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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/1 20:48:48 Expert analysis what are four classes of people may live in residence
According to introduce Mr. Wang yukai, "on the establishment of Chinese characteristics ' residence ' recommendation" of China's administrative system reform Research Association set up a major research project in early 2013. Project completed in early June this year, forming a total of three studies: the residence of the foreign study of the research on Chinese ancient residence of the present situation and reform trend of current Chinese cadre House.
In July this year, written by Mr. Wang yukai-residence options, reported on a study on the reform of administrative center.
This proposal points out that after the founding of new China, our country does not implement the residence system according to international practice. Before reform and opening up, is a typical welfare distribution system which operates. After the reform and opening up, along with the reform of the housing system, in addition to party and State leaders, all civil servants were involved in the reform of the housing system. But after more than 10 years of exploration and practice, housing system reform is a major breakthrough, but at the same time reveals several outstanding issues.
Leading cadres ' violation of building and "Machiavellian" new forms of corruption. In addition, the cadre Exchange, off-site Office, objectively as official abuses of power "trickery" facilitated. Leading cadre House privileges, generalization, cause people's strong dissatisfaction with the damaged the Government's image. A leading cadre to serve mostly ready for their "domicile", "domicile" often becomes their personal assets. Transferred most non refundable after actually permanently occupied, you can also bequeath to future generations.
Recommendations, Mr. Wang yukai writes: "residence" is to contain leading cadres "trickery" fundamental way. The CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform referred to in the decision, norms and strictly implement the leaders ' working life protection system are not allowed to occupy the houses and office buildings, are not allowed to exceed the standard equipped with Office space and living accommodation. Explore implementing the residence system.
On November 16, "study on the residence system with Chinese characteristics," project leader-the National School of administration, Executive Vice President of the research society for restructuring of China Mr. Wang yukai, Professor disclosed a report was central to the proposed package, residence were described in detail.
What is a residence?
So-called residence system, is to provide housing for top officials during his term of Office by the State of a system.
What are the residence of the person?
On the introduction of the residence, the team put forward four-point proposal.
First is the clear scope of practice the system of residence and qualification criteria. Programme recommendations, establishing residence scope not only linked to the level of administrative officials, mainly from the country's dignity, the nature of work, set out four principles of work needed, clean and friendly.
The scope should be limited to the four categories of people:
Party and State leaders, General Secretary, State President and Prime Minister, Chairman of the national people's Congress Standing Committee, Chairman of the National Committee of the State Council and other Politburo; President of the Supreme People's Court, Supreme People's Procuratorate.
Secretary, Governor of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the (autonomous region Chairman, Mayor), Chairman of the Standing Committee and the CPPCC as well as the President of the Court and the public prosecutor's Office Prosecutor.
Cities and counties (including County-level cities) and Mayor, both County, Chairman of the Standing Committee and the CPPCC, the President of the Court and Prosecutor's Office Prosecutor.
Offsite exchange positions such as Minister of organization, discipline Inspection Commission, Office of the Secretary of public security, and so on.
Who is carrying out the public-housing system?
Introduction of public housing officials groups, mainly refers to those who do not participate in more than a full Ministry of housing reform, but does not belong to practice the system of residence of the party and State leaders. Country for the duration of the provision of public housing for them, and after leaving office moved out. Specifically includes besides the Politburo Standing Committee of the Politburo, Vice President, and Vice Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee, the State Council, such as Deputy Prime Minister and State Councilor, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC.
Cadre offsite service do? Term must be from the residence after moving out
Introduce Mr. Wang yukai, representation of leading cadres in off-site communication, deals only with the highest ministerial level. Given full Ministry was attended by leading cadres of housing reform in China, so in principle in other cities when the provision of service, regardless of whether it is family, leaders of the original houses should be retained. But after the term ends must be moved out of the residence.
Take into account housing prices vary widely among different regions, low prices to those from regional exchanges to higher prices the region's leaders, such as capital, consider appropriate compensation policies, such as ensured in situ after homes for sale, you can purchase the appropriate size allowing them to Beijing's housing.
Young cadres can also themselves to renting or buying a House at market value on the market, the State provides rental subsidies, if not in leadership positions and then cannot continue to enjoy the rental subsidy.
Mansion houses where it came from? Built in unison by the country of residence house purchase
Mr. Wang yukai describes, in accordance with international practice, the vast majority of official residences and public house is free of charge, even if the payment is symbolic. In accordance with the national conditions of our country, for all States having official residences and public housing, free rooms at the more appropriate. These internal configuration and maintenance of facilities and public house at the residence, the State should establish a unified system, be regulated.
Research Group believes that in the process of establishment of a system of residence and public-housing system, first in accordance with scope of practice the system of residence and public houses, objects, and so on, clear the existing housing stock also historical include retired status of leading cadres of the party and the State housing, detailed statistics and surveys.
