forestry sector is responsible for woodland ownership and right of registration Fisheries sector is responsible for the registration of water surfaces and tidal flats of the farming right; the Marine Department, registration of right to use uninhabited islands in the sea.
Insiders generally agreed that, at present, the land into land register, is not difficult. Difficulties mainly land and property registration, which involves integration of land, real estate sector related functions, there are issues of land classification standards are not unified, inconsistent information systems, you may need to take a long time.
Cheng Xiao, an associate professor at Tsinghua University law school said in an interview with China Youth daily reporter, "achieving the most important real estate agencies at your place of work, such as the Housing Bureau, the Bureau of land and resources in all districts and counties in Beijing House and land under the register you want to merge. "Cheng Xiao believes that, in accordance with the provisions of the law of property, real estate registration by registration agencies of the real estate was located, that is, the specific registration business registration by the County and city level agencies.
Cheng Xiao explains that at the central level, since the State Department has now clearly borne by the Ministry of land and resources on instructing and supervising the national uniform registration of the real estate duties and, therefore, an urgent task is to hang on to the drafting of the Uniform Registration Ordinance and the corresponding measures for the implementation of the real estate, explicitly through law real estate registration functions are consolidated in a single sector.
Cheng Xiao think, for achieved unified real estate registered of purpose, is guarantee real estate trading security and efficiency, should as ensure unified Hou of real estate registered institutions of neutral sex, its and original of real estate of administrative organ phase separation, as province, and autonomous region, and municipality directly under the, and County, and city corresponding set up independent of real estate registered Council, and real estate registered branch (or real estate registered by), will existing of real estate of registered duties, and registered personnel integration to these unified of real estate institutions of to.
"Developed regulations under, to for place registration institutions of unified provides system guarantees, for these daily and General engaged in real estate trading of civil main deal of registration institutions,, institutions of unified and separate has more major, and more reality of meaning, through in place single set unified, and independent of real estate registration institutions, can directly, and effective to prevent current effects trading security, against real estate right people right of longs registration, and repeat registration and errors registration of phenomenon, Real estate register of fulfilling its role as the Foundation of the market economy system, serves the basic function of real estate transactions. "Cheng Xiao said.
Wang liming, President of the Chinese civil law society pointed out that, over the years, real estate has become the administrative functions of the executive authorities, resulting in a register one with the settings and functions of the Executive, several administrative bodies are responsible for the different real property administration, thus forming a decentralized registration. If land managed by the Lands Department management, construction land use rights registered in the land administration sector; forest managed by the forestry administration, on forest ownership registration in forestry management Department; Housing managed by the Housing Department, registration of property rights in the sector. Various departments have introduced a number of relevant sectors of the real estate registration regulations and policy documents, such as the Ministry of land and resources of the land registration regulations, the Ministry of housing and the housing register management measures.
Cheng Xiao said that in addition to these a large number of sector regulation, normative documents, the land administration law, the law on urban real estate administration law also provides for registration of land, houses belonging to different sectors.
In many property right law scholars seems, State Executive Conference made by Homeland resources department in central level integration housing, and land, and woodland, and Prairie, and waters, real estate of registration duties, immediately to do of is important of a items work is, regulations under introduced zhihou, about sector to for regulations cleanup, this four class engaged in real estate registration, and management of sector introduced of and real estate registration about of sector regulations, and policy file should and regulations under keep unified.
More important is, the NPC and its Standing Committee should be started as soon as possible, such as the land administration law changes in the legislation.
Cheng Xiao believed that register after reunification, basis to achieve registration book, registration and information platform unification, should be specified in the regulations, real estate registration requirements and procedures for the introduction of uniform, clear and real estate registration applicants provide what materials you can complete the registration. In registration program Shang, achieved applications, and accepted, and audit, and recorded Yu registration book and issued ownership certificate or registration proved of all links of unified; achieved land registration book, and housing registration book, and rural land contracting right card registration book, and Lin registration archives, and waters using register, all real estate registration book and corresponding of ownership certificate, and registration proved Zhijian of coordination and unified; unified provides right applications query and copy real estate registration information of main and corresponding program.
