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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/2 10:02:21 Li Yining
Scholars · language and crafts
Speeding up the development of the Socialist market economy, we still need to promote the reform of property rights. Because farmers are not properly addressed the issue of property rights, not to continue to address the rest of property right reform of State-owned enterprises, our market economy it is difficult to develop an effective market economy.
The reform of State-owned capital is divided into two levels: the level of State-owned capital allocation system reform, and low levels are the reform of management system of State-owned enterprises.
In future, the corporate governance structure of State-owned enterprises should be in charge, because they are already joint-stock enterprises, some already listed companies, is independent of market players.
On the issue of private-owned enterprises ' reform, I made no "reform" the words. Because the "system" is misleading: mistaken for nationalization of private enterprises! I made using "transition". The so-called transition refers to private enterprises ' property rights must be clear and must be defined.
State-owned enterprises and private enterprises is neither "Guo Jin, min TUI," or "privatization". Their goal is a win-win situation, of course, win-win target still can't do it. Because they are also completely independent of market players, to reform State-owned enterprises in the future, to have a transition of private enterprises.
On reforming the income distribution system, and one of my basic idea was: initial allocation is key. Now some people have different views. Some people believe that secondary allocation is more important, sub-allocation anti rich to the poor. And some people believe that equally important primary distribution, secondary distribution, should pay equal attention to both. My point is very clear, the initial allocation is more important.
Benefits of rigid is very important. China is bound to lose, step by step, do not go to the Joneses.
Promoting new towns at present in China, with priority to be given in line with China's national conditions of urbanization. Based on China's national conditions, our new urbanization should be: old + new + new communities.
In recent years, the focus on property rights reform, combines 18 adopted at the third plenary session of the CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform decision (hereinafter the decision) about the spirit, to talk about the problems of property right reform.
1. with regard to property rights: there is no definition, there is no market economy
Spirit of decision
★ "Perfecting the property right protection system. Property rights are the core of ownership. "
★ "Sound belong clearly, clearly, strict protection and smooth transfer of modern property rights system."
Carrying out the spirit of the decision, a very important practical issue is the issue of the definition of property right. Since there is no definition, it cannot form a real market, there is no market economy.
On property right reform and non-equilibrium market players in the economy, I wrote in the late 80 early 90 's issue of disequilibrium in the Chinese economy are discussed. In fact, non-equilibrium is a universal phenomenon. Non-equilibrium can be divided into two categories: one is the balance of non-capitalist countries, mainly market imperfections and there is monopoly formed; the other is China's unbalanced, that is, apart from market imperfections, lack of market players. Why the lack of market players? Because of unclear property rights, property rights does not define; definition of no, of course there would be no real market. So I made the main ideas is a joint-stock reform. I think the stock system is a clear property right in the most effective way, because only the title made clear that market players in order to form, so as to embark on the path of a market economy.
Property right reform of China and so far has not been completed. Why? Although the property right reform of State-owned enterprises is accomplished, but not complete, efforts should also be continued. In addition, from a national perspective, the majority of the property rights of farmers so far have not been clearly defined. So many farmers that they, as growers, sellers of agricultural products, and theoretically should be subject of the market, but because the property is not defined, fact, no property rights of farmers, thereby not property income, so thus far is hardly a real market.
Speeding up the development of the Socialist market economy, we still need to promote the reform of property rights. Because farmers are not properly addressed the issue of property rights, not to continue to address the rest of property right reform of State-owned enterprises, our market economy it is difficult to develop an effective market economy. Therefore, the decision states that: "the attribution of sound clarity, clearly, strict protection and smooth transfer of the modern property right system. "This is the inevitable requirement for perfecting the Socialist market economic system.
2. on the right to land: rural reform of the most important aspects
★ "Allow transfer of rural collective land for construction, leasing, equities, the implementation of right to equal footing with State-owned land into the city, with the same price."
★ "Land leases, transfers, secondary mortgage market".
Those provisions of the decision, for promoting rural reforms, further "three rural" problem is of great significance. At present, the rural reform from where to start? Where are the most important part? I think that is the right to land. Shortly after the end of the party's 18 last year, I led the research group of the CPPCC Economic Committee to Hangzhou, jiaxing, huzhou, Zhejiang, three following investigation of County land right. The Group researchers surprised us all by the fact, entered the village, see litter on the floor blown up firecrackers, warmly celebrating the stories told in the rural land reform is completed that year. After investigation, we talk and listen to the Government's report, farmer's land was affirming rights really a popular revolution.
First, the farmer was reassuring. Right to land, farmer said: "we are not afraid free expropriation of land, he dared not! Contracted land operation right, access to the Homestead, Homestead housing on property rights has made clear that he was able to take my place? Able to demolish his house without our consent? He dared not! "Land, and farmer was reassuring. You know, rural land circulation and so far there are few. Because if farmers use land shares, after they would be afraid to buy into land owned by someone else. Now, after the land rights shares, equity guarantees for farmers. Land rental property does not change in the future, so farmers were relieved, realistically.
