Go homepage(回首页) Upload pictures (上传图片) Write articles (发文字帖)
The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/2 10:07:53 Soviet Union had wanted to use atomic bombs blow up the Moon
"The Moon" review
Men on the Moon for scientific exploration and research began in the 1950 of the 20th century. In 1958, the United States and the Soviet Union began to launch a lunar probe. On July 20, 1969, the United States Astronaut Neil Armstrong's ride "Apollo 11th" spacecraft landed on the Moon, was careful to set foot on the Moon's surface, "one small step for man one giant leap for" quickly spread throughout the Earth.
Moon exploration is a very complex project with a high risk, according to the statistics, since 1958, the lunar exploration activities conducted a total of 129 times in the world, but the success rate is only 51%.
1 peak (1958)
US-Soviet competition mass emission detector
From 1958 to 1976 during the cold war, United States and the Soviet Union had conducted a centered on lunar exploration in space science and technology race, United States launch pioneer 7 series in total 54 lunar probe, succeeded 35 times, success rates 65%; Soviet launching of 4-series 64-lunar probe, successfully 21 times, success rate of 32.8%.
Jiao weixin, a Professor of Earth and space sciences, Peking University College received Xinhua reporters to sum up, during this lunar exploration has 4 characters: the launch number, but the success rate is low; to achieve 5 methods of detection, namely overflights, landing and a soft landing, surrounded by sample return and manned.
This is the height of the man's first lunar exploration, Moon exploration binge, only positive about full moon the Moon area 5% area 9 location of sample return, the moon on the near side of the Moon patrol surveying the distance is only 37-kilometer, knowledge of the Moon is still quite limited and superficial.
≫> trailer
The Soviet Union ever bombed the Moon
Jiao weixin of the newly published book, the culture of the Moon and lunar exploration mentioned in the human Moon peak, opening subtitle "the Soviet Union wants to use atomic bombs blow up the Moon" look sensational.
Jiao weixin said this proposal does make, and have theoretical basis. United States scholars believe that large craters on the Moon or when a volcanic eruption, the resulting projectiles capable of penetrating the Earth's atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface, it is recommended that a missile hit the Moon, or detonating an atomic bomb on the moon. This proposal was not accepted, because once the launch failures, bombs exploded in the national territory, the consequences would be unthinkable.
In 1955, the Soviet Union began developing a lunar probe. Jiao weixin introduced, presented 4 programme, a programme which is detonated a small atom bomb on the Moon's surface, creating amazing visual effects and steam were exploded by remote sensing instruments of Lunar soil, obtain details of Lunar soil and surface composition of the moon. But solid model has terminated after completion of the programme, due to launch risky, worried about falling on the Earth.
Some people think that the Moon is a scam
Starting from the early 60 's, the space race "winning standard" first moon landing. Although from the United States first on the Moon more than 40 years have passed, but some people think that the Moon is a scam.
Jiao weixin pointed out that people think the moon landings were hoax is one of the reasons United States astronauts on the lunar surface activity, lunar surface plug the United States flag a photo, display the flag at the "fluttering" and no air or wind on the Moon, so the picture is considered fraud.
"In fact is not the wind started blowing" Jiao weixin said, look, this flag is a bar at the top, this pole flag, flutters like it is not blown, but astronauts when the flag pole swings, precisely because there is no air on the Moon, there is no resistance, so this going on for a long time before they stopped.
Chinese lunar exploration program Chief Scientist Ouyang Ziyuan also think the moon landing was real in a lecture, and made a detailed explanation. He mentioned that 400 million people in more than 40 years the United States Space Agency confirmation about this question, but the United States space agency believes that this issue does not deserve an answer. Ouyang Ziyuan, the debate has generated curiosity and knowledge of the Moon, is an unprecedented popular movement.
2 period of silence (1977)
Unsuccessful launch of dedicated Lunar satellites
Jiao weixin said that from 1977 to 1993, humans are not successfully launches a satellite specifically designed to explore the Moon, so that the silence of the moon phase for more than 20 years.
This time moon why silence? Jiao weixin believes that one is a result of the Soviet-American competition, the two data analysis takes time, don't come up with a new clear scientific objectives before and, moreover, after the Apollo program, United States interests shifted to development of the space shuttle and Mars, the Soviet Union turned to space station construction. In 1990 Japan launch "flying" without Moon orbiter probe results.
3 renewal period (early 1994)
More States join "Club lunar exploration"
1994 United States its unmanned lunar probe launch Clementine, the main task is to validate new technologies, drawing monthly tables of three-dimensional topography, measure the Moon's surface chemical abundances and distributions. The following years, Japan, Europe, China and India also become members of the detection Club, Korea and other countries eager to propose Moon exploration program, human lunar exploration enthusiasm began to recover.
Second round of lunar exploration activities a total of 11 times, 1 of them failed, 1 partial success, they are all successful, success is greatly improved, showed Lunar technology great leaps and bounds.
Dang Clementine bistatic radar system carried by electromagnetic waves launched into the South Pole station when receiving a reflected echo from the Earth, Earth receives electromagnetic wave characteristics of water, human beings there may be evidence of water on the Moon for the first time, brings unexpected surprises to Lunar scientists.
