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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/2 9:51:40 41 giant pandas “abroad“ trip
The Beijing News December 1, United States Washington National Zoo a newborn Panda is born 100 days, announced the names in the afternoon. On November 5, the Zoo officially opened "for the giant panda Cubs names for" pages, global names.
5 Mulan is the name of the candidate, baby, Ling flower, Long Yun and treasures. "Let the world online help to be named, was designed to celebrate the birth of baby giant pandas. "The Zoo staff said.
National Zoo in Washington has a special place in the history of Panda exchanges between China and. In 1972, China's first on bringing United States giant pandas settle in here. On the Washington subway tickets, has been printed with patterns of giant pandas. At present, there are 15 Chinese giant pandas living in the United States, living in Washington DC, Atlanta, San Diego and Memphis, respectively in four cities.
Giant pandas as friendship Angels traveled to many countries around the world. Starting from the 80 's of last century, China is no longer giving away pandas to foreign countries, but instead form of collaborative research.
Wolong national nature reserve administration, said Zhang hemin, Director of China Panda-protection Research Center: "in those days was no longer present, a low number is because the giant panda. By the year 2000, breeding a giant panda is very difficult. In addition, general concerns also play a role in the world. In accordance with the provisions of the Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora, pandas can not engage in business transactions. We are now in the form of cooperative research, not a foreign Giant Panda on loan. ”
Currently 12 countries in 17 zoos worldwide have the Panda research on long-term cooperation relations with China, a total of 43 giant pandas (born cub) overseas, 41 of them are owned by China, has 2 living in Mexico's giant panda, is China giving Mexico Panda offspring of ownership does not belong to China.
1 choice
Couples went abroad "not to waste my life"
From the "ambassadors" to become "messengers of scientific research", the giant pandas go abroad what is stress?
In the selection of foreign exchange when the giant panda, the prevailing approach is: send the pandas abroad, you give her a pair. This is mainly for ease of reproduction, in the words of Zhang hemin "cannot be wasted youth of giant pandas".
This marriage of a pair of giant pandas, are basically "arranged marriage". Most of them are fellow countryman from the same giant panda base. However, there are also "duel in the jungle in one room" exceptions, like this March to Canada "big" and the "CIS" and one from the Chengdu giant panda breeding research base, was born in Chongqing Zoo. According to United States media reports, this is due to the two pandas "in terms of breeding has a good genetic match".
At present, the giant pandas abroad has two Windows – the China Wildlife Conservation Association and the China Zoo Association. Two fixed-point units respectively with the respective foreign Giant Panda communication linkages and coordination work. Pandas international research cooperation agreements signed by the two associations will be responsible for.
According to the wildlife conservation society, head of the international cooperation Department of China Zhong Yi describes, in General, the first foreign Panda collaboration applications would be presented to the Chinese side. Since then, both sides will communicate on specific issues, including whether foreign units in a giant panda position. After the preliminary cooperation intention on both sides, then approval of the relevant departments of the State.
"A lot of countries want to cooperate with us giant panda breeding and research, but we have to take into account a combination of factors: the country's climatic conditions, facilities and technology, there are parts of the country, the number of giant pandas. "Zhong Yi said," preliminary contacts and preparation work ranged from one to several years. ”
2 protocols
Pay millions of dollars a year by China
Zhong Yi described, often provided in the agreement: giant pandas in time for overseas research cooperation, generally 10 years Panda venue must pass approval acceptance of Chinese experts abroad to receive giant pandas; make the Chinese "protection money" as required for protection of the Giant Panda; and ownership of giant pandas.
Zhong Yi stressed: "as stipulated in the agreement, property giant pandas belong to China. Include the Giant Panda's derivative, such as dropping hair, collected blood samples, etc, these things will be sent back to China. ”
Panda previously given to other countries, ownership is no longer belongs to China, children born into a foreign nationality. Zhang hemin, said only two pandas in the world now is not "Chinese", all in Mexico. They were previously presented to Mexico's panda breeding offspring.
Now, the pandas abroad for scientific collaboration and the ownership of the Cubs are owned by China. Giant Panda Cub born in a foreign country, before the requirement is 2 years old sent home, now largely control in less than 4 years old.