Second, the gap has narrowed between urban per capita income and per capita income in the countryside. For example, the report specifically in jiaxing City: prior to the land rights, urban per capita income and rural per capita income ratio is 3.1:1, land rights after the results of the survey are 1.9:1. Why shrinks so much? When we open seminars in rural, heard some farmers said: "had the right to land, I'm relieved. On one hand, I expanded the plantation, the expansion of the aquaculture industry. The other hand, I tore down the old house in Homestead, cover several floors of a new House. "Our research went to the village, covering four floors. I had asked a farmer: "you live it? "The farmer replied," fewer people at home, I live only one layer is enough. First floor rental and leased it out to someone else to set up shop, open shop, two-tier, price is not the same, where he wanted to rent one rent a layers. In this way, I have rental income. In addition, the land is right, I am not afraid, land, I can go out to work. "All of this shows that urban-rural income gap is shrinking.
Third, there is an unexpected bonus is the cultivated area has increased. This is because before the land is right to start measuring, found in cultivated area increased after measure 20%. How to increase 20%? There are the following main reasons: one is the contract at the beginning of land quality differences, so when the contract begins, well MU is an acre, broken two acres converted to an acre. After more than 30 years of contract and after intensive farmers, land quality much, so this time, when measured again before the land is right, all an acre is an acre, land lot. Second is past the land into small plots, RAND, and cattle farming. When land is measured again, RAND deduction not be arable land, cultivated land in block Ridge on either side where the Sun is not too. Now, Ridge was removed and farmers with tractors, arable land. Third, farmers have to pay agricultural taxes for arable land in the village is basically in an understatement. For example, an acre of three acres, House. Now things are different, and have to pay agricultural tax. Moreover, land measuring is completed, all real, no one understated, understatement of expense. Understatement of the land, less land a stake in shares, less land area. Therefore, all real. In this way, again after the measurement, arable land has increased by 20%. Farmers have a lot of fun.
Right to land for agriculture in the future is full of promise. Central document first presented this year, family farm system to be introduced. The plenary made the decision also made it clear: "encourage contracts on the open market to professional users, transfer of family farms, farmers ' cooperatives, agricultural enterprises, development of various forms of scale. "It will also bring some big changes to the countryside. Now, there is only Western Europe, United States, and Canada has a real sense of family farms, we also do not have. Family farm system to be introduced in China in the future, to increase the skill level and productivity of family farmers, we will know how to operate, with an economy of scale approach.
3. with regard to state-owned enterprises: too much administrative intervention
★ "Reform of State-owned capital management authorized institutions, the formation of a number of State-owned capital operation companies, support conditional on restructuring of State-owned enterprises into State-owned investment company".
★ "Sound coordination operation, effective corporate governance structure of checks and balances."
These requirements for China's reform of State-owned capital in the future will have a significant impact. In General, the reform of State-owned capital is divided into two levels: the level of State-owned capital allocation system reform, and low levels are the reform of management system of State-owned enterprises. The decision states that: "to improve the management system of State-owned assets, to possess capital mainly to strengthen the State-owned assets supervision". Therefore, may wish to do this reform: State-owned assets supervision following the establishment of a number of professional or integrated national investment funds company, increases and decreases in charge of State-owned equity: which sector is the shortage, which is the emerging industry to increase investment; which is the excess capacity, which is the efficiency is not good, the withdrawal of State-owned capital. In this way, can improve the efficiency of the allocation of resources.
Plenary session the decision proposed: "the market plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources", which highlights the role and position of the market in resource allocation. Why an emphasis on resource allocation? Economic efficiency is the efficiency of the original story. Productivity over the years has been a traditional concept, focusing on the relationships between inputs and outputs of the production units. Under certain input, output has increased, indicating that the increased efficiency; under certain outputs and reduced inputs, and are more productive. This is called productivity. In the 1930 of the 20th century, economics began to appear in the efficiency of resource allocation. The efficiency of resource allocation is another point. Assumed into the established, by a combination of factors of production, allocation of resources, efficiency can produce n; b combination of factors of production, allocation of resources, N+1 efficiency. Which indicate that the resource allocation efficiency has improved. So, must pay attention to the allocation of resources.
Different resource allocation efficiency and productivity, can be more effective for macro. The efficiency of resource allocation will bring the two concepts. A conceptual change is that in past economic work, it tube finance staffers, staff working in the personnel organization, publicity and administrative staff, is seen as non-production staff. They're not in the first line of production and productivity with them or not. After the efficiency of resource allocation is made, circumstances changed--pipe financing, and enables better allocation of resources, and tube staff person on the Organization, the human resources allocation to the best position; people to do advocacy work, arouse the enthusiasm of each worker; person did management, with better integration of human resources, material resources, can improve efficiency. Thus it cannot be assumed that engaged in these efforts and efficiency is not relevant. Another idea is: capital markets, property rights trading market sentiment changed, they are the best place to improve the efficiency of resource allocation. Therefore, the development of capital markets, property rights trading market, which is conducive to the rational allocation of resources.
Currently, the State-owned enterprise's property right reform has not been completed, State-owned enterprises too much administrative intervention. The decision states that: "the sound coordination operation, effective corporate governance structure of checks and balances." In future, the corporate governance structure of State-owned enterprises should be in charge, because they are already joint-stock enterprises, some already listed companies, is independent of market players.
4. with regard to private enterprise: the title must be clear and must be defined
★ "Allow non-State capital investment projects of State-owned capital participated."
★ "Guide the advantages of private enterprises into the field of research and production of military products and maintenance".
★ "Establishment of professional manager system, better play an entrepreneurial role".
