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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/11/30 9:41:25 Chang， third moon 3 months after scientific exploration
Take the "Moon" Chang the third probe, the task has been completed the development and testing, launch vehicles and probes have been transferred to the launch site in Xichang satellite launch Center. At present, the long third improved rocket has been completely wrapped up in the second number of the more than 90 meters high launching Tower, Tower being carried out final preparations prior to launch, the launch site system in good condition. Chang the third spacecraft launched into stand-by filling the launching phase, if the meteorological conditions, will be snagged the launch next week.
Chang, third by the lander and Rover ("Moon" Moon vehicle). The Lander will "embrace" and "rabbit" visits, moon, then the "rabbit", leave the lander for scientific exploration of the lunar surface for about 3 months, the lander is in place to detect landing sites. Chang, third in the outer surface of the celestial body automatic inspection for the first time, detector Moonlight to survive for the first time, establishing for the first time covering Mars exploration range of monitoring and communication network, ownership of the lunar surface for the first time in place of scientific exploration. Completion of this task, it will lay a solid foundation for China's deep space exploration.
Chang needed five conditions preferred Rainbow landing Bay area
Choose a landing area has several conditions, Ouyang Ziyuan introduced "landing zone first, communication is better, the second Sun is better, III the study of scientific problems, relatively flat fourth, five other States have yet to go to the survey. "He said, according to the conditions to become immortal, the third choice on the moon landing in Rainbow Bay. "The United States and the former Soviet lunar exploration to more places are near the equator of the Moon, not many at high altitudes. ”
Rainbow Bay area located in the northern hemisphere of the Moon, the Western Hemisphere, Northwest corner of the rain area on the near side of the moon. (Near side of the Moon: the Moon toward the Earth. As one rotation of the Moon around the Earth for a week period is 27.3 days, so half of the people on the planet, we can only see the Moon, do not see the other half. ), "There are lots of places on the moon with ' ocean sea '' ' name. The ancient chimera, thought she saw was the sea, but it is not. In some places on the Moon was a huge basin, basin, there's a lot of rock. Volcanic eruptions and leave the pit filled in a little flat. Chimera spots that you see when, in fact, mostly rock, such as black basalt. "Said Ouyang Ziyuan, the Rainbow Bay is about 3.9 billion years ago out of a hole. Many stones sputtered out on impact, piled up next to it, near the basin formed a rainbow-like arc. Hence the name Rainbow Bay.
Chang already with a CCD stereo camera for the second ending domain the Rainbow Bay ultra high resolution stereo imaging. Chang e, physical accessibility, second full moon picture resolution of 7 meters, Rainbow Bay area about 1 m resolution. Chang e in the second full moon images, craters greater than 21 meters in diameter can be identified. Domain imaging of the Rainbow Bay, craters greater than 3 meters in diameter are clearly distinguishable.
It is learnt that the goddess is Chang ' e first backup, second star, was successfully launched on October 1, 2010. Given that Chang first successfully completed a "round" Moon exploration mission objectives, "the moon lady, second" changed the mission pilot test a partial Tower ", third" technical equipment, while also gaining a clearer, more detailed images of the Moon's surface and Lunar polar surface data.
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More than more than 200 plans for risk is still not small
Lunar Benjamin l. Liebman is Vice Director Chang third mission of national defense science and Industry Council held first press conference, said that the Moon exploration is very complex and high-risk projects. "Chang-third mission systems has a large number of new technologies and new products, detectors over 80% technologies and products are newly developed. Despite a large number of ground simulating experiments, but on the Moon, especially the landing zone, environmental awareness is not sufficient. ”
To date, conducted a total of 129 lunar exploration activities worldwide, the success rate is only 51%. Among them, the United States carried out 59 lunar exploration activities, 64, the former Soviet Union, China and Japan 2, ESA and India 1. Succeed or succeeded 66 times, falling 63 times. Only United States, the former Soviet Union to complete the 13 unmanned soft landing on the surface of the moon. United States achieved manned, the former Soviet Union carried out twice a month and nobody visits to detect.