According to the Ministry of land and resources Web site news, November 21, the Ministerial Office of the Ministry of land and resources, research real property unified registration process, the next step, to proceed with the establishment of the integrated national real estate registration and coordination bodies and institutions, and streamline the assessment of real estate registration laws, regulations and policies, study, drafting the uniform registration of real estate regulations, the real estate registration rules, and so on.
On November 26 of the country's administration according to Law Conference on land and resources, said Hu Cunzhi, Deputy Minister of land and resources, according to the 18 and 18 the third plenary session of the party spirit of the requirement, comprehensive amendments to the land management act for the preparation, in particular, to start as soon as possible the drafting of the real estate Registration Ordinance.
Real estate registration information platform can work
Reporter noted that this ice-breaking move has aroused great concern, the public is concerned about uniform registration means that the real estate tax will be accelerating? Whether it will have an impact on prices?
A State Council Executive meeting held on the second day, the property sector heavyweight Pan shiyi said on Twitter, the implementation of uniform registration of real estate, prices will drop immediately.
Rural Wang Xiaoying, a researcher at Chinese Academy of social sciences said the unified registration in favour of real estate tax system of real estate construction, creating the conditions for taxation of real estate ownership links, but this kind of infrastructure construction in the market economy, does not mean that will certainly have an impact on the real estate market, should not be over-interpreted.
"Achieving the unified registration of real estate and real estate tax are two things, of course, the unified registration for taxation to create technical conditions. "China real estate learned Deputy President Kwok-keung think, not on this a system may on real estate market produces of effects for excessive interpretation, he on China Youth reported reporter said," real estate unified registration is not simple of registration, most important of purpose is does right, is on property of confirmed, equivalent to land, and housing, real estate issued has ID, has legal effectiveness, this and housing sector led of personal housing information networking different, which just to master housing general situation, not involves does right, no legal meaning. ”
The Executive meeting of the State Council put forward, setting up registration of real property information management platform, achieve real estate approvals, registration of transactions and information exchange shared relevant departments according to the law, to eliminate "islands of information".
Many people would register real property information management Foundation and the Ministry of housing and construction of leading 500 cities across the country linked to personal housing information networking, there are several guesses for that as well.
"These two information systems are not contradictory, integrating shared general direction should be. "Kwok-keung said the Executive meeting of the State Council also suggested that industry management and supervisory duties continue to be relevant departments, such as real estate transactions, real estate transactions, advance sales responsibilities in the housing sector, housing information system should be used by the housing sector continues to master.
Mr CHAN Kwok-keung also raised the prospect that after implementing the unified registration of real property, one of the major real estate property data collection standards, statistics need to be harmonized, registration of real property information management platform using rules also need to be clear.
Beijing Polytechnic University Law College Associate Professor Meng Qiang on China Youth reported reporter said, elimination "information island", is refers to currently real estate registration of regional split, and sector bar split of situation, different type of real estate by different of competent sector is responsible for registration, and all sector even all place by established of real estate information are limited Yu the area, and the sector using, no established a information shared total with of platform, all information database like island as stands in information of marine in the, no formed unified of continental, Lead information "transport" for the inconvenience.
Therefore must break the segmentation in sectors and regions, establishing a registration of real property information management platform, the establishment of the real estate registration information legally public search system, which also contribute to the establishment of social credit system, conducive to the protection of transaction security, but also for the future introduction of corporate assets disclosure system provides the necessary prerequisites.
Meng Qiang think, homeland resources sector in regulations introduced Hou, and bear up real estate unified registration of duties Hou, needs with Yu legal regulations of authorized, as soon as possible integration different competent sector of information resources library, established unified information systems or information platform, achieved information in national range within of shared total with, clear registration organ of terms and responsibility, and relative people of read permission, matters, makes real estate unified registration system of huge role get played.
November 21, Minister of the Ministry of land and resources made by the Office, to develop technical specifications for real property registration and database standards, consolidate the establishment of registration of real property information management platform to strengthen communication and coordination.
Difficult to rely solely on a registration system on anti-corruption
Many people think, uniform registration forms of real property data systems can help fight corruption. The current anti-corruption situation is grim, exposed through the real estate registration information, allowing people to register queries official name of a real estate property can be implemented in disguise official publicly.
