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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/1 20:51:39 Human lunar exploration journey twists and turns， however， return to the Moon rush
China News Agency, Beijing, December 1 is Earth's closest celestial body the distance of the Moon, is the only natural satellite orbiting the Earth, since in the 1950 of the 20th century, human lunar exploration after a tortuous development process, led to a series of major technological breakthroughs and important achievements in scientific research. With the development of science and technology progress, and return humans to the Moon and over the years the rise craze and started work on building a permanent base on the moon.
United States as of August 1958, to launch its first lunar "Vanguard" series probe, but it was not until March 1959, "pioneer 4th" barely successful, becoming United States first probe out of Earth's gravity. Then United States then launched "Eibl", "wanderers" or "Cruiser", "Lunar Orbiter", "explorers" and later the "Apollo" and other series of lunar probe 1958-1976 on 56 occasions, 37 of them successfully.
The former Soviet Union after several attempts, successfully launched in January 1959 "Moon 1th" again in September launched "the Moon, 2nd" managed hit the Moon for the first time in October and launched "the Moon, 3rd" photographs taken to the side of the Moon for the first time. 1958-1976, the former Soviet Union has launched "the Moon", "probes", "Cosmos", "Soyuz" and other series of lunar probe on 64 occasions, 21 successful.
In July 1969, the United States, "Apollo 11th," the first successful manned moon landing, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon successfully left the first footprints of humans in outer space, subsequent Apollo 5 successful manned moon landing, a total of 12 astronauts landed on the moon.
In November 1970, the former Soviet Union's unmanned Rovers, 1th carries "17th Moon" probe the moon as "sea" landed, it was history's first human spaceflight to the Moon, 10.5 km on the lunar surface, a 10.5-month probe, study lunar surface of 80,000 square meters. In January 1973, the former Soviet Union launched "Moon 21st" probe to bring Rover on the lunar surface 37 kilometers, 2nd, 88 Lunar panoramas is sent back to Earth.
In May 1969, the United States, "Apollo program" began research of Lunar Rover in July 1971 "Apollo 15th" on the Moon "Mare Imbrium" area, the two astronauts who flew to the Moon for the first time in the history of Astronautics 27.9 km, collecting rock samples to 77 kg. After "Apollo" on the 16th and 17th respectively, carrying the Rover on the lunar surface 27 km and 35 km.
In the 1990 of the 20th century, the worldwide rise of new lunar high tide, China, the United States, Europe, Russia, Japan, India and other countries and organizations have put forward their own lunar exploration program.
In January 1990, Japan launched "the muses" satellite into space was renamed after "fly," he released a small satellite to the Moon orbit, but failure has burnt out.
In January 1994, in January 1998, the United States has launched "g Clementine" and "Moon prospector", on the morphology of lunar exploration, resources, such as water ice.
In September 2003, Europe's first lunar Explorer "wisdom, 1th" was successfully launched, after a 13-month long flight into lunar orbit flight around the Moon, and in September 2006, controlled crash months.
In September 2007, Japan launched its first lunar probe "Moon Goddess", consists of a main orbiter and two small satellites, controlled falls month after complete various missions.
In October 2007, October 2010, China has successfully launched the first man-made satellite Moon, first lunar exploration and lunar phase II technology leader star goddess, second, access has the ability to deep space exploration country in the world.
In October 2008, India launched "monthly ships first" satellite, get a group of scientific results, but lost connection with the ground on orbit in less than a year.
In June 2009, the United States an arrow double launch "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter" and "lunar crater observation and sensing satellite". In September 2011, the United States has sent "Holy Grail" Lunar Orbiter, Lunar gravity field for precise detection system. (End text)
(Original title: human lunar exploration journey twists and turns back to the Moon fever)
中新社北京12月1日电月球是距离地球最近的天体，也是环绕地球的唯一天然卫星，自20世纪50年代以来，人类探月经过曲折的发展历程，取得一系列重大技术突破和重要科研成果。随着科学技术的发展进步，这些年人类重返月球又兴起热潮，并开始研究在月球上建设永久性基地。
美国从1958年8月起，几次向月球发射“先锋”系列探测器，但直到1959年3月的“先锋4号”才勉强成功，成为美国第一个脱离地球重力的探测器。后来美国又发射了“艾布尔”、“徘徊者”、“勘测者”、“月球轨道器”、“探险者”以至后来的“阿波罗”等系列月球探测器，1958-1976年共56次，37次成功。
前苏联经过几次尝试，1959年1月成功发射“月球1号”，9月再次发射“月球2号”，受控首次撞击月球，10月又发射“月球3号”，首次拍摄到月球背面照片。1958-1976年，前苏联先后发射“月球号”、“探测器”、“宇宙号”、“联盟号”等系列月球探测器共64次，21次成功。
1969年7月，美国“阿波罗11号”首次载人登月成功，宇航员阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林成功登上月球，留下人类在外太空的第一个脚印，后续的阿波罗飞船又5次成功载人登月，共有12名宇航员登上月球。
1970年11月，前苏联无人驾驶的月球车1号搭载“月球17号”探测器在月面“雨海”地区着陆，这是人类航天史上第一辆月球车，它在月面上行驶10.5公里，进行10个半月探测，考察月面8万平方米。1973年1月，前苏联发射“月球21号”探测器，携带的月球车2号在月面行驶37公里，向地球发回88幅月面全景图。
1969年5月，美国在“阿波罗计划”中开始月球车研制，1971年7月，“阿波罗15号”登上月球“雨海”地区后，两名宇航员进行了航天史上第一次有人驾驶的月球车行驶27.9公里，收集月岩样品77公斤。以后“阿波罗”16号、17号携带的月球车又分别在月面行驶27公里和35公里。
20世纪90年代后，全球范围内兴起新一轮探月高潮，中、美、欧、俄、日、印等国家和组织都提出各自探月计划。
1990年1月，日本发射“缪斯A”号卫星，进入太空后更名“飞天号”，向月球轨道释放一颗小型探测卫星，但很快出现故障而失灵。
1994年1月、1998年1月，美国先后发射“克莱门汀”号、“月球勘探者”号，对月球形貌、资源、水冰等进行探索。
2003年9月，欧洲首个月球探测器“智慧1号”成功发射，经过13个月漫长飞行进入月球轨道绕月飞行，并于2006年9月受控撞月。
2007年9月，日本发射首个月球探测器“月亮女神”号，包括一个主轨道器和两颗小卫星，完成各项探测任务后受控落月。
2007年10月、2010年10月，中国先后成功发射首颗月球探测卫星嫦娥一号和探月工程二期技术先导星嫦娥二号，进入世界上具有深空探测能力的国家行列。
2008年10月，印度发射“月船一号”卫星，获得一批科学成果，但在轨运行不足一年与地面失去联。
2009年6月，美国一箭双星发射“月球勘测轨道器”和“月球坑观测和传感卫星”。2011年9月，美国又发射“圣杯号”月球探测器，对月球重力场系统进行精细探测。(完)
（原标题：人类探月历程曲折 兴起重返月球热潮）
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