According to the survey, some private enterprises ' property rights are befuddled. For example, some private enterprises, why would they break? One important reason is that when there is no well defined property rights. When there was the situation at that time, there was prevailing practice, which creates ownership is not clear at the outset. Private enterprise may be paternalistic, because their parents are a genius, his cohesive, experienced, and so on. Later, these private enterprises are large in scale, the next generation, do we need to exercise patriarchal management? According to our survey found in Guangdong, Zhejiang, many of the second generation are studied in private enterprises. They are studying in a foreign country, but some of them are not necessarily managers, but one industry expert, so who is going to take over is a problem. Private enterprise in the family business, his succession is nothing more than two choices: one is to elect good, who are able to pick out who may not be members of the family, could go to community engagement, and is selected, select closest relationship with myself, as the eldest son or sons of the most reliable, and so on. But this is no real trend. In future, private enterprises would also like to take the road to improve the corporate governance structure, enterprise-scale enlargement must go to the road to take the professional managers system, can be hired from the outside managers, can be hired from within the family, the family managers. Managers can do, can enterprises, private enterprises can continue to develop.
The decision states that: "the public ownership economy and the non-State-owned economy is an important component of the Socialist market economy, an important foundation of China's economic and social development. "It involves awareness of the relationship between State-owned enterprises and private enterprises. I believe that State-owned enterprises and private enterprises is neither "Guo Jin, min TUI," or "privatization". Their goal is a win-win situation, of course, win-win target still can't do it. Because they are not completely independent of market players, so they need a reform of State-owned enterprises, restructuring of the private enterprise system. Without institutional restructuring of private enterprises, can't talk about future developments. This is the current situation in China.
5. with regard to income distribution: primary distribution is more important
Determined spirit
★ "Form a reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution".
★ "Focusing on protection of labor income, and strive to achieve growth in wages and productivity of synchronization, increase the proportion of work remuneration in primary distribution".
On the reform of the income distribution, one of my basic idea: primary distribution point. Now some people have different views. Some people believe that secondary allocation is more important, sub-allocation anti rich to the poor. And some people believe that equally important primary distribution, secondary distribution, should pay equal attention to both. My point is very clear, the initial allocation is more important. Here, let me give a few examples.
The first example, farmers must have property rights, farmers ' lack of property rights is the initial distribution is not in place. In this connection, as mentioned above.
The second example, the labour market situation. The supply and demand sides of the labour market, supply-side, mostly migrant workers and urban middle and lower classes, these people have a single market, they are the weaker party. Demand is big business, big institutions, they are a strong side. Both the supply and demand balance of power asymmetry, inequality. Big business power is strong, wages, demand-side shots, vulnerable groups had no say. This situation does not change, okay? Abroad in developed countries is how to solve this? They rely on the power of trade unions. Unions maintain low-income, low pay or owe wages and unions speak for suppliers, trade unions are a strong group, and it involved the supply and demand, changes in the balance of power between the two sides. Migrant workers had done for so many years, they are workers, but because they are rural, trade union business. Therefore, this situation is going to change.
A third example, sales and marketing of agricultural products. Sale of agricultural products, mainly individual farmers, muhu, their forces were weak, even though buyers purchasing at their doorstep, the supplier is also vulnerable. Without buyers, large supermarkets or food processing enterprise buyers, they are a strong unit. He said don't you, don't you, where have you sold? You could sell more expensive. Therefore, this situation should be changed. In the developed world, farmers, agricultural cooperatives, and agricultural cooperative association. Me to the Netherlands, and Denmark were scouted, New Zealand also searched, their power of the Union of agricultural cooperatives is very big, own fleet, fleet, warehouse, cold storage, dock, direct sales of agricultural products abroad. China does not help, because Chinese farmers ' cooperative was founded, were based on village and township for small-scale operations. Union not yet start to form.
Fourth, reform of the educational system. Education system concerns the wages of first-time job-seekers entering the market. In China, because of the dual structure of urban and rural or urban-rural dual system, often a case: per capita education spending, fewer rural per-capita education spending. So, poor schools, poor teacher in rural compulsory education, poor equipment, students learn is not of high quality, rural children finish junior high school want to rise in the future. They said, what use is high, but don't get a place at University, don't get a place at University might as well be looking for a job right now, so the junior high school graduate looking for a job. However, rural children junior high school graduates looking for a job, what you can find a good job? Simple, repetitive, manual worker, which is called the dual labour market in Western developed countries, low labour work. This situation, in forming social strata of Chinese society slowly will be cured, or occupational caste system. For example, the children of migrant workers are migrant workers, Sun Tzu is still likely to migrant workers, he has no other technology, no better education, can be anything of his peasant workers? This affects the primary distribution of income.
On the issue of income distribution, I stressed the primary distribution is important. Property rights important, forces on both sides of the labour market to peer, sales of agricultural products the demand and supply sides of the market forces to peer, coupled with the education reform, which is able to describe the primary distribution of important issues in China. Of course, secondary distribution is also important. Sub-allocation of currently in China, the most important is the integration of urban and rural social security. Social security integration shows that welfare system that we can have the Western market economies of the developed countries. Western market economies of developed countries are: lack of primary distribution, secondary distribution to make up, through secondary distribution to narrow the gap. China is now: primary distribution gap sub-allocations expanded gap, because of urban-rural social security, unlike doctor has free medical care or medical insurance for urban workers, peasant workers to take part in cooperative medical care, some didn't even run the CMS. This situation should be changed.
6. with respect to benefits of rigid: to do what, step by step
★ "Build a more fair and sustainable social security system."
★ "Accelerating the development of corporate pensions, occupational pensions, commercial insurance, building a multi-level social security system".