Earlier this year was frenzy of Zhangzhou, Fujian, Jiangsu, Yancheng, housing sector, provides prohibited "man rounds", a point of contention is the housing registration information on the scope of the disclosure.
For this issue, Executive meeting of the State Council's policy direction, promoting the establishment of real estate registration information legally open referral system to ensure secure real estate transactions, protect the legitimate rights and interests of the masses.
"Unlimited copies, allow arbitrary queries real estate registration information, not only violated China's law does nothing to combat corruption, but will distort the function of real property registration system, infringe upon privacy and other lawful rights and interests. "Cheng Xiao said.
Mr CHAN Kwok-keung believes that "real estate after the establishment of the unified registration system, may offer protection from any help, but the system regardless of the purpose, meaning and anti-corruption. ”
According to press reports, national housing registration information scope and caliber may vary, but is generally limited to "find people", "man rounds" is strictly controlled. In 2006, the then Ministry of construction promulgated the provisional rules on the housing management authority in the registration information, "to find out who" approach, this approach clear, "housing registration organ to record information on housing rights, units and individuals can open query".
In the real right law that was introduced in 2007, has narrowed the scope of real estate registration information disclosure, registration information, copying is limited to "rights holders and interested parties". In 2008, issued by the Ministry of housing and the housing register the provisions of the management pilot scheme, individuals and organizations can query the basic conditions of housing in the register (mainly refers to the natural condition) and restriction, mortgages are sealed; after the rights holder to produce the relevant documents and materials, you can query, copy the relevant information on the housing register.
Cheng Xiao says, the real right Act expressly provided for searching real estate registration data the principal, that is, rights holders and interested parties. Rights would be against the query of real estate ownership, property rights such as mortgages, and interested person is registered with the real estate, who has a legal interest, including real estate transactions the parties such as legal person, with the right people.
"So required by law, is because the real property registration system's primary function is to improve business efficiency and maintenance transactions. If one has no intention of real estate transactions, what he needed to know the real estate registration information? The significance of registration information to the public and where is it? "Cheng Xiao said.
Cheng Xiao said the real property registration system is one of the basic system of the market economy, it is not intended to fight corruption, from the perspective of system design level, cannot even allow anyone to query the registration of real property information on anti-corruption.
"In the framework of our laws, registration is voluntary, not mandatory, just laws, if you are not registered, it would produce the civil consequences of the change of real right. If this is a mandatory, only mandatory within the meaning of the civil law consequences, rather than an administrative enforcement, that is, the law cannot and should not provide party registration, will be punished. "Cheng Xiao said that" acts of corruption after officials used ill-gotten gains to buy homes, not completely registered, registrations, in the case of other existing inadequate system, can also be registered in another person's name, or simply as Fang Jie obtained by violation of multiple identity card, household register, to register. The public security organs really "fake IDs, fake accounts" real property registration institutions can only review, substantive examination cannot be made, unable to check the authenticity of, in this case, only a single registration system how to fight corruption?
