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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/30 9:33:41 Authorities say Qingdao explosion and pipe layout is reasonably related to
Summary: a number of authoritative sources told the 21st century business Herald News, "yellow 11·22 Sinopec East oil pipeline leakage and explosion accidents" is the direct mechanism of pipeline corrosion of pipelines and drainage culverts junction serious, causing oil spills, flows into culverts, air and oil mixed in a confined space. After the oil spill, rescue dispose of illegal operations have triggered the explosion.
Sinopec East yellow oil pipeline explosion accident investigation
11·22 the cause of the accident show: piping due and reasonable layout, irregular jobs explosion
Accident investigation and direction has been clear. Since then, the "standards for pipeline, running and enterprise, the Government's joint contingency measures would put forward proposals."
"11·22" incident after 7th Street more than 10 kilometers away from the blast site zhaitang Island Hotel, from the State work safety supervision Bureau, the public security departments, oil systems and research institutions over more than 50 experts joined the investigation. Local governments and Sinopec company staff have been involved in the events between hotel, sent drawings and materials.
An attending person remembers, saws officials demanded that "the history, check the archives. "The investigation team requested the parties to provide reports required to write details clearly, stamped with the official seal on it. Chain of evidence has clearly point to the causes of the accidents.
A number of authoritative sources told the 21st century business Herald News, "yellow 11·22 Sinopec East oil pipeline leakage and explosion accidents" is the direct mechanism of pipeline corrosion of pipelines and drainage culverts junction serious, causing oil spills, flows into culverts, air and oil mixed in a confined space. After the oil spill, rescue dispose of illegal operations have triggered the explosion.
Accidents and local piping layouts are also related. Pipeline accident lot layout is reasonable, resulting in serious corrosion of the pipeline, the Jiaozhou Bay tidal movement is likely to be crude from entering the sea intrusion, reverse shift to zhaitang Island neighborhood, causing an explosion occurred in a relatively concentrated area of personnel.
After the accident, accident investigation unit was set up under the State Council. 21st century business Herald reporter was informed that from local governments and Sinopec group company to obtain materials and a preliminary analysis, the investigation unit in the Division of preliminary technical appraisal links into "leak investigation", the "explosion investigations", the "summary of emergency assessment" group and the "municipal survey" group, to be writing relevant content, respectively, form the final report and make relevant recommendations.
Thus, "11·22" direction has been clear. Since then, the "standards for pipeline, running and enterprise, the Government's joint contingency measures would put forward recommendations. "Someone involved in the relevant work, experts say.
However, the closely guarded the accident effect on the pattern of oil and gas transport, preliminary investigations showed the accident, Sinopec group network operating under the framework of contingency liability mismatch exists. 18 the third plenary session of the former official research institutions submitted that "oil and gas pipeline network" split proposal from the oil companies. After the incident in 11·22, management of Sinopec pipeline Sinopec pipeline storage and transportation (branch) website Home transferred to black and white, Sinopec group to this non-independent branch management network model is still widely discussed throughout.
Through the culvert pipe
Preliminary investigations revealed that yellow pipe corroded East that day caused large oil spill into the drain. Drain culvert forms confined space, oil and gas and air mix to form explosive conditions.
Investigation group of experts considered a preliminary discussion in the contingency operations, corporate misuse of non-explosion-proof electrical equipment, construction environment and probably does not have to be oil and gas index, there is no effective preventive measures. Section of the pipeline near a sewer across both isolation and piping through a drainage culvert, forming a confined space.
Huangdao Planning Bureau, said people in July 1995, the Huangdao commissioned naval engineering planning, land Bureau, culvert design as a whole, the entire culvert length of 1.4 km. Archives show that beneath the bridges and culverts, perpendicular to a pipeline in the direction of bridge and culvert. Subsequent to changes is uncertain.
"Sinopec pipeline of governance problems, was not found in time, especially with such a hole can detect. They want change, but no change. "One expert involved in the investigation said.