Zhang hemin said that under normal circumstances, make the Chinese "protection money" is the $ 1 million a year. China will require foreign buying insurance for giant pandas. If Panda unnatural deaths in a foreign country, other compensation.
However, due to the agreements concluded with countries vary, related to the Giant Panda "protection money", age and other requirements are also subject to change.
3 home
Foreign-built Panda Chinese acceptance
At home and abroad after the two sides signed an agreement, the giant panda was not immediately take "Giant Panda" had went to a foreign country. Other venues have to go through acceptance of the Chinese side for the giant panda, keeper, came to China in advance training.
Director of Sichuan Provincial Forestry Department protecting Wang Hongjia personally involved in several external cooperation in research work for the giant panda. He said: "each other finished building the venues, we're going to check, think meets the standards to get pandas there. ”
In anticipation of the giant panda, worried many States on stadium construction. For the year 2014 to usher in Giant Panda Belgium spent 8 million euros to build the Zoo paradise "Panda". Whole garden was built according to the Chinese style garden style. Park will also be planted 4 hectares of bamboo, designed for giant pandas enjoy. At the end of 2011 to usher in a pair of giant pandas United Kingdom Edinburgh Zoo, for the pandas on your premises to install bulletproof glass.
Said Huang yan, Deputy Chief Engineer of China Giant Panda protection and Research Center, the other at design time, and will seek the views of the Chinese side. When experts went to acceptance, has about the same build, generally through at once.
Judging from the pandas give rise to specific requirements, first giant panda in space that is large enough, to 500 sq m of outdoor sports ground, indoor 30-40 meters. Giant Panda Museum are usually equipped with air conditioning, controlled in temperature below 25 degrees Celsius to control humidity. Like Thailand this hot Southeast Asian country within its Panda House is nice and cool year round.
4 departure
Aboard a special plane to carry half a ton of food
When other venues, veterinarians, technicians and other hardware and software are ready, will is ready for the Giant Panda "abroad" road.
Have personally sent a pair of giant pandas to Australia Huang yan, then take a "Giant Panda special." According to him, "Panda" had general cargo is, there aren't many seats, at most you can sit down and 4-5 individuals, including veterinary medicine, Chinese and foreign experts. Also asked to control the temperature inside the plane. On a plane to deliver some bamboo. Because the cargo is also likely to deliver some goods.
FedEx small experience in transport giant pandas.
This year, the company delivered a pair of giant pandas was visiting Canada Toronto "big" and the "Shun". The company "Panda" had outside specially painted Giant Panda pattern on it.
Two pandas were placed in white with holes in a closed cage, one part is transparent, people can see the Panda from outside the cage. Before you head out, two custom-built cages have been sent to "Shun the second" and "big" habitats, have them contact and familiarity with the cage in order to meet subsistence. The other passengers only a veterinarian and two assistants. In addition, aircraft with 200 kilograms of bamboo and 300 kilograms of bamboo shoots, 100 kg of apples and 30 kg of water, for the pandas to enjoy.
Huang yan said that pandas have b might, but generally better. The pandas got off the plane, jet lag, slowly adapted to local circumstances.
5 life
Dinner recipe can understand a foreign language
United Kingdom Edinburgh Zoo ally Sen in charge of breeding giant pandas · living animals bear McLean has 25 years of experience. After she went to Sichuan yaan bifengxia Giant Panda.
"I was trying to build trust with Panda. I kept talking to them, so that they can become familiar with my pronunciation and intonation. "McLean says," I don't have a theory of Chinese, because giant pandas, the most important thing is the keeper of intonation and signals. ”
Huang yan said that foreign personnel to study in China for Giant Panda, didn't have to learn Chinese, the direct use of foreign language training. Over time, pandas can understand it. "We mainly used the whistle to train giant pandas. "He said," generally keepers are coming to learn a few times, the first time will be longer, 1-2 months. ”
China will give foreign a nutritional formula, such as how many bamboo a day; eat fruit, eat as much, and what food to eat, how much, and how much protein and carbs to intake a day and so on.