On the issue of social security, I focus on the welfare of rigid. Expansion of social security, social welfare, this is where social trends in Western developed countries for many years. But welfare, also results in a rigid welfare. Benefits of rigid mean: benefits may be increased but not reduced, was not a welfare, let it go; once there, it cannot be canceled, or very small issues can become major problems. In this regard, let me give two examples.
The first example is: during the second world war, United Kingdom is an island, Germany invaders sealed off, food is difficult to transport, and food is in short supply, so the Government rationing, even the Prime Minister Winston Churchill was like everyone else, get a quota. At that time, the Englishman was widespread, a high school student when the long body, but do not have enough to eat, malnutrition is serious. After the war, United Kingdom adopted a welfare measure, give middle school students during school hours in the morning offers a free glass of milk. United Kingdom welfare policy as a whole is a very small one. In 1967, is already more than 20 years after the second world war, United Kingdom food situation has improved, but the policy is still in force. So some of the officials said, this measure can be removed. Resulting in their discontent with society, marches, Petitions and protests, why cancel this benefit? Isn't it time we should pay attention to teenagers? As a result, forced a change of Government, relevant Ministers resign.
The second example is: my visit to Ireland Shi, stationed in Ireland from the Chinese Embassy staff told me that Ireland has a benefit, free tap water, waste of water resources, the Government can't afford. Ireland now is nervous, and tap water are supposed to charge, but tap water free as the benefits already in place for a long time, there are rigid. So, news came out of the water payment, processions, demonstrations and strikes took place. Results the ruling party to consider, again, even this election, the ruling party in the next election cannot sit. Do? But the last word was said out, cancellation is not possible, because just released the news, had to find a way. How can I step down it? Find a reason, that is, Government sources said: water charges, and each must be installed water meters, people don't want to pay for, because they don't want to put water table, asking the Government to install. Government in order to give the country so many households install water meters, funding sources should be found, in this year's budget does not include this item of expenditure has found funding for water meters, and then began the reforms.
This shows that the rigidity of welfare is very important. China is bound to lose, step by step, do not go to the Joneses, saying "such benefits abroad, why can't we? "" In the city, why can't we? "You know, all around, to lose. In addition, in applying the welfare system, while entrepreneurship cannot be declined. Any country is entrepreneurial, creative spirit. Without that spirit, socio-economic development will be stopped, people would become a bum, like this, he's hard to sustained and healthy development of society.
7. with regard to new urbanization: old + new + new communities
★ "Insist on taking the road of new-type urbanization with Chinese characteristics."
★ "Optimizing urban spatial structure and management structure, enhance the overall bearing capacity of the city".
The decisions relating to this spirit, for the construction of new towns and the urban-rural integration in China is of great significance. I think that promoting new towns at present in China, with priority to be given in line with China's national conditions of urbanization. There is a dual structure of urban and rural areas in China (or the urban-rural dual system), it is through reforms to strip. In other words, unequal rights of urban and rural residents must get rid of the status quo, elimination of discrimination domicile, can no longer keep the differential treatment of urban and rural residents. So, urbanization and ultimately to achieve the integration of urban and rural.
China's urbanization should be based on China's national conditions. West parallel to the industrialization is urbanization, industrialization of urbanization is at the same time, industrialization is urbanization at the same time. Has been reflected in the West "urban disease" is the city pollution cities into slums. Thus creating anti-urbanization, which entails the wealthy moved out from the city into the suburbs, and the poor continue to flock to the city, city unemployment growth, environmental destruction, and so on.
China's urbanization cannot do. China's urbanization rate, statistics is 51%, this does not mean that people have so much of the city accounts, because they include many migrants lived in the city for more than six months. If lost peasant household, China's urbanization rate may be less than 40%. If the urbanization rate will reach the Western developed countries, the United States urbanization rate to more than 90%, 80% per cent urbanization rate in Western Europe, which means that we also have 80% around town, you can imagine what kind of situations would be! Now we have an urban population of more than 600 million people, if in the future to add more than 500 million people, so our town will be like?! Land enough? Fresh water supplies are enough? Obviously, the quality of life of people from the city will fall significantly. Therefore, China's urbanization can't do like Western developed countries.
Based on China's national conditions, our new towns should be: old + new + new communities. The old town is: to transform the history of urban areas, polluting industrial enterprises moved in to demolish shantytowns, Commerce, service good. After the demolition of the house built a new, become unfit for human habitation neighbourhoods. New city planning: peri-urban building industrial parks, logistics parks, high-tech development zone. An important feature of the new city is to have residents, no resident is not going to work. In addition, private enterprise, individual businesses going in a city free from private enterprises, small and micro-enterprises, there are individual businesses, become a "ghost town". With private enterprise, popularity, lights stay lit up at night, can do to 22 points on both sides of the business. New community is a feature of the Chinese. Now, throughout the country have been a Socialist new countryside, many areas have some residential buildings. On this basis, can be developed from the following aspects: first, gardened; second, circular economy, green economy, and third, public service, establishing various public facilities, and the urban-rural social security integration; five are managed from the towns and villages turned into community self-government. By that time, new communities like towns, it is the future of the new towns. If not so many people crowd into the old town, not even flood the old town together with new, large splitter to the new community, this is the "urbanization". It can be done.
