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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/1 20:48:55 Expert interpreting the rabbit on the Moon： for every 14 days to sleep
On November 26, Defense Science and Industry Council announced that the highly publicized China's first moon car – Chang, third visit, officially named "rabbit". "YUTU" the Rovers to the achievement of Chinese and the Moon for the first time, "close encounters" dreams. So, "the rabbit" how to complete the Lunar journey? Experts, the "Jade Rabbit" want a job well done on the Moon, you need five passes through.
Difficult times for 114 days, "dark age" how to survive?
Turn in a circle around the Earth to the Moon takes 28 days, rotation of the Moon is 28 days. This means that one day and night on the Moon amounted to 28 days on Earth, the equivalent of one night on the moon on the Earth for 14 days. This means that for almost half of the time, cannot count on solar-powered Lunar Rover, and exactly how to generate revenue, to survive the long dark night?
After experiencing very low temperature, "Moonlight awakening" is a problem.
Address: Solar Panel + "warm pool"
To this end, the researchers as "the rabbit" designed for sleep mode--14 days, 14 days of "sleep".
The "sleep" goes into hibernation automatically when to recharge, the "wake up" automatically wake up when back to work. This kind of "Sunrise, sunset and rest" laws relax, which greatly enhances the "rabbit" its ability to adapt to harsh surface environment.
Deputy Director of the China Institute of space sciences space exploration Committee Jiao weixin told the legal evening news said in an interview with a reporter, for some particularly delicate equipment, car specially prepared in the "warm pool" – first use of Lunar Rover independently developed nuclear batteries in China, face the cold and the heat test.
By isotope heat source, heat insulation of thermal control system components, such as components, thermal design, so that when the cabin temperature control at between 20 ° c and 55 ° c.
Adaptation to tide over the 2 day/night temperature differences of up to 330 degrees?
"The ancients called the Moon features, not fake at all. Moon night-time minimum temperatures can fall to lingxia180℃, the electronic device does not work. "Lunar exploration, Vice Director of engineering exploration and space Engineering Research Center Director Benjamin l. Liebman was said in media interviews.
Since the moon has no atmosphere, temperature changes decided by the direct, so the daytime maximum temperature up to 150 ° c, up to 330 ° c temperature difference between day and night; and because the Lunar soil thermal conductivity is extremely low, even during day time, as long as the part of Rover in the shadow, shadow in the shadows outside temperature up to 300 ° c likewise was
A complete "fire and ice are two different worlds."
Address: solar flap adjustment angle
Control System Chief Designer Zhang introduced "during the day, Rover's solar panels to adjust angle, avoiding sunlight too hot. Popular monthly afternoon, Rovers ' siesta '. "Zhang introduced" the rabbit ", designed to last for 3 months, which means their ball night ball the day after 3 months and 3 months. All work on the Moon "morning" and "afternoon" completed.
Through 4, rugged "Moon road" rabbit bumpy lines
Full participation in the development of the Chief Designer Xiao Jie said that Lunar gravity is one-sixth of the Earth, surface soil is soft, uneven, there are rocks, craters, and the steep slope. In this environment, the Rovers could not slip, nor overturn.
To overcome these difficulties, "the rabbit" must have "eyes, using your peripheral vision," "independent thinking and independent judgment" skill.
Response: there are 4 "eye" can independently judged safe yield
Xiao Jie introduced "the rabbit", there are 4 "eye", is a panoramic camera and a navigation camera, respectively. Through the camera observe the surroundings, on the lunar surface perception and identify obstacles, and then planning your visit path. Encountered more than 20 degree ramp, stones above 20 cm or more than 2 metres in diameter impact crater, can independently judged safe yield.
In order to adapt to the Moon's worst "roads", "rabbit", "wheel" needs the very highest level. This research, scientists struggled.
Research, researchers have come up with four wheels, six-round, eight-wheel and track dozens of kinds of programmes. Eventually, the "six-wheel independent drive, four wheel independent Steering" option, with the perfect combination of high reliability and low weight WINS.