United States Washington National Zoo, according to information published, an adult Giant Panda over more than 20 kilograms of bamboo a day. More nutrition in order to give the pandas, the Zoo will also give the adult giant pandas fed crackers, carrots and apples. Huang yan said the Panda was a kid can also drink some milk.
Washington's National Zoo bamboo from a farm in neighbouring Maryland. However, some countries do not produce bamboo. Canada Toronto Zoo weekly from United States Memphis Zoo imports some 320 kilograms of bamboo, feeding pandas.
6 breeding
Panda doll Chinese help
In a strange country, a new comer, giant pandas can quickly adapt to it? Huang yan said China will send a culture expert with the past. At home has been able to speak fluent English. Chinese staying in foreign countries ranging from two or three to six months, to watch each other's breeding experience.
In General, the other giant pandas will be in quarantine for one month and then it will open to the public. This time, it also happens to be the Giant Panda's adaptation period. Huang yan said, "the adaptability of giant pandas is very strong, generally without problems. ”
Sino-foreign cooperation in the giant panda research, the main one is breeding cooperative. In this regard, China is the absolute leader.
Giant Panda estrus cycle a year, conceived for a short time, up to 2 days. If you miss, only to wait until the next year. Generally speaking, giant pandas before the season, the other party will invite Chinese experts advance past, be prepared.
"Australia a pair of giant pandas, past the end of 2009, and now have a baby yet. "Huang yan this year went to Australia for scientific exchanges, he said," they are very worried. This year, they sent people to study in China. A few days ago to send someone to participate in the international seminar on giant pandas in Chengdu. ”
Panda baby names for the United States National Park is a typical example of Washington. In 2005, lived in the Zoo's "Mei Xiang" and "Tian Tian," gave birth to a Giant Panda "Taishan". After many years, the Zoo has not bred Giant Panda Baby.
This year, the United States invited the experts and nursery grounds for artificial breeding of Chinese experts, Giant Panda babies born in this.
Cooperation in scientific research, their advanced technology, the protection of giant pandas in China has played a catalytic role. At present, the Chinese giant panda released into the wild to wear GPS collars, are imported from abroad.
Wang Hongjia said, "because the concept is different in China and abroad, technical means is different, can absorb each other strengths. In addition, through the cooperation of giant panda conservation, can contribute to biodiversity conservation in China and foreign countries for their cooperation. ”
Reckoning
Introduction of giant pandas to the Zoo two years rose twice times the income
Edinburgh Zoo (Panda "sunshine" and "sweetie")
Time: December 2011-present
A Panda spends abroad, unlike expensive in General. United Kingdom Edinburgh Zoo public relations manager-Rachel Goddard probably journalists began to count the Income and Expenditure Account:
First of all, Edinburgh Zoo spent 250,000 pounds (about 400,000 dollars), decoration suitable for pandas big panda, including Giant Panda Panda kitchen, hospital, and bedroom.
Secondly, Zoo Panda to pay China $ 1 million a year "protection money" for the protection of giant pandas.
Bamboo Panda 85% by Germany provided food supply Reiner Winkendick, this batch of bamboo in the Netherlands outside of Amsterdam planted further 15% from Edinburgh Zoo dedicated to create a piece of bamboo bamboo. These imported pure organic bamboo bamboo, pesticides cannot be used when planting. Every two weeks from the Netherlands a shipment of bamboo, and deposited in special warehouses, maximize the fresh bamboo. Only importing and planting bamboo spends each year on up to 70,000 pounds (about 110,000 u.s. dollars).
Also Zoo giant panda to pay for insurance, insured for $ 1 million, there are other daily care expenditures.
However, pandas also have brought good returns to Park: the substantial economic gains and bursting with tourists.
Due to too many people watch Edinburgh Zoo giant pandas, each time you want to make an appointment. Each ticket 16 pounds (about $ 25).
At the Zoo, pandas are themed souvenirs, such as t-shirts, towels, pens, fridge magnets, masks, and so on. Endearing Panda toy alone could sell 5,000 each week.
