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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/1 20:55:55 Reporters visited Chang third rocket system： blast off ladder and steady
"Rocket like a ladder, with its detector to step up to the moon. "Cen Zheng Chang the third carrier rocket system of aerospace science and Technology Group Director said.
Compared to the first, second, to become immortal, the third mission more complex, launch demand higher, in order to put up the "off the ladder", the researchers did many improvements to rocket systems.
Greater delivery, more accurate and more reliable
Take Chang the third shuttle mission in March, third, improved rocket, is the upgraded version of the long March b rockets, third. Cen Zheng introduction to become immortal, the third has more than 1300 kilos heavier than Chang, second, use the first value is that it carries model rockets. According to reports, launching c Chang long third, second, carrying capacity of 3.8 tons, and the long March b rockets reached 5.5 tons, third.
When developed, state parameter of the rocket has been basically determined. Later probes weight, need a rocket system to provide 30 kg carrying capacity, researchers start with a "subtraction": on the one hand increase the rocket's launch capability while reducing weight rocket.
Aerospace Science and technology group, Chang said Jiang Jie, Chief Designer of the launch vehicle system, third, in order to keep the "downsizing", researchers will be replaced with carbon fiber metal bottle bottle, drop tanks inside the shake-proof panels, detectors make space more than 10 kilos of weight.
In addition to truck to become immortal, the third launch of higher accuracy. According to reports, compared to the second, third Rails almost 3 times higher precision.
In order to meet accuracy requirements, the researchers used inertial compound guidance technology and satellite navigation. "It's like rocket put the ' eyes '. "Jiang Jie said that a combination of guided, fully meet the goddess third mission accuracy of rockets. At the same time as the whole control system in the design of devices and equipment is redundant, so the control system inside a device has a problem can still ensure a stable flight, ensure the orbital injection precision.
In order to meet the higher demands on the reliability of Chang e, third, researchers for all engine-powered systems and turbocharging has done a lot to improve the transportation system. Jiang Jie, after tests, b to improve missile reliability, long third from 0.938 to 0.942 today, and this seems like a bit of upgrading, in fact, benefit from many new technologies.
In her view, active in China's rocket, fired from the current launch rate, given the density of reliability should basically reach the world advanced level.
6 launch programme, webcam live flight
To make the rockets and probes into the smooth launch of the launch site, objective requires the ability to provide a number of opportunities to launch, for which researchers have identified 6 launches of opportunity plan for 3 days, which provides 6 meeting emission requirements of Windows.
Since 6 earth-moon transfer orbit, into a completely different track parameters, the entire flight of different tracks. Plus the interval time between the launch window is very short, poses great challenges for researchers.
"6 Windows design work, equivalent to the usual satellite launches live 6 times. "Jiang Jie, optimization and simulation of track designers after tens of thousands of tracks, to design a 3-day launch path.
Jiang Jie said, to ensure that each track point of emission requirements, to ready state for 6, made any one State can launch. This involved many changes to the system, rocket delivery systems greatest effort here.
"Rockets fired in 3 days must be designed, if these 3 days will not have to wait for the next year is out there. "Jiang Jie said.
Before launching different to become immortal, the third one landing probe. To this end, the researchers developed a satellite bracket adapter for it and tightening device, acts as the seats Chang, third, supporting the probe.
According to reports, this satellite bracket adaptor diameter is 1750 mm, height 1760 mm. Tightening device is equivalent to a belt, this belt tied the Chang, third, when served on the orbit, and take buttons.
In order to visually reflect the process of rocket flight, launch vehicle system researchers also developed a remote sensing image transmission technology.
According to reports, researchers at the rocket put the 3 cameras, one is the booster separation and separation of primary and secondary to see again the second separation, while through the camera can see fairing separation and probe separated from the rocket. In addition, in the rocket's third stage motor compartment is equipped with a camera, so that you can see three levels of engine ignition shut down.
Jiang Jie introduction, rocket key action is important at all times, two years ago United States Taurus rocket and Korea Romania losing old rocket flight, because separation system has a problem. Because there is no direct data, fault localization process usually is difficult because it is hard to find. With remote sensing image transmission technologies to achieve constantly monitored through video surveillance, will be able to determine which block of no separation.
Cen Zheng introduction, rocket delivery using Yu Change, third 6 technologies, had already largely taken flight-proven, no flight-proven, researchers through ground tests to ensure safety and reliability.
"Satellite bracket adapter we make 8 docking test and probes, trials were adequate. "He said.