Through March the ball loose dust may enter the device
The Moon Lunar Rover "walking" fraught with risks. Due to the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation, Lunar soil fine particles arise periodically, while the Moon's gravity is only for the one-sixth of the Earth, moon walk more easily taken up a lot of Lunar soil fine particles, the formation of moon dust. Moon dust may enter the covered equipment contained in the Lunar Rover, once attached to hard to clear. Moon dust may cause a Rover many failures, including sticking of mechanical structure, sealing mechanism failure, decreased sensitivity of optical systems.
In addition, because the Moon's gravity is only for the one-sixth of the Earth, which makes soft soil on the surface of the Moon than the Earth, Rover's efficiency will be reduced. Low coefficient of friction caused by gravity down, walking on the Moon than the Earth is apt to slip, the Rover's control system put forward higher requirements.
Response: the control position to eliminate moon dust
United States University of Tennessee scientists have come up with by using magnets to make Moon's vision of the air filter. Take advantage of multiple magnetic field of a permanent magnet creates a large, adsorption of Lunar dust particles in the air. And turn off the filter, dust removed.
Experts believe that for our country's development of a Lunar Rover offers some new ideas. Jiao weixin, the moon will pass the control position to eliminate the moon dust.
Difficulty 5 suffered a variety of cosmic-ray radiation
Because of the lack of atmosphere, Land Rover are fully exposed under a variety of cosmic rays, strong electromagnetic radiation may damage electronic control system, the maximum received power receiving system set up fairly high requirements.
Are coming face to face with the Moon Supernova and solar storms, a large number of cosmic rays, and when cosmic rays hit the surface of the Moon, and raised miniature nuclear reaction, the result is that the Moon's surface also produces a large quantity of dangerous secondary radiation.
Address: wearing "Golden Flower" designer belly "secret"
"The rabbit" are designed to be donned "Golden Flower", and is not intended to look good, but rather to reflect the Moon light glare, reducing the temperature difference between day and night, while blocking all kinds of energetic particle radiation in the universe. All of which, are designed to support and protect the inside of the Lunar Rover "secret"-infrared imaging spectrometer, laser dot more than more than 10 scientific instruments.