How to clean up the cadre of existing housing? Housing accounted for overdue return to step up collection of rent
Mr. Wang yukai recommends that comprehensive cleanup the existing houses of leading cadres. Especially for those who have more representation, communication, Beijing leaders ' housing situation, carefully cleaning, check and return for more housing for periods, overdue withdrawal, in addition to the standard market rent charged double rent, in accordance with the cadre management authority and the procedure referred to the discipline inspection and supervision departments dealt with.
To establish cadre House archives reporting system and housing, strengthening the dynamic management. Establish and perfect the cadre House corruption accountability system, specifically housing corruption accountability objects, programs, contents, methods and scope of responsibility.
Advancing the opening of cadres housing system, and consciously accept the supervision.
Residence of the ancient China
Actually practised in ancient China "the residence", and is not doing bad.
Ancient officials have "avoiding system", does not allow officers serving in the country of origin or where there is family business, avoiding family and friends neighborhoods so they commmissioned Act wrongly. Officials distributed an official, the Court must consider offsite housing problem be an official family.
Ever since the Qin and Han, the State began to provide housing to credit towards officials, namely the "homes" (now we're talking about the residence, with tenure, does not own the property), and the gradual realization of institutionalization.
Wang Chong on the scale of the Eastern Han dynasty · it's article says: "House mountain, genus collectors Chebid" (when the Chinese "official" concept includes "official"), we can see that sizeable's residence at that time. However, this is about Han dynasty officials less because of the Court can provide free housing for officials.
Tang, residence of the Court is no longer free for day mandarins, but take the rental system, officials in Beijing did not buy a House, could rent the Government residence. However, the Minister of the Imperial Court who respected, or to allow them free living residence. For example, the Prime Minister Li Rizhi lived in residence, he kept his family to apply to the Court to resign, had been ratified by the Emperor, "and decorated bags, villas in" back to the mansion to tell my family, my wife give a meal: "family, children of Huan did not state how suddenly resigned? ”
When Bai Juyi, LI PU hosts herbalist, levels are nine ranks, 16,000 monthly wage money income does not count is very low, but still can't afford to buy a House, rented four cottages in the Chang-an East suburb of Changle. He later saved up some money, in Weinan County, Shaanxi Province, namely Chang around, buy a House, have a House of my own.
Song Chengtang, for the official residence are available, in order to manage the residence, from Kyoto to the State capital, has a "Housing Authority", floor, shop (subsequently renamed the store House), responsible for the residence building, maintenance and rentals. Officials nor private served in Kyoto, "Housing Authority" apply to rent, rent in ancient times called "rent". Yang Li in the Lord Deputy, and rental "Housing Authority" of the House. After his death, Emperor Zhenzong of Song tribute, found out that the Deputy Prime Minister and peer of Crown rent house in an alley, the Emperor's car to lift won't go in.