Li Benzheng admitted that problems that may arise, "Chang-third" did more than more than 200 plans. However, from these figures, the entire lunar activities risk is still very large.
Variable thrust engine
Realization of extraterrestrial objects to a soft landing
According to the Deputy Commander of the lunar exploration program Center director Li Benzheng, lunar exploration and aerospace engineering to introduce, Moon and surveys are two highlights of this lunar exploration program. This is the first time the spacecraft in extraterrestrial objects to a soft landing, also the world since 1976 on the moon phase of construction after the first moon probes.
Chinese lunar exploration project's first Chief Scientist, academician, International Academy of Astronautics Member Ouyang Ziyuan, academician of said on the Rover and the lander touched down on the Moon goes through several levels:
First, the fly from the Earth to the Moon "arrested", ran too fast will run, run too slowly will directly hit, so speed, distance must be just right.
Second, considering that there is no air on the Moon cannot use a parachute, falling faster and faster, to the lunar surface will be shattered. Therefore, beneath the lander is equipped with variable thrust engine, pushing up the whole Lander, Lander down slowly.
Probably from the Moon's surface 100 m fly high when Lander is controlled by variable thrust liquid rocket launcher, through a variety of optical and microwave sensors measuring, hover on the hundred meters high on the lunar surface and panning, to avoid obstacles such as rocks and pits and choose the best landing sites. At this point, engine will continue to work for the lander slowly declining, until we reach the lunar surface 4 meters high when the engine is off, the lander to free-fall to a soft landing on the moon.
Launch is scheduled for early December since that time in days on the Moon, "Lander after the fall, open to receive solar panels for energy, so be sure to drop down during the day, there is time to test the instrument comfortably. After all the debugging, you can begin to work. "Ouyang Ziyuan said.
"Package type sleep"
Confrontation-180 ℃ at low temperature
Moon's survival is the lander and the Rover needs to face a big challenge. 27 days on the day corresponding to the Earth on the Moon, Lunar interval corresponds to the Earth night and day for 14 days. At the same time, the Moon big temperature difference between day and night, month day temperature of 130-150 Celsius and moonlit night temperatures can drop to below zero from 180 to lingxia160sheshidu within 14 days.
"The Rovers must be at least 3 months or more, equivalent to about 6 days and nights of the moon. No Sun for a long time, landers and rovers have to rely on the Sun to generate electricity, the issue must be resolved. "The CPPCC National Committee member of the China Academy of space technology space science and said Ye Peijian, Chief specialist of deep space exploration.
In this regard, the technicians design of Lunar Rover with a retractable solar panels, power generation during the day, the night away, "equipment package in there." This "package type sleep" helps equipment insulation, and surplus power on the morning of the next day on the Moon "self wake up" solar panels to face the new day of Sun. During the day, and windsurfing can also adjust their angles to avoid sunlight too hot.
In addition, the Lunar Rover research team takes full advantage of thermal fluid circuits, heat insulation components, thermal design, electric heater parts, nuclear batteries have been developed at the same time, Rovers warm. Ouyang Ziyuan introduced nuclear battery is not affected by outside influences, can continue to use isotopic decay process gives off heat, temperature rises to above the lows in the cabinets, it is all the instruments can withstand temperatures.
Lunar Rover "the rabbit"
First beam hundreds of meters underground structure
"The rabbit" powerful, Lunar Rover, see from the model, its large head with a directional antenna and Sun sensors, for solar wings on either side, there are many antenna on the tail, back of right is a navigation camera and a panoramic camera. Step six "hot wheels" mobile devices, abdomen, arms, infrared imaging spectrometer, obstacle avoidance, such as cameras, laser, dot matrix, "secret weapons". In addition, it has a mechanical arm to exploration in the Lunar soil and Moon rock samples for on-site testing.
"The surface is soft, bumpy, many obstructions. Rovers able to perceive and identify lunar surface environment and obstacles, and plan inspection path. Rover on the lunar surface when an autonomous navigation and ground control patterns. "Said Li Benzheng, it has very good climbing, climbing and ability to resist capsize.