This edition/reporter Li Hongpeng integrated the PLA daily, Xinhua News Agency reported
(Edit: SN091)December 01, 2013 Legal evening news(专家解读玉兔探月：为省电隔14天需休眠|月球车|专家|休眠_新闻资讯
11月26日，国防科工局宣布，备受瞩目的中国首辆月球车——嫦娥三号巡视器，正式定名“玉兔号”。“玉兔号”月球车，将实现中国人与月球首次“零距离接触”的梦想。那么，“玉兔”将如何完成探月之旅呢？专家介绍，“玉兔”想要在月球上圆满完成任务，需要闯过五道关。
难关114天“黑暗期”如何熬过？
月球绕地球转一圈需要28天多，月球自转也是28天。这意味着，月球上的一昼夜相当于地球上的28天，月球上的一个夜晚相当于地球上的14天。这意味着在长达近半个月的时间里，月球车无法指望太阳能供电，它究竟要怎样开源节流，才能熬过漫长黑夜？
经历极低温度后，“月夜唤醒”又是一个难题。
应对：太阳能面板+“暖宝”
为此，科研人员为“玉兔”号精心设计了休眠模式——14天工作，14天“睡觉”。
该“睡觉”的时候自动进入休眠状态养精蓄锐，该“起床”的时候又能自动唤醒重新投入工作。这种“日出而作，日落而息”的规律作息，极大地增强了“玉兔”号适应月表恶劣环境的生存能力。
中国空间科学学会空间探测专业委员会副主任焦维新接受《法制晚报》记者采访时表示，对于一些特别娇嫩的设备，车内还专门准备了“暖宝”——月球车将首次使用我国自主研制的原子能电池，接受严寒、酷暑的考验。
其热控系统将通过同位素热源、隔热组件、散热面设计等组件，使工作时的舱内温度控制在20℃至55℃之间。
难关2日夜温差高达330度如何适应？
“古人把月亮称为广寒宫，一点都不假。月面夜间最低温度可以降至零下180℃，电子设备根本无法工作。”探月工程副总指挥、探月与航天工程中心主任李本正接受媒体采访时表示。
由于月球没有大气层，温度的变化全由阳光直接决定，所以日间最高温度可达150℃，昼夜温差高达330℃；而且因为月壤的热导率极低，即使在日间，只要月球车的一个部件处在阴影下，阴影中与阴影外的温差同样高达300℃，是
一个彻底的“冰火两重天”。
应对：太阳能翻板调整角度
测控系统主任设计师张波介绍，“白天时，月球车的太阳能电池帆板要调整角度，避免被阳光照射得太热。最热的月午，月球车还要进行‘午休’。”张波介绍，“玉兔”号设计寿命为3个月，这意味着其要经历3个月球白天和3个月球黑夜。所有的工作，要在月球时间的“上午”和“下午”完成。
难关4 崎岖“月球路”玉兔坎坷行
全程参与研制的主任设计师肖杰说，月球重力是地球的六分之一，表面土壤非常松软，凹凸不平，有石块、有陨石坑，还有陡峭的高坡。在这种环境中，月球车既不能打滑，更不能翻车。
想要克服这些困难，“玉兔”号必须具备“眼观六路、耳听八方”“独立思考、自主判断”的本领。
应对：有4只“眼睛”能够自主判断安全避让
肖杰介绍，“玉兔”号有4只“眼睛”，分别是全景相机和导航相机。通过相机观察周围环境，对月面障碍进行感知和识别，然后对巡视的路径进行规划。遇到超过20度的斜坡、高于20厘米的石块或直径大于2米的陨石坑，能够自主判断安全避让。
为了适应月球的恶劣“路况”，“玉兔”号对“车轮”要求极高。仅此一项攻关，科研人员就绞尽脑汁。
研制中，科研人员曾拿出四轮、六轮、八轮以及履带式等几十种方案。最终，“六轮独立驱动，四轮独立转向”的方案，凭借高可靠性和低重量的完美结合一举胜出。
难关3 月球松软灰尘可能进入设备
月球车在月面“行走”风险重重。由于太阳紫外线辐射的影响，月壤细粒会周期性的升起，而月球重力仅为地球的1/6，月球车行走时更容易带起大量月壤细粒，形成月尘。月尘可能进入甚至覆盖月球车所载仪器设备，一旦附着很难清除。月尘可能引起月球车很多故障，包括机械结构卡死、密封机构失效、光学系统灵敏度下降等。
此外，由于月球重力仅为地球的1/6，这使得月球表面的土壤远比地球上松软，月球车的行进效率会降低。而低重力导致的摩擦系数降低，使得在月球上行走远比地球上容易打滑，这对月球车的控制系统提出了更高的要求。
应对：控制姿势等方式消除月尘
美国田纳西大学的科学家们提出，利用磁场制作月球空气过滤器的设想。利用多个永久磁铁产生一个巨大的磁场，以吸附空气中的月球尘埃微粒。而关掉过滤器，就能把尘土擦掉。
专家认为，这为我国月球车的研制提供了一些新的思路。焦维新表示，月球车会通过控制姿势等方式消除月尘。
难关5 遭受多种宇宙射线辐射
因为缺乏大气，登陆后的月球车将完全暴露在多种宇宙射线下，强烈的电磁辐射可能破坏电子遥控系统，这对接收系统的最大接收功率提出了相当高的要求。
月球每天都会直接面对超新星与太阳风暴等大量宇宙射线，而当宇宙射线击中月球表面时，会引发微型的核反应，其结果就是月球表面也产生大批危险的次级辐射。
应对：身披“黄金甲”护腹中“秘器”
“玉兔”被设计为身披“黄金甲”，目的不是为好看，而是为了反射月球白昼的强光，降低昼夜温差，同时阻挡宇宙中各种高能粒子的辐射。所有这一切，都是为了支持和保护月球车的腹中“秘器”——红外成像光谱仪、激光点阵器等10多套科学探测仪器。
本版文/记者李洪鹏综合《解放军报》、新华社报道
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