A city drainage map displays of the local municipal authorities, drainage system at the scene was "human" shape distributions. Zone, the district has two small, one along the road laid in Zhoushan Island, planted a zhaitang along Island Road, Liugong Island Road junction in zhaitang Island Road, two sewer pipes meet, summarize the zhaitang Island Street in a 7-meter-wide channel of water total. The total channel separate from the landmark water road, Qinhuangdao road intersection, Newton and then through the chemical plants, from South to North into the sea.
Afterwards confirmed that the section of sewer explosions occurred almost two into branch sewers and the water channel fits perfectly. From the explosions ignited near zhaitang North sections of the island are below Canal, damage is most severe, the road fully cracked, breaking glass the building on both sides, floors bow. Farther up the River Road, Zhoushan Island sewer explosions ignited there is about one kilometer, relatively light damage, road arches, but did not crack.
Causes may be related to tides. The day of the incident, at 3 o'clock in the morning to 8 in the period of flux, is 8 points to 10:25 at low tide. At 3 o'clock after the oil spill comes as sea high tide, salt water intrusion. Therefore, leaks of crude oil not only flows downstream, upstream populated sewers upstream on the float. This oil also caused difficulties.
Members of the group said: "so much oil, you would not flush. Rushing out, rushed to Sea oil, is heavily polluted, and second, could not handle a short time: the tide, salt water intrusion, crude oil is back. ”
8-hour measures
From oil spills within 8 hours before two o'clock in the morning in the explosion, Sinopec and Huangdao zone has many contradictions, and between businesses and Government emergency plan need run-in increases.
Qingdao development zone management committee, obtained by this reporter, a report on the accident to the investigation team under the State Council shows, 22nd half at the earliest, a highway maintenance personnel found Qinhuangdao and zhaitang Island Street interchange on the road have crude oil, then alert the local 110 command center.
A Sinopec Huangdao oil depots are responsible for production safety of its staff to the 21st century business Herald reporters, Huangdao oil depot is responsible for the depot is managed internally, Weifang pipeline company pipeline responsible for management, but once the oil spill, both sides were able to monitor the.
2:40 A.M., Weifang, pipe storage and transportation company of Sinopec oil oil spill monitoring equipment showed that outbound yellow double Huangdao pressure falling rapidly. In the case of non-jump pump, this is signs of oil leakage.
According to the instructions of the CMC, and 5 minutes later, Sinopec, 110 command Center received (report does not specify which company is Sinopec) officer on duty calls. Officers on duty on the phone said that Sinopec weakened monitoring of pipeline pressure, speculated may be due to theft of crude oil. Oil spill command center will then report to the regional emergency Office, emergency Office informed related departments rushed to the site for disposal.
3:15, Huangdao oil depot to close oil valve. If informed by CMC, distance at this time discovered oil spill was over 45 minutes, rather than a Sinopec spokesman said oil had spilled 12 minutes. The Huangdao oil employees said, Huangdao oil subsequently launched the emergency plan, patrolman to lock the leakage line position, emergency personnel decontamination pavement.
The staff responsible for the safety in production said, plan to start later, Weifang and Huangdao oil pipeline is a lateral units, Weifang oil Department Huangdao oil depots should be coordinated. Later, Deputy Director of Weifang oil told the media that the survivors, Weifang, Shandong received distribution in the movement control section, phone, phone calls, Qingdao Huangdao oil spills, the relevant departments have rushed to the scene, then rushed to the scene of the oil spill of Qingdao, responding to the support.
Reported at 7 o'clock in the morning, Huangdao safety supervision departments and Huangdao, Weifang oil as the leader of the depot to the scene. Former ask the latter was informed that the leak is crude oil pipeline to Wong Wai Tsak Tong pipeline. But this assertion is denied by Sinopec, Sinopec according to official Micro-Blog: Huang Wei of the oil spill is not a new pipeline, but yellow double line in the East.
"Crude oil via the Qinhuangdao road junction and zhaitang Island Street flooded roads along the zhaitang Island Street, about 150 meters to the South stream, extends benefits and appliances-Simon South, formed about 1000 metres of oil distribution, wide and narrow from North to South. Leaked crude oil has entered the side of the rain pipe. "CMC case reports describe the pavement.