Change housing policy of the Ming dynasty, is that you can buy public housing. System requirements, each natives left the high or low depending on rank, assigned servants, cooks, groom, a doorman, a scribe in the SOAP service, if you do not want these officers, can be converted into food bank over there.
据汪玉凯介绍，“关于建立中国特色‘官邸制’的建议”，是中国行政体制改革研究会2013年初设立的重大研究课题。课题在今年6月初步完成，共形成三个研究报告：《国外官邸制研究》《中国古代官邸制研究》《当前我国领导干部住房现状分析与改革趋势》。
今年7月，由汪玉凯撰写的官邸制建议方案，经中国行政体制改革研究会上报中央。
这份建议指出，新中国建立后，我国没有按照国际惯例实行官邸制。改革开放前，实行的是典型的福利分配制度。改革开放后，随着住房制度改革的深入，除党和国家领导人之外，所有公务员都参加了住房制度改革。但是经过十多年的探索和实践，住房制度改革虽有重大突破，但同时暴露出一些突出问题。
领导干部违规建房、“以权谋房”成为腐败的新形式。此外，干部交流、异地任职等，客观上为官员滥用权力“以权谋房”提供了便利。领导干部住房在内的特权泛化，引起人民群众的强烈不满，损害了政府的形象。一个领导干部到某地任职，地方大都为其准备好了“住所”，这个“住所”往往就成了其个人的资产。调离后多数不退，实际上为永久占用，还可留给后代。
建议中，汪玉凯写道：实行“官邸制”是遏制领导干部“以权谋房”的根本途径。《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》中提到，规范并严格执行领导干部工作生活保障制度，不准多处占用住房和办公用房，不准超标准配备办公用房和生活用房。探索实行官邸制。
11月16日，“中国特色官邸制研究”课题负责人——国家行政学院教授、中国行政体制改革研究会副会长汪玉凯向外界披露了一份上报中央的建议方案，就官邸制进行了详细阐述。
何为官邸制？
所谓官邸制，就是由国家为重要官员在任期内提供住房的一种制度。
哪些人实行官邸制？
就实行官邸制，课题组提出四点建议。
首先是明确实行官邸制的适用范围和主体资格条件。方案建议，确立官邸制范围不一定只与官员的行政级别挂钩，主要是从国家的尊严、工作性质、工作需要、有利于廉洁四个原则出发。
范围宜限定在四类人群：
党和国家领导人中的总书记、国家主席、国务院总理、全国人大常委会委员长、全国政协主席及其他政治局常委；最高人民法院院长、最高人民检察院检察长。
省、自治区、直辖市的书记、省长(自治区主席、市长)、人大常委会主任、政协主席以及法院院长和检察院检察长。
市、县(含县级市)两级的书记、市长县长、人大常委会主任、政协主席、法院院长和检察院检察长。
异地交流的领导岗位如组织部长、纪委书记、公安厅局长等。
哪些人实行公宅制？
实行公宅制度的官员群体，主要指那些不参加房改的正部级以上的、但又不属于实行官邸制的那些党和国家领导人。国家为他们在任职期间提供公宅，卸任后搬出。具体来说主要包括除政治局常委以外的政治局委员、国家副主席、人大常委会副委员长、国务院副总理、国务委员、全国政协副主席等。
干部异地任职怎么办？任职期满后必须从官邸搬出
汪玉凯介绍，在异地交流任职的领导干部中，最高的只涉及正部级。鉴于我国正部级以下的领导干部都参加了房改，所以原则上在异地任职入住官邸时，不管其是否带家属前往，领导人的原房屋都应该保留。但任职期满后必须从所住官邸搬出。
考虑到房屋在不同地区间的价格差异很大，对那些从低房价地区交流到高房价地区的领导人，比如进京，就要考虑相应的补偿政策，如确保在原地的房屋出售之后，可以容许其在京购买相应面积的经济适用房。
年轻领导干部也可以自己到市场上按市场价租房或买房，国家提供租房补贴，如果不担任领导职务后就不能继续享受租房补贴。
官邸房源都从哪里来？官邸公宅由国家统一购建
汪玉凯介绍，按照国际惯例，绝大多数官邸和公宅都是免费入住的，即使交费也是象征性的。按照我国的国情，对于所有国家拥有的官邸和公宅，实行免费入住较为合适。这些官邸和公宅的内部设施配置和维修，国家要建立统一制度，予以规范。
课题组认为，在建立官邸制和公宅制的过程中，首先要按照实行官邸制和公宅制的范围、对象等，明确现有房源；还要对历史上形成的包括已经离退休的党和国家领导干部的住房现状等，进行详细的统计和调查。
如何清理干部现有住房？多占住房逾期不退要加倍收取租金
汪玉凯建议，全面清理领导干部的现有住房。特别对那些曾经在多地任职、交流、进京的领导干部的住房情况，进行认真清理，对多占住房的要限期清退，逾期不退的，除按市场租金标准加倍收取租金外，同时按照干部管理权限及程序交由纪检监察部门严肃处理。
要建立领导干部住房申报制度及住房档案，加强动态管理。建立和健全领导干部住房腐败的问责制度，明确住房腐败的问责对象、程序、内容、方法和责任追究范围。
推进干部住房公开制度，自觉接受社会监督。
中国古代的官邸制
中国古代实际上也实行过 “官邸制”，而且做得并不差。
古代做官有“回避制度”，不允许官员在原籍或有家族产业的地方任职，避免亲友邻里请托徇情。官员异地做官，朝廷就不能不考虑异地仕宦一家老小的住房问题。
自秦汉以来，国家开始向赴任官员提供住房，即“官舍”(就是现在我们说的官邸，拥有使用权，不拥有产权)，并逐渐趋向制度化。
东汉王充《论衡·诘术篇》称：“府廷之内，吏舍比属”(汉时“吏”之概念包含“官”义)，可见，当时官邸的规模相当大。不过，这大约是两汉时官员较少的缘故，朝廷能为官员提供免费住房。
到了唐朝，朝廷不再为京官提供免费官邸，而是采取租住制，官员在京没有买房的，可以租住政府的官邸。不过，朝廷对那些德高望重的大臣，还是允许他们免费住官邸。譬如，宰相李日知就住在官邸，他瞒着家人向朝廷提出辞职申请，被皇帝批准了，“及还饰袋，将出居别业”，回到官邸告诉家人，被老婆痛骂一顿：“家产屡空，子弟名宦未立，何为遽辞职也？”
白居易任礼部主客郎中时，级别是正九品，每月工资一万六千钱，收入不算很低，但仍然买不起房子，只好在长安东郊长乐里租了四间茅屋。他后来攒了一些钱，在陕西渭南县，也就是长安周边，买下一处宅子，算是有了自己的房子。
宋承唐制，为官员备有官邸，为了管理这些官邸，自京都到各地州府，都设有“房管局”，叫楼店务(后改名店宅务)，负责官邸的修造、维护和出租。官员在京都任职而又无私房的，可以向“房管局”提出申请租住，租房在古代叫“僦”。杨砺官居枢密副使，也租住“房管局”的房子。他死后，宋真宗登门悼念，发现这位与副宰相平级的大员租居的官舍竟在一条小巷里，皇帝的乘轿都抬不进去。
明代住房政策有所变化，就是可以一次性买断公房。当时制度规定，每个京官都可依品秩高低，配给勤务员、伙夫、马夫、门卫、抄写员等皂役，如果不要这些人员的话，可以折算成工食银归己有。
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