"The rabbit" shoulder carrying scientific payloads, the Moon's surface topography and geological structure, surface material composition, and available resources. According to experts, the "rabbit" walking more slowly than people think, at about 200 meters. Visit 3 months, will depend on a variety of advanced equipment to the surface of the Moon for three dimensional optical imaging, infrared spectroscopy, scientific exploration of the lunar regolith layer thickness and structure, analysis of the main elements of the surface material. The moon under the car with a radar, can take the initiative to launch the radar waves to detect twenty or thirty meter thick soil, structural changes, but can also be measured and 100 meters deep subsurface structure, which is currently done in other countries in the world.
Reserves of helium-3 amazing
Human perpetual energy demand
Someone to challenge the significance of the Moon: from the scientific point of view, the Moon is a stone, it revolves around the Earth and the United States and the former Soviet Union have to explore the Moon in the last century, but almost not found, why Chinese scientists continue to study? Ouyang Ziyuan explained that there are two reasons: first, the humans leave Earth the Moon got on another celestial body, the first step in any country to explore more distant Venus, Mars, Jupiter, generally through the Moon, the Moon seems to be out of the House for the threshold. Technical requirements, so, going to the Moon, it is relatively easy to implement.
Second, the moon has two important energy source: first solar. The surface of the Moon is a vacuum, there are no buildings, the Sun came up half a month while on Earth has an atmosphere, blocking a portion of the Sun's radiation, in addition, under the influence of wind and frost sleet, uneven distribution of solar energy on Earth. So much denser than Earth's solar energy high on the moon.