Subsequently, the municipalities along the sewer to see the spill, the Agency began cleaning up the sea, Weifang oil looks for oil spills and oil at nine o'clock in the morning the zhaitang island with a sandy street pavement full coverage, and walls off the oil spill closures and traffic control.
Description says Huangdao emergency 7:40, Deputy Director of the disposition over the phone after the accident and report back to the general duty Office of the municipal government. When so far, Qingdao and Huangdao oil spill in the city and county level Governments were aware of the situation.
Illegal operation possibilities
However, on that day, at 10:30 A.M., and Qinhuangdao zhaitang Island Street Street exploded, Xinhua News Agency reported that 55 people were killed, 9 missing, 145 people were injured in hospital.
"So long, why would such a large range of explosion? "One expert involved in the investigation said: the emergency properly, must have been an indirect cause. Both business and Government, first of all depends on the plans is unreasonable, if the plan is not reasonable, that is the formulation of the problem. Second, the plan is implemented as plans.
Huangdao previously developed by the emergency plan for accidents of dangerous chemicals called, after the accident, the accident occurred units shall immediately organize emergency rescue teams, and promptly report 119, 110 command center District Public Security Bureau and other departments. Report content not only includes the company name, address, category of hazardous chemical accidents (fire, explosion, leakage, etc), also includes the potential hazards.
In this regard, the Board shall in its report submitted to the State Council investigation team noted that related departments of the CMC was informed is through the 110 command center that the crude oil spill. Before the explosion, CMC departments from the Sinopec pipeline company is aware of the oil spills and disposal of, hazards that may occur include leaking oil, and pipeline enterprises also no hints and instructions (except learned that there is an oil spill).
"Because you do not have more detailed information, CMC to relevant departments according to the actual situation, taken in accordance with general practices for disposing of oil spill emergency response measures. "The report said.