(Original title: reporter visited Chang third rocket system: "launch day" more stable)
“火箭的作用就像梯子，有了它，探测器才能一步步升到月球。”航天科技集团嫦娥三号运载火箭系统总指挥岑拯说。
相比一号、二号，嫦娥三号任务更加复杂，发射要求更高，为了搭好“升空天梯”，研究人员对火箭系统做了多方面的改进。
更大运载、更高精度、更加可靠
承担嫦娥三号发射任务的长征三号乙改进型火箭，是长征三号乙火箭的升级版。岑拯介绍，嫦娥三号比嫦娥二号重了1300多公斤，采用该型号火箭首先看重的就是它的运载能力。据介绍，发射嫦娥二号的长征三号丙运载能力为3.8吨，而长征三号乙火箭可达5.5吨。
研制时，火箭的状态参数已经基本确定。后来探测器增重，需要火箭系统再提供30公斤运载能力，研究人员做起了“加减法”：一方面提高火箭的运载能力，另一方面则减轻火箭自重。
航天科技集团嫦娥三号运载火箭系统总设计师姜杰表示，为了让火箭“瘦身”，研究人员将金属瓶子换成碳纤维的瓶子，减掉储箱里边的防晃板，为探测器腾出了10多公斤的载重空间。
除了载重，嫦娥三号发射精度要求也更高。据介绍，相比二号，三号的入轨精度要求差不多高了3倍。
为了满足精度要求，研究人员采用了惯导和卫星导航复合的制导技术。“这就好比给火箭装了‘两只眼睛’。”姜杰说，两者结合的制导，完全可以满足嫦娥三号任务对火箭的精度要求。同时由于整个控制系统在设计时器件和设备是冗余配置的，所以控制系统里面某一个设备出现问题仍然可以保证稳定飞行，保证入轨精度。
为满足嫦娥三号可靠性上的更高要求，科研人员还对发动机动力系统和增压输送系统做了大量改进工作。姜杰表示，经测验，长征三号乙改进型火箭可靠性由原来的0.938提高到现在的0.942，而这看似一点点的提升，其实得益于很多新技术的应用。
她认为，我国现役的火箭，从当前的发射成功率、发射的密度来看，可靠性应该说基本上达到世界的先进水平。
6套发射方案、摄像头直播飞行
要使火箭和探测器进到发射场顺利发射，客观上要求能够提供多次发射的机会，为此科研人员确定了3天6次发射机会的预案，即提供了6个达到发射要求的窗口。
由于6条地月转移轨道，入轨参数完全不同，整个飞行的轨道也不同。加上发射窗口之间的间隔时间非常短，给研究人员带来了很大的挑战。
“6个窗口的设计工作，相当于干了通常卫星发射6倍的活。”姜杰表示，轨道设计人员经过上万条轨道的优化仿真，才设计出3天6条的发射路径。
姜杰表示，因为要保证每一条轨道一个时刻的发射要求，就要把6种状态准备好，使得任何一种状态都可以实现发射。这就涉及系统的很多改动，火箭运载系统最大的工作量就在这里。
“火箭必须在设计的3天中发射出去，如果这3天打不出去就只能等明年了。”姜杰说。
与之前发射不同，嫦娥三号有一个着落的探测器。为此，研究人员为它研制了一个卫星支架适配器和缩紧装置，充当嫦娥三号的座椅，支撑着探测器。
据介绍，这个卫星支架适配器直径1750毫米，高度1760毫米。而器件缩紧装置就相当于一个腰带，靠这个腰带把嫦娥三号系住，等到送达预定轨道的时候，再解开系扣。
为了时刻直观地反映火箭飞行的过程，运载火箭系统研究人员还开发了遥测图像传输技术。
据介绍，研究人员在火箭上装了3个摄像头，一个是看助推器分离，然后看一、二级分离，再看二、三级分离，同时通过摄像头还能看到整流罩的分离以及探测器与火箭的分离。另外，还在火箭的三级发动机舱配备了一个摄像头，这样就能看到三级发动机的点火关机。
姜杰介绍，火箭发射关键动作的时时监视非常重要，前两年美国金牛座火箭和韩国罗老号火箭的飞行失利，就是因为分离系统出了问题。而因为没有直接数据，对故障定位过程通常比较艰难，原因也很难查找。有了遥测图像传输技术，实现时时监视，通过视频监视，就能在现场判断哪块没分离好。
岑拯介绍，火箭运载系统运用于嫦娥三号的6项技术，一多半已经经过了飞行的验证，没有经过飞行验证的，研究人员通过地面试验，保证了安全可靠性。
“比如卫星支架适配器，我们就和探测器做了8次对接试验，试验很充分。”他说。
(原标题：记者探访嫦娥三号火箭系统：让“升空天梯”更稳)
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