Staff writer, Beijing, November 27-
加速推进房产税？降低房价？旨在反腐？
不动产统一登记对我们意味着什么
本报记者 王亦君
多年来徘徊不前的不动产统一登记制度终于有了突破性进展。几十年来，我国土地和房屋由不同部门登记发证的时代即将终结。
11月20日召开的国务院常务会议决定整合不动产登记职责、建立不动产统一登记制度。在中央层面，由国土资源部负责指导监督全国土地、房屋、草原、林地、海域等不动产统一登记职责，实现登记机构、登记簿册、登记依据和信息平台“四统一”，各地必须把不动产登记职责统一到一个部门，同时，建立不动产登记信息管理基础平台和依法公开查询系统。
11月26日，国土资源部副部长胡存智表示，将尽快启动《不动产统一登记条例》的起草。
国家对不动产实行统一登记制度，是已经实施了6年多的《物权法》中的规定。多年来，由于相关法律法规并未出台，我国的不动产登记分散在多个部门。
多年来，由哪个部门来进行不动产统一登记一直存有争议，房地产管理部门和土地管理部门都想获得这个权限。国内物权法学界较为一致的观点是，按照“房地合一，房随地走”的思路，将统一登记权限赋予土地管理部门是“大势所趋”，毕竟，房屋、草原、林地等不动产都属于土地的附着物。
业内人士指出，将不动产登记统一到一个部门是我国不动产登记制度的重大突破。实现不动产统一登记，确认不动产的产权归属，是市场经济的基础制度之一，对建设现代市场体系，保护公民合法财产权，提高政府治理效率，建立统一的不动产信息查询系统，意义重大。
今年3月26日，国务院办公厅发布的包括72项改革方案、提出明确时间表的《关于实施国务院机构改革和职能转变方案任务分工的通知》中要求，国土资源部、住房和城乡建设部(以下简称“住建部”)会同国务院法制办、国家税务总局等有关部门负责起草《不动产统一登记条例》(以下简称《条例》)，2014年6月底之前将出台这部行政法规。
登记机构该如何统一
全国人大代表、中国社会科学院法学所民法室主任孙宪忠曾经参与过《物权法》的起草，据他介绍，我国目前执行不动产登记的部门至少有6个，住房和城乡建设部门负责城市房屋所有权登记；国土资源部门负责集体土地所有权、国有土地使用权、集体建设用地使用权和宅基地使用权登记；农业部门负责耕地、草地承包经营权登记；林业部门负责林地所有权和使用权的登记；渔业部门负责水面、滩涂的养殖使用权的登记；海洋部门负责海域、无居民海岛使用权的登记。
业内人士普遍认为，目前，土地统一到国土部门登记，难度不大。难点主要是土地和房产的统一登记，这涉及土地、房产部门相关职能的整合，还存在土地分类标准不统一、信息系统不一致等问题，可能需要耗费较长时间。
清华大学法学院副教授程啸在接受中国青年报记者采访时表示，“实现不动产登记机构统一最重要的工作在地方，比如北京市各个区县的住建局、国土局下属的房屋和土地登记机构要进行合并。”程啸认为，根据《物权法》规定，不动产登记由不动产所在地的登记机构办理，也就是说，具体的登记业务由县、市一级登记机构负责。
程啸解释说，在中央层面，由于目前国务院已经明确了由国土资源部承担指导监督全国的不动产统一登记的职责，因此，当务之急是要抓紧起草《不动产统一登记条例》以及相应的实施办法，通过法律明确将不动产登记职责统一到一个部门。
程啸认为，为实现统一不动产登记的目的，即保证不动产交易安全和效率，应当尽量确保统一后的不动产登记机构的中立性，其与原有的不动产的行政管理机关相分离，如省、自治区、直辖市、县、市相应设立独立的不动产登记局、不动产登记分局(或不动产登记所)，将现有的不动产的登记职责、登记人员整合到这些统一的不动产机构当中去。
“制定《条例》，要为地方登记机构的统一提供制度保障，对于这些每天与广大从事不动产交易的民事主体打交道的登记机构而言，机构的统一和单列具有更重大、更现实的意义，通过在地方单设统一、独立的不动产登记机构，能够直接、有效地防止当前影响交易安全，危害不动产权利人权利的多头登记、重复登记和错误登记的现象，真正使不动产登记实现其作为市场经济基础性制度，服务于不动产交易的基本功能。”程啸表示。