United Kingdom in May this year the guardian also reported that since the end of December 2011, Panda, "sunshine" and "sweetie", visitor numbers grew by 51%, the Zoo's annual revenues from 5 million pounds (about US $ 7.94 million) increased to about 15 million pounds (about US $ 23.84 million). Before December 2011, Edinburgh Zoo two pandas arrive, with the Zoo's financial deficit of 1.2 million pounds of the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, two from bank loans, and Association this year a surplus of 2.4 million pounds.
Giant pandas abroad map
Canada: 2 PCs
United States: 15 pieces
France: 2 PCs
United Kingdom: 2 PCs
Spain: 3 PCs
Austria: 3 PCs
Thailand: 2 PCs
Japan: 8 pieces
Singapore: 2 PCs
Australia: 2 PCs
In addition, Belgium and Malaysia 2 pandas cooperation agreements are being signed, not yet.
Panda's economic books
Expenditure
Big Panda
Approximately $ 400,000 (one-time)
Pay for giant pandas in China "protection money"
$ 1 million per year
Imported or grown bamboo $ 110,000 per year
Would you buy a certain amount of insurance
Income
Tickets
$ 25 each, revenues increased, often booking full
Giant Panda theme memorabilia, toys are sold
Benefits
Annual income
$ 7.94 million US $ 23.84 million, from a loss of profit.
United Kingdom Edinburgh animal park as an example
History of the pandas abroad
Ad 685
Tang offering pandas to overseas.
From 1936 to 1945
To the West of the nationalist government presented the 14 giant pandas.
Last century 50 's
New China presented two pandas are the former Soviet Union.
The last century 60
Giant Panda in China's gesture to North Korea.
The last century 70 's
Giant pandas in the world became popular, had presented to the United States, and Japan, and France and other countries.
The early 80
Due to the drastic reduction in the number of giant panda, China stopped offering pandas to foreign.