Second type of energy is helium-3. Ouyang Ziyuan explained that attended a France-building of controlled nuclear fusion reactor project. If this power can achieve, serving all of China's energy needs per year is only about 8 tons of helium-3, world-wide per year requires energy, also 100 tons of helium-3. Very little helium-3 on Earth, with more than 1 million tons of helium-3 on the Moon, we can at least ensure mankind's energy needs for thousands of years. "The moon lady, third" has an agenda, all measured the thickness of soil layer, so that you can convert the entire Moon how many helium-3.
In addition, the moon has a wealth of other resources, such as titanium, rare earth elements, uranium and thorium. Said Ouyang Ziyuan, the Moon might be in the future an important supporter of human sustainable development. Moon is the demands of human development, scientific development and technological development needs because it can lead to a long list of high-tech developments.
(Original title: Chang-third "Moon" in-depth probe after 3 months)
肩负“落月”任务的嫦娥三号探测器已完成各项研制和试验，运载火箭和探测器已转入西昌卫星发射中心发射现场。目前，长征三号乙改进型运载火箭已被完全包裹在90多米高的二号发射塔架内，塔架内部正进行发射前的最后准备工作，发射场系统状态良好。嫦娥三号探测器发射已进入待命加注发射阶段，如果气象等条件具备，将于下周择机发射。
嫦娥三号由着陆器和巡视探测器(即“玉兔号”月球车)组成。着陆器将“怀抱”“玉兔”号巡视器落月，然后“玉兔”号驶离着陆器，在月面进行为期约3个月的科学探测，着陆器则在着陆地点进行就位探测。嫦娥三号将首次实现在地外天体表面无人自动巡视、首次实现探测器月夜生存、首次建立覆盖火星探测范围的测控通信网、首次自主开展月面就位科学探测。这一任务的完成，将为中国的深空探测奠定坚实的基础。
着陆需五大条件 嫦娥首选虹湾区
选择着陆区有几个条件，欧阳自远介绍，“着陆区首先通讯要好，第二阳光要好，第三可以研究的科学问题多，第四相对比较平坦，第五其他国家还没有去勘查过。”他表示，根据这些条件，嫦娥三号选择了在月球虹湾区着陆。“美国和前苏联月球探测到的较多的地方是月球赤道附近，高纬度地区不多。”
虹湾区地处月球的北半球、西半球，在月球正面的雨海区西北角。(月球正面：月球朝向地球的一面。由于月球自转一周和绕地球一周的周期均为27.3天，所以地球上的人们永远只能看到月亮的一半，看不到另一半。)“月球上有很多地方以‘海’‘洋’命名。古人望月，以为看到的是海，其实不是。月球上有些地方被撞出大盆地，盆地下面有很多岩缝。火山喷发，又把一些坑填得比较平了。望月时看到的黑斑，其实大多为石头，比如黑色的玄武岩。”欧阳自远说，虹湾是约39亿年前砸出来的一个坑。很多石头在撞击时溅射出去，堆积到旁边，在盆地附近形成一段像彩虹一样的弧。因此得名虹湾。
嫦娥二号时已经用CCD立体相机对虹湾进行了局域超高分辨率立体成像。嫦娥二号实际获得的全月图分辨率为7米，虹湾区分辨率约为1米。在嫦娥二号全月影像图中，直径大于21米的月坑可识别。而在虹湾区局域成像中，直径大于3米的月坑清晰可辨。
据悉，嫦娥二号是嫦娥一号的备份星，于2010年10月1日成功发射。鉴于嫦娥一号圆满完成了“绕”月探测的任务目标，“嫦娥二号”更改了使命，先期试验了部分“嫦娥三号”的技术设备，同时获得了更清晰、更详细的月球表面影像数据和月球极区表面数据。
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备200多预案 风险依旧不小
探月工程副总指挥李本正在国防科工局举行的嫦娥三号任务首场发布会上表示，月球探测是非常复杂且高风险的工程。“嫦娥三号任务各个系统均有大量新技术和新研产品，其中探测器系统80%以上技术和产品为新研发的。尽管进行了大量地面模拟实验验证，但是对月球，尤其是着陆区的环境认识还不充分。”
迄今为止，全球共进行了129次月球探测活动，成功率仅51%。其中，美国进行了59次月球探测活动，前苏联64次，中国和日本各2次，欧空局和印度各1次。成功或基本成功66次，失败63次。全球仅有美国、前苏联完成了13次无人月球表面软着陆。美国实现了载人登月，前苏联开展了两次月面无人巡视探测。
李本正坦言，针对可能出现的问题，“嫦娥三号”做了200多个预案。但是，从这些数据来看，整个的探月活动风险还是很大的。
变推力发动机
实现地外天体软着陆