中国民法学研究会会长王利明指出，多年来，不动产登记已经成为行政机关享有的行政管理职权，造成了登记机构与行政机关的设置与职能合一，多个行政机关负责对不同的不动产进行行政管理，由此形成了分散登记的现象。如土地由土地管理部门管理，建设用地使用权登记也在土地管理部门进行；林木由林业管理部门管理，有关林木所有权的登记在林业管理部门进行；房屋由住建部门管理，产权登记也在该部门进行。各个部门都出台了大量有关不动产登记的部门规章和政策文件，比如国土资源部有《土地登记管理办法》、住建部有《房屋登记管理办法》等。
程啸表示，除了这些数目众多的部门规章、规范性文件之外，《土地管理法》、《城市房地产管理法》等法律也规定了土地、房屋登记归属不同部门。
在许多物权法学者看来，国务院常务会议提出由国土资源部在中央层面整合房屋、土地、林地、草原、海域等不动产的登记职责，马上要做的很重要的一项工作就是，《条例》出台之后，有关部门要进行规章清理，这四类从事不动产登记、管理的部门出台的与不动产登记有关的部门规章、政策文件应当和《条例》保持统一。
更重要的是，全国人大及其常委会应该尽快启动《土地管理法》等法律的修改。
程啸认为，登记机构统一之后，要想实现登记簿册、登记依据和信息平台的统一，条例里就应该具体规定，实行统一的不动产登记要件和程序，明确不动产登记的申请人提供哪些材料可以完成相应登记。在登记程序上，实现申请、受理、审核、记载于登记簿以及发放权属证书或登记证明的各个环节的统一；实现土地登记簿、房屋登记簿、农村土地承包经营权证登记簿、林权登记档案、海域使用登记册等各个不动产登记簿以及相应的权属证书、登记证明之间的协调和统一；统一规定有权申请查询和复制不动产登记资料的主体以及相应程序。
据国土资源部网站消息，11月21日，国土资源部召开部长办公会，研究不动产统一登记工作，强调下一步，要着手建立国家不动产统一登记协调机构和工作机构，梳理评估不动产登记有关法律法规政策，研究起草《不动产统一登记条例》、《不动产登记办法》等。
在11月26日召开的全国国土资源依法行政工作会议上，国土资源部副部长胡存智表示，要按照党的十八大和十八届三中全会精神要求，做好对《土地管理法》进行全面修改的准备，特别是要尽快启动《不动产统一登记条例》的起草。
不动产登记信息平台能有什么作用
记者注意到，这一破冰之举引起了社会各界高度关注，公众很关心不动产统一登记是否意味着房产税将加速推进？是否会对房价产生影响？
国务院常务会议召开的第二天，地产界大腕潘石屹在微博上表示，实行不动产统一登记，房价马上就会下降。
中国社会科学院农村所研究员王小映表示，不动产统一登记有利于房地产税制建设，确实为房地产保有环节的征税创造了条件，但是，这种市场经济的基础设施建设，并不意味着一定会对房地产市场产生影响，不宜过度解读。
“实现不动产统一登记和征收房地产税是两件事情，当然，统一登记为征税创造了技术条件。”中国房地产学会副会长陈国强认为，不要对这一制度可能对房地产市场产生的影响进行过度解读，他对中国青年报记者表示，“不动产统一登记并非简单的登记，最重要的目的是确权，是对产权的确认，相当于给土地、房屋等不动产颁发了身份证，具有法律效力，这与住房部门主导的个人住房信息联网不同，后者只是为了掌握住房一般情况，不涉及确权，没有法律意义。”
此次国务院常务会议提出，建立不动产登记信息管理基础平台，实现不动产审批、交易和登记信息在有关部门间依法依规互通共享，消除“信息孤岛”。
很多人都会把不动产登记信息管理基础平台和住建部主导建设的全国500个城市个人住房信息联网联系起来，对此也有多种猜测。
“这两个信息系统并不矛盾，整合共享应该是大方向。”陈国强表示，国务院常务会议也提出，行业管理和不动产交易监管等职责继续由相关部门承担，房产交易、预售的职责还在住建部门，个人住房信息系统也应该由住建部门继续使用、掌握。
陈国强同时提出，实行不动产统一登记后，作为最主要不动产的房产数据采集标准、统计口径需要统一，不动产登记信息管理基础平台的使用规则也需要明确。