From the description of the Board will be presented to the State Council investigation group, Sinopec, will be blamed for failing to response.
In interviews, more than a Sinopec Huangdao oil depot employee told reporters that enterprises have started an internal emergency plan and reported to the District Government. "But companies have no right to urgently evacuate, only government agencies can afford. "They complain.
However, the predominating in field reports, related company does not successfully detect leak area oil and gas conditions, misuse of non-explosion-proof electrical apparatus has been seen as a more direct reason. (This article source: the 21st century business Herald)
(11·22 the cause of the accident show: pipe layout less rational, or the job caused the explosion)
核心提示：多位权威人士告诉21世纪经济报道记者，“11·22中石化东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸事故”的直接机理是输油管线与排水暗渠交汇处的管线腐蚀严重，引起原油泄漏，流入暗渠，空气和原油在密闭空间里混合。在原油泄漏后，救援处置中违规操作触发了爆炸。
中石化东黄输油管道爆燃事故再调查
11·22事故原因初显：管道布局欠合理，违规作业引发爆炸
事故调查方向已然清晰。此后，“对管道的标准、运行及企业、政府的联合应急措施都会提出建议”。
“11·22”事故七日之后，在离爆炸地点斋堂岛街10余公里的一家酒店，已有来自国家安监局、公安部门、石油系统和研究机构的50余名专家陆续加入调查工作。卷入事件的地方政府和中石化公司人员不断往来酒店，送来图纸和材料。
一位参会人士记得，安监总局官员要求，“要把历史情况，把档案都查清楚。”调查组要求各方提供的报告需写清楚细节情况，加盖上公章。证据链条已经明确指向此次特大事故的原因。
多位权威人士告诉21世纪经济报道记者，“11·22中石化东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸事故”的直接机理是输油管线与排水暗渠交汇处的管线腐蚀严重，引起原油泄漏，流入暗渠，空气和原油在密闭空间里混合。在原油泄漏后，救援处置中违规操作触发了爆炸。
事故和当地的管线布局也有关系。事故发生地段管线布局不合理，造成管线腐蚀严重，胶州湾潮汐的运动可能将原本应流入海里的原油倒灌，逆向漂移至斋堂岛街区段，造成爆炸在人员相对密集区发生。
此次事故发生后，国务院成立了事故调查组。21世纪经济报道记者获悉，在从当地两级政府和中石化集团相关公司获得材料并初步分析后，调查组在前期技术鉴定环节分工成“泄漏调查”组、“爆炸调查”组、“应急总结评估”组和“市政调查”组，拟分别撰写相关内容，形成最终报告并提出相关建议。
因此，“11·22”事故调查方向已然清晰。此后，“对管道的标准、运行及企业、政府的联合应急措施都会提出建议。”一位参与相关工作的专家说。
然而，外界高度关注此次事故对油气运输格局的影响，事故初步调查显示出，在中石化集团架构下管网运营应急责任存在错配。十八届三中全会前，官方研究机构曾提出将“油气管网”从油企中剥离的建议。在11·22事故发生后，管理中石化管道的中石化管道储运(分)公司将网站首页调为黑白色，中石化集团以这一非完全独立的分公司管理各地管网的模式仍在广受讨论。
穿越暗渠的管线
现场初步调查显示，东黄管道腐蚀严重，当天造成大量原油泄漏，进入排水沟。而排水沟暗渠形成密闭空间，油气和空气混合形成爆炸条件。
调查组专家初步讨论认为，在应急作业时，相关企业违规使用非防爆电器，并且很可能也没有对施工环境进行油气指标检测，因此没有有效防范措施。该管道区段附近有下水道穿过，将两者隔离后，管道通过的排水暗渠，形成了密闭空间。
黄岛区规划局相关人士介绍， 1995年7月，黄岛区规划土地局委托了海军工程设计局，为整个暗渠做了设计，整个暗渠全长1.4公里。档案资料显示，在桥涵下方，垂直于桥涵方向有一条输油管。后续如何更改尚不确定。
“中石化管道公司存在治理隐患，没有及时发现，尤其像这么大个洞，肯定能检测。他们希望改，但是也没有改成。”一位参与调查的专家表示。