(Author, Honorary Dean of the Guanghua School of management, Peking University)
学者·语萃
加快发展社会主义市场经济，我们仍然需要推进产权改革。因为不妥善解决农民的产权问题，不继续解决剩下的国有企业的产权改革问题，我们的市场经济就很难发展成为有效的市场经济。
国有资本体制改革分两个层次：高层次的是国有资本配置体制的改革，低层次的是国有企业管理体制的改革。
今后，国有企业应一律按法人治理结构来管，因为它们已经是股份制企业了，有些已经是上市公司了，是独立的市场主体。
关于民营企业改革问题，我提出不用“体制改革”这几个字。因为用“体制改革”会引起误解：民营企业会误以为是要国有化！我提出用“体制转型”。所谓体制转型，是指民营企业的产权必须清晰，必须界定。
国有企业与民营企业既不是“国进民退”，也不是“国退民进”。它们的目标是双赢，当然，双赢的目标现在还做不到。因为它们还不完全是独立的市场主体，所以今后要有国有企业体制改革，要有民营企业体制转型。
关于收入分配体制改革，我的一个基本思想是：初次分配是重点。这跟现在一些人的看法不同。有的人认为，二次分配更重要，二次分配便于抑富济贫。也有的人认为，初次分配、二次分配同样重要，应两者并重。我的观点很明确，初次分配更重要。
福利刚性非常重要。中国一定要量力而行，循序渐进，不要去攀比。
当前我国推进新型城镇化，重点要考虑符合中国国情的城镇化。基于中国的国情，我们的新型城镇化应该是：老城区+新城区+新社区。
近年来，我对产权改革问题比较关注，这里结合十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)的有关精神，谈谈有关产权改革的几个问题。
1.关于产权：没有产权界定，就谈不上市场经济
决定精神
★“完善产权保护制度。产权是所有制的核心”。
★“健全归属清晰、权责明确、保护严格、流转顺畅的现代产权制度”。
贯彻落实《决定》的精神，一个很重要的实践问题就是产权界定问题。因为没有产权界定，就不能形成真正的市场主体，就谈不上市场经济。
关于产权改革和非均衡经济中的市场主体，我在上世纪80年代末写作、90年代初出版的《非均衡的中国经济》一书中有所论述。其实，非均衡是一个普遍现象。非均衡可以分为两类：一类是资本主义国家出现的非均衡，主要是市场不完善和存在着垄断等情况而形成的；另一类是中国这样的非均衡，即除了市场不完善以外，还缺乏市场主体。为什么会缺乏市场主体呢？因为产权不明晰，产权没有界定；没有产权界定，当然就不会有真正的市场主体。所以我当时提出的主要观点是股份制改革。我认为，股份制是明确产权最有效的办法，因为只有产权明确了，市场主体才能形成，这样才能走上市场经济的道路。
中国的产权改革到现在为止尚未完成。为什么呢？虽然国有企业进行的产权改革相当有成就，但是还不彻底，还要继续努力。另外，从全国范围看，广大农民的产权至今没有明确界定。这么多农民，他们作为种植者、农产品的销售者，照理说都应该是市场主体，但因为产权没有界定，农民实际上并没有产权，从而没有财产性收入，所以到现在为止仍算不上是真正的市场主体。
加快发展社会主义市场经济，我们仍然需要推进产权改革。因为不妥善解决农民的产权问题，不继续解决剩下的国有企业的产权改革问题，我们的市场经济就很难发展成为有效的市场经济。所以，《决定》指出：“健全归属清晰、权责明确、保护严格、流转顺畅的现代产权制度。”这是完善社会主义市场经济体制的必然要求。
2.关于土地确权：农村改革最重要的环节
★“允许农村集体经营性建设用地出让、租赁、入股，实行与国有土地同等入市、同权同价”。
★“完善土地租赁、转让、抵押二级市场”。
《决定》中的这些规定，对于推进农村改革、进一步解决“三农”问题具有重要意义。当前，农村改革从哪里启动？最重要的环节在哪里？我认为，就是土地确权。去年党的十八大结束后不久，我带领政协经济委员会的调研组到浙江的杭州、嘉兴、湖州三个市下面的县做了土地确权的调研。令我们全组调研人员非常吃惊的是，一走进村子，就看到满地都是炸完的鞭炮纸屑，当时农村里那种热烈的庆祝情景就跟当年土改完成时一样。我们经过调查、座谈，听取市政府的汇报，感觉土地确权的确是一场受农民欢迎的大变革。
第一，农民心里踏实了。对于土地确权，农民说：“我们不怕别人随意侵占土地了，他不敢！承包地的经营权、宅基地的使用权、宅基地上房屋的房产权都已经明确了，他能够随便圈我的地吗？能够不经过我们同意就把房子拆了吗？他不敢！”土地流转，也使农民心里踏实了。要知道，农村土地流转到现在为止还很少。因为以前如果农民用土地入股，他们会怕入股以后土地就归别人了。现在不一样了，土地确权以后入股，农民的股权有了保证。土地出租以后产权不变，所以农民放心了，踏实了。