北京理工大学法学院副教授孟强对中国青年报记者表示，消除“信息孤岛”，正是指目前不动产登记的区域分割、部门条块分割的状况，不同类型的不动产由不同的主管部门负责登记，而各个部门甚至各个地方所建立的不动产信息均局限于该地区、该部门使用，没有建立一个信息共享共用的平台，各个信息数据库像孤岛一样矗立在信息的海洋中，没有形成统一的大陆，导致信息“交通”的不便。
因此必须打破部门和地区的分割，建立不动产登记信息管理基础平台、推动建立不动产登记信息依法公开查询系统，这样也有助于社会征信体系的建立，有利于保护交易安全，而且也为未来实行公务人员财产公示制度提供了必要的前提条件。
孟强认为，国土资源部门在条例出台后、承担起不动产统一登记的职责后，需要借助于法律法规的授权，尽快整合不同主管部门的信息资源库，建立统一信息系统或信息平台，实现信息在全国范围内的共享共用，明确登记机关的职权与责任、相对人的查阅权限等事项，使不动产统一登记制度的巨大作用得到发挥。
国土资源部11月21日召开的部长办公会提出，要制定不动产登记技术规程和数据库标准，整合建立不动产登记信息管理基础平台，加强沟通协调。
单靠一个登记制度难以反腐
不少人认为，不动产统一登记形成的数据系统可以为反腐提供帮助。当前反腐形势严峻，通过不动产登记资料的公开，允许人们到登记机构查询官员名下的房产可以变相实现官员财产公开。
今年年初被炒得沸沸扬扬的江苏盐城、福建漳州等地住房部门出台规定禁止“以人查房”，争议的焦点就是房屋登记信息披露的范围问题。
对于这一问题，国务院常务会议提出的政策方向是，推动建立不动产登记信息依法公开查询系统，保证不动产交易安全，保护群众合法权益。
“无限制地、允许他人随意查询复制不动产登记资料查询，不仅违反我国法律规定，也无助于反腐，更会扭曲不动产登记制度的功能，侵害他人的隐私权等合法权益。”程啸表示。
陈国强认为，“不动产统一登记制度建立以后，可能为反腐提供帮助，但这个制度建立的目的、意义和反腐无关。”
据记者了解，各国房屋登记信息公开范围和口径虽有所不同，但一般都限于“以房查人”，“以人查房”则受到严格控制。2006年，当时的建设部出台《房屋权属登记信息查询暂行办法》，采取了“以房查人”方式，此办法明确，“房屋权属登记机关对房屋权利的记载信息，单位和个人可以公开查询”。
2007年出台的《物权法》中，不动产登记信息公开范围有所缩小，将登记资料查询、复制限于“权利人、利害关系人”。2008年住建部发布的《房屋登记簿管理试行办法》则规定，个人和单位可以查询登记簿中房屋的基本状况(主要指自然状况)及查封、抵押等权利限制状况；权利人出示相关证件和材料后，可以查询、复制该房屋登记簿上的相关信息。
程啸介绍说，《物权法》对于查询不动产登记资料的主体有明确规定，即权利人和利害关系人。权利人是指针对被查询的不动产享有所有权、抵押权等物权的主体，而利害关系人是指与登记的不动产具有法律上的利害关系之人，包括不动产交易的当事人、与权利人发生法律纠纷的人等。
“法律之所以这样规定，是因为不动产登记制度的主要功能是提高交易效率和维护交易安全。如果一个人完全没有任何从事不动产交易的意图，他有什么必要去了解不动产登记资料？把登记资料向这些人公开的意义又何在呢？”程啸说。
程啸表示，不动产登记制度是市场经济的基础性制度之一，并非旨在反腐，从制度设计层面上看，即便允许任何人查询不动产登记资料也无法反腐。
“在我国法律框架下，不动产登记与否是自愿的，不是强制的，只是法律规定，如果不登记，就会产生物权变动的民事后果。如果说这是一种强制的话，也只是民事法律后果意义上的强制，而非行政强制，也就是说，法律不能也不应规定当事人不办不动产登记，就要加以处罚。”程啸说，“有贪腐行为的官员用非法所得购买房屋后，完全可以不办登记，就算办登记，在现行其他制度不完善的情况下，也可以登记在他人的名下，或者完全如同房姐那样以违法方式取得多个身份证、户口本，来办理登记。对于这些公安机关办出来的真的“假身份证、假户口本”，不动产登记机构只能进行形式审查，无法进行实质审查，根本无法查验真伪，这种情况下，只靠单独一个登记制度如何反腐？
本报北京11月27日电
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