1984
United States Los Angeles City Government's invitation, giant pandas overseas tour for the first time.
After 1992
Giant pandas in China is no longer the short tour, but with foreign countries over a long period of "cooperative research".
According to public reports finishing
This version of manuscript writing/Beijing News reporter Chu Xinyan
(Original title: 41 giant pandas "abroad" tour)
新京报讯 12月1日，美国华盛顿国家动物园一只新生大熊猫出生一百天，当天下午公布名字。11月5日，动物园正式开通“为大熊猫幼崽征名”网页，全球征名。
候选的5个名字是木兰、宝宝、玲花、龙韵和珍宝。“让世界网友帮助取名，是为了庆祝大熊猫宝贝的诞生。”动物园工作人员说。
华盛顿国家动物园在中美大熊猫交流史上有着特殊的地位。1972年，新中国第一对赠送给美国的大熊猫就落户在这里。华盛顿地铁票上，多年来一直印有大熊猫的图案。目前，共有15只中国大熊猫生活在美国，分别旅居在华盛顿、亚特兰大、圣迭戈和孟菲斯四市。
大熊猫作为友谊使者，足迹遍及世界多个国家。从上世纪80年代开始，中国不再向国外赠送大熊猫，而是改为合作研究的形式。
卧龙国家级自然保护区管理局局长、中国保护大熊猫研究中心主任张和民说：“当年之所以不再赠送，一是因为大熊猫数量很少。在2000年之前，繁殖一只大熊猫很难。另外，世界的普遍关注也是一个原因。按照《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》的规定，大熊猫不能进行商业买卖。现在我们是以合作研究的形式，不是搞大熊猫对外租借。”
目前全球已有12个国家的17个动物园与中国建立了大熊猫长期合作研究关系，共有43只大熊猫（含出生幼崽）在海外，其中41只所有权属于中国，另外有2只生活在墨西哥的大熊猫，是此前中国赠送墨西哥大熊猫的后代，所有权不属于中国。
1 挑选
成双成对出国“不浪费青春”
从“外交大使”变身为“科研使者”后，大熊猫走出国门有何讲究？
在挑选对外交流的大熊猫时，目前流行的方式是：送大熊猫出国，就要送一对。这主要是为了便于繁殖研究，用张和民的话说“不能浪费大熊猫的青春”。
这一对大熊猫的姻缘，基本上是“包办婚姻”。它们大部分是同乡，出自同一大熊猫基地。不过，也有“千里姻缘一线牵”的例外，像今年3月份前往加拿大的“大毛”和“二顺”，一个来自成都大熊猫繁育研究基地，一个出生于重庆动物园。据美国媒体报道，这是由于两只大熊猫“在繁育方面拥有很好的基因匹配性”。
目前，大熊猫对外交流有两个窗口——中国野生动物保护协会和中国动物园协会。两家协会分别与各自在国外的定点单位进行大熊猫交流的联系和协调工作。大熊猫对外科研合作协议也由这两家协会分别负责签订。
据中国野生动物保护协会国际合作处负责人钟义介绍，一般来说，首先外国会向中方提出进行大熊猫合作的申请。此后，双方会就具体事宜进行沟通，包括外方单位是否具备饲养大熊猫的条件等。在双方初步有了合作意向之后，再报国家有关部门批准。
“很多国家希望与我们合作饲养并研究大熊猫，不过我们要考虑一些综合因素：比如该国的气候条件、设施和技术力量，还有该国所处地区的大熊猫数量等。”钟义说，“前期的接触和准备工作从一年至几年不等。”
2 协议
年付百万美元产子归中国
钟义介绍，协议中往往规定：大熊猫在国外进行科研合作的时间，一般为10年；国外大熊猫场馆必须经过中方专家验收认可后，才能接收大熊猫；对方支付中方的“保护资金”会按规定用于大熊猫的保护工作；还有大熊猫的产权等。
钟义特别强调：“协议中规定，大熊猫的产权都属于中国。包括大熊猫身上的衍生物，比如掉落的毛发、采集的血液样品等，这些东西都要送回中国。”
此前赠送给别国的大熊猫，所有权不再属于中国，生下的孩子也要入外国籍。张和民介绍说，现在全世界只有两只大熊猫不是“中国籍”，都在墨西哥。它们是以前赠送给墨西哥的大熊猫繁殖的后代。