第二，城市人均收入与农村人均收入之间的差距缩小了。例如，嘉兴市的汇报明确地讲：在土地确权以前，城市人均收入与农村人均收入之比是3.1：1，土地确权以后调查的结果是1.9：1。为什么会缩小那么多呢？我们在农村开座谈会时，听到有的农民说：“土地确权了，我放心了。一方面，我扩大了种植业、扩大了养殖业。另一方面，我宅基地的旧房子拆掉了，盖成几层楼的新房。”我们调研时去的那个村子，都盖了四层楼。我当时问了一位农民：“你住得了吗？”那位农民回答：“家里人少，我只住一层就够了。第一层出租，租给别人开店，开作坊，另外两层，价钱不一样，他愿意租哪一层就租哪一层。这样，我就有房租收入了。另外，土地确权以后我不怕了，土地流转以后我可以到外面去打工。”所有这些都表明，城乡收入差距在缩小。
第三，还有一个意想不到的好处就是耕地面积增加了。这是因为：土地确权之前，要重新丈量，丈量以后发现耕地面积增加了20%。怎么会增加20%呢？主要有如下原因：一是当初承包制开始的时候，土地质量差别大，所以在承包制开始时，好地一亩算一亩，坏地两亩折算为一亩。经过30年的承包和农民精耕细作后，土地质量差距不大了，所以这次土地确权前重新丈量时，都是一亩算一亩，这样土地就多了。二是过去土地都分成小块的，有田埂，用牛耕作。重新丈量土地时，田埂扣除不算耕地，田埂两边挡住太阳的地方也不算耕地。现在，田埂都拆掉了，农民用拖拉机了，于是耕地也就多了。三是当初农民要交农业税，所以村里对于耕地基本上都是少报。比如，一亩三分地报一亩，家家如此。现在不同了，不用交农业税了。而且，土地刚丈量完毕，大家都实报，没人少报，因为少报吃亏。少报土地，土地入股后股份少，土地出租面积少了。所以，大家都实报。这样，重新丈量后，耕地增加了20%。农民都很开心。
土地确权将来对农业大有希望。今年中央一号文件提出，要推行家庭农场制。这次三中全会《决定》也明确提出：“鼓励承包经营权在公开市场上向专业大户、家庭农场、农民合作社、农业企业流转，发展多种形式规模经营。”这也将会给农村带来一些大变化。现在，世界上只有西欧、美国、加拿大有真正意义上的家庭农场制，我们中国还没有。将来中国要推行家庭农场制，要提高家庭农场主的技术水平和劳动生产率，还要懂经营，要采用规模经济的做法。
3.关于国有企业：行政干预太多
★“改革国有资本授权经营体制，组建若干国有资本运营公司，支持有条件的国有企业改组为国有资本投资公司”。
★“健全协调运转、有效制衡的公司法人治理结构”。
这些规定对于我国今后的国有资本体制改革将产生重要影响。一般说来，国有资本体制改革分两个层次：高层次的是国有资本配置体制的改革，低层次的是国有企业管理体制的改革。《决定》指出：“完善国有资产管理体制，以管资本为主加强国有资产监管”。因此，不妨可以这样改革：国资委下面设立若干个专业的或综合的国家投资基金公司，负责国有股权的增加和减少：哪个部门是短缺的，哪个是新兴产业，要增加投资；哪个是产能过剩的，哪个是效益不好的，把国有资本撤走。这样，资源配置的效率就能提高了。
三中全会《决定》提出：“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用”，这突出强调了市场在资源配置中的地位和作用。为什么强调资源配置呢？经济学中原来所讲的效率是生产效率。生产效率多年以来一直是一个传统的概念，着重点是生产单位的投入和产出之间的关系。一定的投入下，产出增加了，表明效率提高了；一定产出下，投入减少了，效率也提高了。这就叫生产效率。20世纪30年代以后，经济学中开始出现了资源配置效率。资源配置效率是另外一个意义。假定投入既定，用A方式组合生产要素，配置资源，可以产生N效率；用B方式组合生产要素，配置资源，可以产生N+1效率。这就表明资源配置效率提高了。所以，一定要重视资源配置。
资源配置效率与生产效率的意义不同，对宏观经济来说可以更有效。资源配置效率会带来两个观念变化。一个观念变化是：过去经济工作中，管融资的企业职员，从事人事组织工作的职员，从事宣传工作的职员和做行政管理的职员，都被看成是非生产人员。他们不在生产第一线，生产效率跟他们没有关系。资源配置效率提出后，情况就变了——管融资的人，使资源得到更好的配置；管人事组织工作的人，把人力资源配置到最佳位置；做宣传工作的人，调动了每个工作者的积极性；做行政管理的人，把物质资源跟人力资源更好地结合在一起，可以使效率提高。这样一来就不能认为，从事这些工作的人员与效率提高是无关的。另一个观念变化是：对资本市场、产权交易市场的看法改变了，它们都是提高资源配置效率的最佳场所。因此，要发展资本市场、产权交易市场，这是有利于资源合理配置的。
当前，国有企业的产权改革还没有完成，对国有企业行政干预太多。《决定》指出：“健全协调运转、有效制衡的公司法人治理结构”。今后，国有企业应一律按法人治理结构来管，因为它们已经是股份制企业了，有些已经是上市公司了，是独立的市场主体。
4.关于民营企业：产权必须清晰，必须界定
★“国有资本投资项目允许非国有资本参股”。
★“引导优势民营企业进入军品科研生产和维修领域”。
★“建立职业经理人制度，更好发挥企业家作用”。