当地市政部门的一张城区排水示意图显示，事发现场的排水系统呈“人”字形分布。开发区区内有两条支渠，一支沿舟山岛路路段埋设，一支沿斋堂岛路埋设，在斋堂岛路刘公岛路路口，两条下水管道会合，汇总到斋堂岛街一条7米宽的下水总渠道中。这条下水总渠道分别于刘公岛路、秦皇岛路交叉口，然后穿过丽东化工厂，自南向北流入海中。
事后证实，发生下水道爆炸的路段，几乎和两条下水支渠以及下水总渠道完全吻合。其中，距离爆燃点最近的斋堂岛路北路段下面是总渠，受损情况最为严重，路面完全崩裂，两侧楼房玻璃破碎，楼层微倾。而较远的逆流而上的舟山岛路下水道离爆燃点还有一公里左右，受损相对较轻，路面虽然拱起，但并未崩裂。
其中原因可能与潮汐有关。事发当天，凌晨3点至8点位涨潮期，8点至10点25分属退潮期。3点钟漏油后，正值海边涨潮，海水倒灌。所以，泄漏的原油不但流向下游，还逆流漂上人口密集的下水道上游。而这亦对油污处理造成了困难。
专家组成员说：“这么多的油，你也不敢用水冲。冲完了，把油都冲到海水里，一是污染严重，二是短时间处理不了：一涨潮，海水倒灌，原油又回来了。”
8小时各方措施
从发现漏油的凌晨两点半到爆炸发生前的8小时内，中石化和黄岛开发区管委会的表述有诸多矛盾之处，而企业和政府间的应急预案也需要磨合提高。
本报记者获得的一份关于青岛开发区管委会向国务院调查组提交的事故说明显示，最早在22日凌晨两点半，一名道路养护人员发现秦皇岛街和斋堂岛街交汇处路面上有原油，随即向当地110指挥中心报警。
一位中石化黄岛油库负责生产安全的员工向21世纪经济报道记者表示，黄岛油库只负责对油库内部进行管理，输油管道由潍坊管道公司负责管理，但是一旦出现原油泄漏，双方都能监测到。
凌晨2点40分，中石化管道储运公司潍坊输油处监测漏油设备显示东黄复线黄岛出站压力迅速下降。在无跳泵的情况下，这就是漏油信号。
据管委会说明，5分钟后，110指挥中心接到中石化(报告并未载明是中石化哪一公司)值班人员的电话。值班人员在电话中称，中石化监测到输油管道压力减弱，推测原因可能是盗窃原油。随后指挥中心将漏油情况汇报至区应急办，应急办通知相关部门赶赴现场处置。
3点15分，黄岛油库关闭输油阀门。如若按管委会通报，此时距离发现原油泄漏已经过去45分钟，而非中石化新闻发言人所说原油已泄漏了12分钟。上述黄岛油库员工说，黄岛油库随后启动应急预案，一线巡线员到现场锁定漏油管位置，应急人员清理油污路面。
上述负责生产安全的员工说，预案启动后，因黄岛油库和潍坊输油处是平级单位，黄岛油库应知会潍坊输油处协调处理。后来幸存者潍坊输油处副处长对媒体表示，其在山东潍坊家中接到运销调度科的电话，电话称青岛黄岛区有原油泄漏，相关科室已经赶往现场，随后其也赶赴青岛漏油现场，支援抢险。
报告称，上午7时许，黄岛安监等部门及黄岛油库、潍坊输油处领导均到了现场。前者询问后者得知，泄漏的是原油，管道为黄维输油管道。但这一说法为中石化所否认，中石化官方微博称：漏油点并非新建成的黄潍输油管道，而是东黄复线。
“原油经秦皇岛路和斋堂岛街交汇处溢出了路面，沿斋堂岛街向南流了150米左右，一直延伸至益和电器西门南侧，形成了约1000米的原油分布带，从北向南由宽变窄。泄漏的原油已经进入路边的雨水斗。”管委会的报告如是描述当时的路面情景。
随后，市政部门沿下水管道查看漏油情况，环保局开始海上清污，潍坊输油处寻找漏油点并于当日上午九点用沙土将斋堂岛街油污路面完全覆盖，并对漏油处进行围挡封闭和交通管制。
说明称，7：40 黄岛区应急办副主任将事故发生经过及处置情况通过电话向市政府总值班室汇报。至此时，青岛及黄岛市县两级政府都知悉了漏油情况。
违规操作可能性
然而，当日上午十点三十分，斋堂岛街和秦皇岛街发生爆炸，新华社报道称，已造成55人死亡，9人失踪，145人受伤住院。
“这么长时间，为什么还会这么大范围的爆炸？”一位参与调查的专家表示：应急处置不当，肯定是一个间接的原因。不论企业和政府，首先得看预案合不合理，如果预案不合理，那就是制订的问题。其次，有了预案，是不是按预案执行了。
黄岛区此前制订的《危险化学品重特大事故应急救援预案》要求，事故发生后，事故发生单位应立即组织应急救援队伍，同时迅速报告区公安局119、110指挥中心等部门。所报告内容不仅包括事故单位名称、地址、危化品事故的类别(火灾、爆炸、泄漏等)，还包括可能造成的危害等情况。
对此，管委会在向国务院调查组提交的报告中指出，管委会相关部门得知原油发生泄漏事故是通过110指挥中心获悉的。在发生爆炸前，管委会部门未能从中石化管道公司方面知悉本次原油泄漏和处置的情况，包括泄漏油量、可能发生的危害等，到场的管道企业人员也没有提示和说明(除了解到是原油泄漏)。
“由于不掌握更详细的信息，管委会相关部门根据当时的实际情况，按照处置一般原油泄漏事故的常规做法采取了应急救援措施。”报告称。
从管委会上交给国务院调查组的说明来看，其将应急不力的责任归咎于中石化。
而在采访中，不止一位中石化黄岛油库的员工对本报记者表示，企业已启动内部应急预案并上报区级政府。“但企业没权力紧急疏散群众，只有政府相关部门才有能力。”他们如是抱怨。
但是，在初步掌握的现场报告中，相关企业未成功检测泄漏地带的油气条件，违规使用非防爆电器已被视为更直接的原因。(本文来源：21世纪经济报道)
(11·22事故原因初显： 管道布局欠合理，违规作业引发爆炸)
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