现在，出国进行科研合作的大熊猫及其所生幼崽的所有权都归中国。对于在国外出生的大熊猫幼崽，以前一般规定是2岁送回国，现在基本控制在不超过4岁。
张和民表示，一般情况下，对方支付中方的“保护资金”是一年100万美元。中方会要求外国给大熊猫买保险。如果大熊猫在国外非正常死亡，对方要赔偿。
不过，由于与各国签订的协议不尽相同，相关的大熊猫“保护资金”、年限等要求也会有所变动。
3 置业
外国建大熊猫馆须中方验收
中外双方签订协议之后，大熊猫还不能马上搭乘“大熊猫专机”奔赴国外。对方的大熊猫场馆必须要经过中方验收，饲养员也要提前来中国接受培训。
四川省林业厅保护处处长王鸿加亲自参与过几次大熊猫对外科研合作的工作。他说：“对方建设完场馆，我们要去验收，觉得符合标准，才能送大熊猫过去。”
为了迎接大熊猫，各国在场馆建设上也花了不少心思。正在为2014年迎来大熊猫的比利时天堂动物园花费800万欧元修建“大熊猫馆”。整个园子都是按照中式园林样式建造。公园外还将种植4公顷的竹子，专供大熊猫享用。在2011年底迎来一对大熊猫的英国爱丁堡动物园，还为大熊猫馆舍安装上了防弹玻璃。
中国保护大熊猫研究中心副总工程师黄炎说，对方在设计的时候，都会征求中方的意见。专家去验收的时候，建设得都差不多了，一般一次就能通过。
从大熊猫馆舍的具体要求来看，首先大熊猫的活动空间要足够大，室外运动场要有500平方米，室内要有30-40平方米。大熊猫馆内一般装有空调，温度要控制在25摄氏度以下还要控制湿度。就像泰国这样炎热的东南亚国家，其大熊猫馆内也是常年凉爽宜人。
4 启程
搭乘专机随身带半吨食品
当对方的场馆、兽医、技术人员等软硬件都准备妥当，大熊猫就要踏上“留洋”之路。
曾经亲自将一对大熊猫送到澳大利亚的黄炎，当时搭乘了“大熊猫专机”。据他介绍，“大熊猫专机”一般是货机，座位不多，顶多也就能坐下4-5个人，包括兽医、中方和外方的专家。飞机里面也要求控制温度。飞机上还要运送一些竹子。由于是货机，也有可能另外运送一些货物。
联邦快递公司在运送大熊猫方面可谓小有经验。
今年该公司运送的一对大熊猫是前往加拿大多伦多的“大毛”和“二顺”。该公司的“大熊猫专机”外表还专门绘上大熊猫图案。
两只大熊猫被分别放在白色带孔的封闭笼子中，其中有一部分是透明的，人们可以从笼子外面看到大熊猫。在出发之前，两个定制的笼子已经被送到“二顺”和“大毛”的栖息地，让它们接触并熟悉笼子，以便适应旅途生活。其他的乘客只有一名兽医和两名助手。另外，飞机上带着200公斤竹子，300公斤竹笋，100公斤苹果和30公斤饮用水，供大熊猫享用。
黄炎说，大熊猫也有晕机的可能，不过总的来说适应性比较强。大熊猫下了飞机，也会倒个时差，才慢慢适应当地环境。
5 生活
吃饭有配方能听懂外国话
在英国爱丁堡动物园负责饲养大熊猫的爱丽森·麦克林有25年饲养熊类动物的经验。此前她就去过四川雅安碧峰峡看过了大熊猫。
“我是为了与大熊猫建立信任。我一直不停地跟它们说话，这样它们就可以熟悉我的语音语调。”麦克林说，“我没有学说中文，因为对大熊猫来说，最重要的是饲养员的语调和信号。”
黄炎说，国外人员来华学习饲养大熊猫，不用学中文，直接用外语训练。时间长了，大熊猫也能听懂。“我们主要用口哨来训练大熊猫。”他说，“一般外国饲养员要来学习好几次，第一次时间会比较长，一般1-2个月。”
中方会给外方一个营养配方，比如一天要吃多少竹子；吃什么水果，吃多少；要吃什么粮食，吃多少；每天的蛋白质和碳水化合物要摄入多少等等。
美国华盛顿国家动物园公布的信息称，一只成年大熊猫一天要吃20多公斤竹子。为了给大熊猫更多的营养，动物园还会给成年大熊猫喂饼干、胡萝卜和苹果。黄炎说，大熊猫小的时候，也会喝一些牛奶。
华盛顿国家动物园的竹子来自邻近的马里兰州的一家农场。不过，有些国家不产竹子。加拿大多伦多动物园每周从美国孟菲斯动物园进口约320公斤竹子，喂养大熊猫。
6 繁育
大熊猫生娃要中国帮忙
在一个陌生的国家，初来乍到，大熊猫能很快适应吗？黄炎表示，中国会派饲养专家跟过去。他们在国内已经会说流利的英语。中方人员在外国呆两三个月到半年不等，要看对方的饲养经验。
一般来说，对方国家会对大熊猫隔离检疫一个月，然后才会对公众开放。这段时间，也正好是大熊猫的适应期。黄炎表示，“大熊猫的适应能力很强，一般没有问题。”