据探月工程副总指挥、探月与航天工程中心主任李本正介绍，落月和勘察是本次探月工程的两大亮点。这是我国在航天器上首次实现在地外天体软着陆，也是世界上自1976年探月工程告一段落之后的首次落月探测。
中国绕月探测工程首任首席科学家、中国科学院院士、国际宇航科学院院士欧阳自远院士表示，月球车和着陆器降落在月球上要经历几个关卡：
第一，从地球上飞过去要被月球“抓住”，跑得太快会飞跑了，跑得太慢会直接撞上去了，所以速度、距离一定要恰到好处。
第二，考虑到月亮上没有空气无法使用降落伞，下降速度越来越快的话，到了月球表面就会被砸碎。因此，着陆器下方安装了变推力发动机，把整个着陆器往上推，让着陆器慢慢降落。
大概飞到离月球表面100米高的时候，着陆器由变推力液体火箭发射器控制，通过各种光学、微波等敏感器测量，在月球表面百米高度上进行悬停和平移，以规避岩石和深坑等障碍，选择最佳着陆点。这时，发动机会继续工作让着陆器慢慢下降，直到离月面4米高度时发动机熄灭，着陆器以自由落体方式软着陆在月球上。
发射时间定于12月上旬是由于这段时间处于月球上的白昼，“着陆器落下来以后，得把太阳能电池板打开接收能源，所以一定要在白天降下去，有时间可以从容地测试里面的仪器。全部调试后，就可以开始工作了。”欧阳自远说。
“包裹式睡眠”
对抗-180℃低温
月球生存也是着陆器和月球车需要面临的一大挑战。月球上的一天相当于地球上的27天，月球昼夜间隔相当于地球上14天。同时，月球昼夜温差大，月昼温度可达130-150摄氏度，而月夜的14天内温度可降至零下180至零下160摄氏度。
“月球车至少要工作3个月以上，约相当于月球的6个昼夜。没有太阳的时间很长，而着陆器和月球车都要靠太阳来发电工作，这个问题首先要解决。”全国政协委员、中国空间技术研究院空间科学与深空探测首席专家叶培建说。
对此，技术人员为月球车设计了可以伸缩的太阳能帆板，白天发电时展开，夜晚则收起来，“正好将仪器设备包在里面”。这种“包裹式睡眠”，有助于仪器保温，并且有剩余电力在月球上的第二天早晨“自主醒来”，展开太阳能帆板迎接新一天的阳光。白天时，帆板还可以调整角度，避免被阳光照射得太热。
此外，月球车的研究团队充分利用导热流体回路、隔热组件、散热面设计、电加热器等部件，同时研制了核电池，用于月球车保温。欧阳自远介绍，核电池不受外界影响，可以持续地利用同位素衰变过程中放出的热能，使仪器箱里的温度升高至零下40摄氏度以上，这是所有仪器都能耐受的温度。
月球车“玉兔”
首次深测地下百米结构
“玉兔”号月球车功能强大，从模型上看，它的大脑袋上有一个定向天线和几个太阳敏感器，两侧为太阳翼，尾巴上有很多天线，右后侧是导航相机和全景相机。它脚踩六个“风火轮”似的移动装置，腹部怀抱着红外成像光谱仪、避障相机、激光点阵器等“秘密武器”。此外它还有一条机械臂，能在月壤、月岩中勘探取样，供现场检测。
“月面松软，崎岖不平，障碍物很多。月球车能够感知和识别月面环境和障碍，然后规划巡视路径。月球车在月面巡视时采取自主导航和地面遥控的组合模式。”李本正说，它具有很好的爬坡、越障和抗倾覆能力。
“玉兔”号肩负承载科学载荷进行月表形貌与地质构造、月表物质成分和可利用资源调查等使命。据专家介绍，“玉兔”比人们想象的走得慢，时速约200米。在巡视的3个月中，月球车将依靠各种先进设备对月表进行三维光学成像、红外光谱分析，开展月壤厚度和结构的科学探测，现场分析月表物质的主要元素。月球车下装了一台雷达，可主动发射雷达波来探测二三十米厚的土壤、结构变化，同时还可测地下100米深次表层的结构，这是世界上其他国家目前没有做过的。
氦3储量惊人
满足人类万年能源需求
有人对探月的意义提出质疑：从科学角度来讲，月亮就是一块石头，它围绕着地球转，美国、苏联上世纪相继到月球探秘，却几乎没有发现，为什么中国科学家还要继续这项研究？欧阳自远解释，原因有二：其一，月球是人类离开地球跨上另外一个天体的第一步，任何国家要去探测更遥远的金星、火星、木星，一般来说都要经过月球，月球就好像是走出家门的门槛一样。所以从技术要求来说，要去探测月球，也比较容易实现。
其二，月球有两种重要能源：第一种是太阳能。月亮表面是真空，没有任何建筑物，太阳一出来就半个月；而地球上有大气层，阻挡了一部分太阳的辐射，另外，受到风霜雨雪变化的影响，太阳能在地球上也分布不均匀。所以月球上太阳能的密度比地球上高得多。
第二种能源是氦3。欧阳自远解释说，我国参加了一个在法国建设受控核聚变反应堆的项目。假如这种发电能够实现的话，供应全中国的能源需求每年大约只8吨氦3，全世界每一年需要的能源，也只要100吨氦3。地球上的氦3极少，可月球上有100多万吨氦3，至少可以确保人类上万年的能源需求。“嫦娥三号”有一个任务，要把土壤层的厚度全部测出来，这样就可以换算出整个月球有多少氦3。
除此以外，月球还有极其丰富的其他资源，比如钛、稀土、铀、钍等。欧阳自远说，月球将来也许是人类持续发展的一个重要支持者。探测月球是人类发展的需求，也是科学发展、技术发展的需要，因为它可以带动一大串高新技术的发展。
(原标题：嫦娥三号“落月”后深入探测3个月)
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