据调查，有些民营企业的产权也是糊里糊涂的。比方说，有些民营企业为什么现在会出问题？一个重要原因是当初成立的时候就没有很好地界定产权。因为当时有当时的情况，当时有当时的惯例，这就造成产权一开始就不清晰的状况。民营企业原来可能是家长制，因为家长是个能人，他有凝聚力，有经验等等。后来，这些民营企业规模大了，到了第二代，是不是一定要实行家长制管理呢？根据我们在广东、浙江的调查发现，民营企业第二代很多是留学回来的。他们在国外学习，但其中有些人不一定是管理人才，而是某一行业的专家，所以谁来接班就是个问题。民营企业中的家族企业，其接班无非是两种选择：一是选贤，谁能干挑谁，不一定是家庭成员，可以到社会上去选聘；一是选亲，挑选跟自己的关系最密切的，如长子或者最信得过的儿子等等。但这是不适应发展潮流的。今后，民营企业也要走完善法人治理结构的道路，企业规模扩大以后一定要走这样的道路，即采取职业经理人制度，可以从外面聘经理人，可以从家庭内、家族内聘经理人。经理人重在能干，能把企业搞好，民营企业也能持续发展下去。
《决定》指出：“公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，都是我国经济社会发展的重要基础。”这涉及对国有企业与民营企业关系的认识。我认为，国有企业与民营企业既不是“国进民退”，也不是“国退民进”。它们的目标是双赢，当然，双赢的目标现在还做不到。因为它们还不完全是独立的市场主体，所以今后要有国有企业体制改革，要有民营企业体制转型。民营企业如果不进行体制转型，也谈不到今后的大发展。这就是当前中国的情况。
5.关于收入分配：初次分配更重要
★“形成合理有序的收入分配格局”。
★“着重保护劳动所得，努力实现劳动报酬增长和劳动生产率提高同步，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重”。
关于收入分配体制改革，我的一个基本思想是：初次分配是重点。这跟现在一些人的看法不同。有的人认为，二次分配更重要，二次分配便于抑富济贫。也有的人认为，初次分配、二次分配同样重要，应两者并重。我的观点很明确，初次分配更重要。这里，我举几个例子说明。
第一个例子，农民必须有产权，农民没有产权是初次分配不到位的表现。关于这一点，前面已经提到。
第二个例子，劳动力市场的情况。劳动力市场有供求双方，供给方多数是农民工和城市中的中下层，这些人都是单个进入市场的，他们是弱势一方。求方是大企业、大事业单位，它们是强势一方。供求双方力量对比不对称、不平等。大企业力量强，工资给多少，由需求方说了算，弱势群体没有发言权。这种情况不改变行吗？在国外的经济发达国家是怎么解决的？他们靠工会的力量。工会维护低收入者，工资过低或者欠工资不发，工会替供方说话，工会是一个强势群体，它介入供求，双方的力量对比就变化了。农民工干了这么多年，他们也是工人，但因为他们是农村户口，工会管不着。所以，这种情况要改变。
第三个例子，农产品销售市场。出售农产品的，主要是单个农户、牧户，他们的力量是弱的，即使收购方在他们家门口把农产品收购了，供方还是弱势。而收购商、大超市，或者食品加工企业等收购方，它们是强势单位。他说不要你的产品，就不要你的产品，你到哪里去卖？你自己去卖，成本更高。所以，这种情况要改。在发达国家，农民组成了农业合作社，农业合作社有联社。我到荷兰、丹麦都考察过，在新西兰也考察过，他们的农业合作社联社的力量很大，自己有车队、船队、仓库、冷藏库、码头等等，农产品直销国外。在中国还不行，因为中国的农民合作社刚成立，都是以村、以乡为单位的小规模经营。联社现在还没有开始组建。
第四个例子，教育制度的改革。教育制度关系到初次进入市场的就业者的工资待遇情况。在中国，由于存在城乡二元结构或者城乡二元体制，往往出现这样一种情况：城市人均教育经费多，农村人均教育经费少。所以，农村义务教育校舍差、师资差、设备差，学生学习质量不高，农村的孩子读完初中以后不想升高中。他们说，升高中有什么用，反正考不上大学，考不上大学还不如现在就找工作，所以初中毕业就找工作。但是，农村孩子初中毕业找工作，能找到什么好工作？简单的、重复性的体力劳动者，这在西方发达国家叫做二元劳动市场，从事低等劳动工作。这种情况，慢慢就会在中国社会上形成社会阶层固化，或者叫职业世袭制。举个例子说，农民工的孩子还是农民工，孙子可能还是农民工，他没有其他技术，没有受过较好的教育，他不当农民工能当什么？这就影响到收入的初次分配了。
关于收入分配问题，我强调初次分配重要。产权问题重要，劳动市场上的双方力量要对等，农产品销售市场的供求双方力量也要对等，再加上教育改革，这些都是能说明中国的初次分配重要的问题。当然，二次分配也重要。在中国目前的二次分配中，最重要的是城乡社会保障一体化。社会保障一体化表明，我们可以有西方市场经济发达国家一样的福利制度。西方市场经济发达国家的情况是：初次分配不足，二次分配补，通过二次分配缩小这个差距。中国现在的情况是：初次分配有差距，二次分配扩大了差距，因为城乡社会保障不一样，城市职工看病有公费医疗或医疗保险，农民工看病能够办合作医疗的也要交一部分钱，有些连合作医疗都没办。这种情况要改。
6.关于福利刚性：要量力而行，循序渐进
★“建立更加公平可持续的社会保障制度”。
★“加快发展企业年金、职业年金、商业保险，构建多层次社会保障体系”。