中外在大熊猫科研合作方面，最主要的一项是繁育合作。在这方面，中国处于绝对的领先地位。
大熊猫一年只有一个发情周期，能够受孕的时间很短，最多只有2天。如果错过了，只能等到下一年。一般在大熊猫发情期之前，对方会提前邀请中方专家过去，做好准备。
“澳大利亚的一对大熊猫，2009年底过去，现在还没有生小宝宝。”黄炎今年去了澳大利亚进行科研交流，他说，“他们也很着急。今年他们专门派人到中国学习。前几天派人来成都参加大熊猫国际研讨会。”
为大熊猫宝宝征名的美国华盛顿国家公园也是一个典型的例子。2005年，旅居该动物园的“美香”和“添添”生了一只大熊猫“泰山”。此后很多年，该动物园一直没有再繁殖出来大熊猫宝宝。
今年，美方邀请了中方的繁育专家和人工育幼的专家合作，大熊猫宝宝这才出生。
在科研合作中，对方的先进技术，也对中国大熊猫的保护起到了促进作用。目前，中国放归野外的大熊猫戴的GPS项圈，都是从国外进口的。
王鸿加说：“因为中外的理念不一样，技术手段不一样，互相可以吸收长处。另外，通过大熊猫保护的合作，可以促进中国与国外的生物多样性保护的合作。”
■ 算账
引进大熊猫动物园收入两年涨两倍
个案：爱丁堡动物园（大熊猫“阳光”和“甜甜”）
时间：2011年12月至今
国外养一只大熊猫的花费各不一样，总体上价钱不菲。英国爱丁堡动物园公关部经理雷切尔－戈达德给记者算了算大概的收支账：
首先，爱丁堡动物园花费25万英镑（约40万美元），装修了适合大熊猫生活的大熊猫馆，其中包括大熊猫厨房、大熊猫医院和卧室。
其次，动物园每年付给中国100万美元的大熊猫“保护资金”，用于大熊猫的保护工作。
大熊猫85%的竹子由德国食品供应商Reiner Winkendick提供，这批竹子在荷兰阿姆斯特丹郊外种植；另外15%的竹子来自爱丁堡动物园专门辟出的一片竹园。这些进口的竹子是纯有机竹子，种植时不能使用农药。每两周从荷兰运送一批竹子过来，存放在特殊的仓库中，最大限度地保证竹子的新鲜。仅进口和种植竹子的花费每年就达7万英镑（约11万美元）。
另外动物园还要给大熊猫买保险，保额为100万美元，还有其他一些日常护理支出。
不过，大熊猫也给公园带来了不错的回报：可观的经济收益和爆棚的游客。
由于观看爱丁堡动物园大熊猫的人太多，每个时段都要预约。每张门票16英镑（约25美元）。
在动物园内，大熊猫题材的各种纪念品多得是：比如T恤、毛巾、钢笔、冰箱贴、面具等等。单是惹人喜爱的大熊猫玩具每周都能卖掉5000个。
英国《卫报》今年5月也报道称，自从2011年12月底大熊猫“阳光”和“甜甜”到来，游客数量增长了51%，动物园的年收入从500万英镑（约794万美元）增至约1500万英镑（约2384万美元）。2011年12月两只大熊猫到达爱丁堡动物园之前，拥有该动物园的苏格兰皇家动物协会财务赤字达到120万英镑，两次从银行贷款，而今年协会的盈余为240万英镑。
大熊猫留洋分布图
加拿大：2只
美国：15只
法国：2只
英国：2只
西班牙：3只
奥地利：3只
泰国：2只
日本：8只
新加坡：2只
澳大利亚：2只
此外，比利时和马来西亚各签了2只大熊猫合作协议，还未去。
大熊猫的经济账本
支出
修大熊猫馆
约40万美元（一次性）
支付中国大熊猫“保护资金”
100万美元每年
竹子进口或种植 11万美元每年
另外还要买一定额度的保险
收入
门票
25美元每张，收入大增，时常预约满员
大熊猫题材纪念品、玩具畅销
效益
年收入
794万美元增至2384万美元，由亏损转为盈利。
以英国爱丁堡动物园为例
大熊猫留洋史
●公元685年
唐朝向海外赠送大熊猫。
●1936年至1945年
国民政府向西方国家赠送了14只大熊猫。
●上世纪50年代
新中国向前苏联赠送了两只大熊猫。
●上世纪60年代
中国向朝鲜赠送过大熊猫。
●上世纪70年代
大熊猫在全球走红，曾赠送给美国、日本、法国等国家。
●上世纪80年代初
由于大熊猫数量急剧减少，中国停止向外国赠送大熊猫。
●1984年
受美国洛杉矶市政府的邀请，大熊猫首次出国巡展。
●1992年之后
中国大熊猫不再对外短期巡展，而是与国外进行长期的“合作研究”。
据公开报道整理
本版稿件采写/新京报记者 储信艳
（原标题：41只大熊猫“留洋”之旅）
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