关于社会保障问题，我这里重点谈谈福利刚性。社会保障扩大了社会的福利，这是多年以来西方发达国家社会发展趋势所在。但福利多了，也就产生了福利刚性。福利刚性是指：福利可以增加，但不能减少，本来没有某项福利，也就算了；一旦有了，就不能取消，否则很小的问题都可能会变成大问题。在此方面，我举两个例子。
第一个例子是：二战时期，英国是个孤岛，被德国侵略者封锁了，食品很难运进去，食品供应不足，所以政府采取了配给制，连首相丘吉尔也跟大家一样，领一份配额。当时，英国人普遍感到，中学生正是长身体的时候，但吃不饱，营养不良情况严重。所以战争结束后，英国通过了一项福利措施，给在校的中学生上午上课期间提供一杯免费牛奶。这在英国整个福利政策里是很小的一项。到了1967年，已是二战结束20多年以后，英国的食品状况改善了，但是这个政策还在实行。于是有的官员说，这项措施可以取消。结果造成了全社会的不满，游行、请愿、抗议，干嘛取消这项福利？难道现在我们不应重视青少年吗？其结果是迫使政府改组，有关的大臣辞职。
第二个例子是：我访问爱尔兰时，驻爱尔兰的中国大使馆工作人员告诉我，爱尔兰有一项福利，自来水免费，所以水资源浪费不少，国家财政也负担不了。爱尔兰现在财政很紧张，而且自来水本来就应该收费，但是自来水免费作为福利已经实行很久了，有了刚性。所以，自来水要交费的消息一出来，游行、示威、罢工就发生了。结果执政党考虑，再这样闹下去，下一届选举甚至这届选举的执政党都不能坐稳。怎么办？但话已说出去了，要取消也不可能，因为刚刚公布这个消息，只好找个台阶下。怎么下台阶呢？找到这样一个理由，即政府方面说：自来水收费，每家必须装水表，老百姓不愿意出钱，因为他们不想装自来水表，要政府装。政府为了给全国这么多户装水表，应当找到经费的来源，今年的预算不能列入这一项开支，等找到装水表的经费了，再开始这项改革吧。
由此可见，福利刚性非常重要。中国一定要量力而行，循序渐进，不要去攀比，说什么“国外有这种福利，我们为什么不能有？”“那个城市有，我们这里为什么不能有？”要知道，各地有各地的情况，要量力而行。另外，在实行福利制度的同时，创业精神不能下降。任何国家都要有创业精神、创造精神。没有这种精神，社会经济发展就会停下来，人们就会变成懒汉了，这样下去，社会就很难持续健康地发展下去。
7.关于新型城镇化：老城区+新城区+新社区
★“坚持走中国特色新型城镇化道路”。
★“优化城市空间结构和管理格局，增强城市综合承载能力”。
《决定》关于这方面的精神，对于我国新型城镇化和城乡一体化建设具有重大指导意义。我认为，当前我国推进新型城镇化，重点要考虑符合中国国情的城镇化。中国存在着城乡二元结构(或者称城乡二元体制)，这是我们通过改革要破除的。也就是说，一定要消除城乡居民权利不平等的现状，消除户籍歧视，不能再保留城乡居民差别对待。所以说，城镇化最终是要实现城乡一体化。
中国的城镇化要立足于中国的国情。西方发达国家当初的城市化跟工业化是平行的，城市化的同时就是工业化，工业化的同时就是城市化。西方已经反映出来的“城市病”就是城市变成污染源，城市变成贫民窟。这样就产生了反城市化，即是指：有钱人从城里迁出进入郊区，而穷人继续涌入城里，城里失业增长、环境破坏等等。
中国的城镇化不能这么办。中国现在的城镇化率，国家统计局公布的是51%，这个数字并不等于说有城市户口的人有这么多，因为其中包括很多是在城市住了半年以上的农民工。如果把农民户籍减掉，中国的城镇化率可能不到40%。如果我们的城镇化率以后要达到西方发达国家那样，美国的城镇化率到90%以上，西欧的城镇化率在80%左右，也就是说我们也有80%左右是城里人，那么可以想象会是一种什么情况！现在我们的城市人口有6亿多人，如果将来再增加5亿多人，那么我们的城镇会变成什么样子啊？！土地够吗？淡水供应够吗？很显然，城里人的生活质量会大大下降。所以，中国的城镇化不能像西方发达国家那样做。
基于中国的国情，我们的新型城镇化应该是：老城区+新城区+新社区。老城区就是：要改造历史上形成的城区，把工业污染的企业迁走，要拆迁棚户区，要把商业、服务业搞好。房子拆迁以后盖新的，成为适合人居住的居民区。新城区要规划：在城市周围建工业园区、高新技术开发区、物流园区。新城区一个重要特点是要有居民，没有居民是不行的。另外，民营企业要进去，个体工商户要进去，一个城市没有民营企业、没有小微企业、没有个体工商户，就成为“鬼城”了。有了民营企业进去，才有人气，晚上路灯一直亮下去，两边的生意可以做到十一二点。新社区是中国的特色。现在，全国各地已有社会主义新农村，不少地区已经有些居民楼了。在这个基础上，可以再从以下几个方面来发展：一是园林化；二是循环经济化，绿色经济化；三是公共服务到位，建立各个公共设施；四是城乡社会保障走向一体化；五是从村镇管理变成社区自治。到那个时候，新社区就跟城镇一样了，它是未来的新城镇。如果那么多人都挤到老城区不行，涌入老城区加上新城区也不行，要大批分流到新社区，这就是“就地城镇化”。这是可行的。
(作者为北京大学光华管理学院名誉院长)
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