4 revival (2007-present)
Recent studies confirm that the moon has an atmosphere
Jiao weixin of 2007 as a watershed in the new era of lunar exploration, arguing that the period is mainly characterized by widespread adoption of new technologies, including launch vehicle technology, navigation and communication technology and detection technology.
"Moon Goddess robbed" Jiao weixin introduction, Japan in 2007, launched its first lunar exploration satellite "Moon Goddess", open since the United States Apollo program most technologically complex, the largest in the world after the Moon exploration plan and cost us $ 478 million.
On September 7 this year, United States launch "Lunar atmosphere and dust environment detector" (LADEE), Mesosphere to explore the Moon's atmosphere and dust around, carrying dust detectors, spectrometers, ultraviolet and visible light spectrometers, and laser communication technology proficiency testing.
"For a long time people have the idea that the moon has no atmosphere, but recent studies have confirmed that the moon has an atmosphere", Jiao weixin introduction, compared with that of the Earth, the Moon's atmosphere is very thin, and composed of neutral gas from unusual. Jiao weixin pointed out that most primary sources and formation processes in the Moon's atmosphere is not clear. Jinghua times, Shangxi
(Original title: the Soviet Union had wanted to use atomic bombs blow up the Moon)
【嫦娥奔月】回顾
人类对月球的科学探测和研究始于20世纪50年代。1958年美苏开始发射月球探测器。1969年7月20日，美国宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗乘坐“阿波罗11号”飞船登陆月球，小心翼翼地踏上月表，“个人一小步人类一大步”迅速传遍地球。
月球探测是一项非常复杂具高风险的工程，据统计，1958年至今，世界上共进行了129次月球探测活动，但成功率仅51%。
1 高峰期（1958年至1976年）
美苏竞争大量发射探测器
1958年至1976年冷战期间，美国和苏联曾展开一场以月球探测为中心的空间科学技术竞赛，美国共发射先驱者等7个系列54个月球探测器，成功35次，成功率65%；苏联共发射4个系列64个月球探测器，成功21次，成功率32.8%。
北京大学地球与空间科学学院教授焦维新接受京华时报记者采访时总结，这期间月球探测有4个特点：发射数量多，但成功率低；实现5种探测方式，分别是飞越、硬着陆和软着陆、环绕、取样返回和载人登月。
这是人类第一次月球探测高潮，在这次探月热潮中，人们仅在月球正面约占全月面积5%的区域的9个地点取样返回，月球车在月球正面巡视勘察最远距离仅37千米，对月球的认识还比较有限和肤浅。
>>花絮
美苏都曾想过炸月球
焦维新在新近出版的《月球文化与月球探测》一书中提到人类探月高峰期时，开篇小标题用了“美苏都想用原子弹炸月球”，看上去耸人听闻。
焦维新表示，这一建议确实提出过，且都有理论依据。美国学者认为，月球上大的陨石坑或者火山喷发时，产生的抛射物能穿透地球的大气层到达地球表面，因此建议用导弹撞击月球，或在月球上引爆原子弹。这一建议未被采纳，原因是一旦发射失败，原子弹在本国国土爆炸，后果不堪设想。
苏联在1955年开始研制月球探测器。焦维新介绍，当时提出4种方案，其中一种方案是将一颗小型原子弹在月球表面引爆，产生令人惊奇的视觉效果，并让遥感仪器分析爆炸时月壤的蒸汽，获得月壤以及月球表面成分的信息。但这个方案完成实体模型后就终止了，原因是发射风险大，担心落到地球上。
有人认为登月是骗局
从60年代初期开始，这场太空竞赛的“胜利标准”变为率先登月。尽管如今距离美国首次登月已过去40多年，但仍有人认为登月是骗局。
焦维新指出，人们认为登月是骗局的一个理由是美国宇航员在月球表面活动时，在月面插上美国国旗的一张照片，显示国旗在“迎风飘扬”，而月球上没有空气、也没有风，因此该图片被认为作假。
“其实并不是风吹起来的”，焦维新指出，仔细看的话这面国旗上端有一根横杆，正是这根杆子将旗子展开，飘动的样子也不是风吹的，而是航天员在插旗时使旗杆产生摆动，正因为月球上没有空气、没有阻力，所以这种摆动在很长时间后才会停下来。
中国探月工程首席科学家欧阳自远也在一次讲座中认为登月是真实的，并作了详解。他提到，40多年来4亿人向美国航天局求证过这个问题，但美国航天局认为这个问题不值得回答。在欧阳自远看来，这场大讨论激发了人们对月球的好奇与求知，是一件史无前例的科普运动。
2 寂静期（1977年至1993年）
未成功发射专门的探月卫星
焦维新提到，1977年至1993年间，人类没有成功发射过一颗专门用于探测月球的卫星，使这20余年成为探月的寂静期。
这段时间探月为何沉寂？焦维新认为，一者在于美苏竞争有了结果，二者资料分析处理需要时间，在此之前提不出新的明确的科学目标，此外，在阿波罗计划后，美国将兴趣转向发展航天飞机和探测火星，苏联则转向空间站建设。而1990年日本发射“飞天”号月球轨道器也未获得探测成果。
3 恢复期（1994年至21世纪初）
多国加入“月球探测俱乐部”
1994年美国发射克莱门汀号无人月球探测器，主要任务是验证一些新技术，绘制月表三维地形图，测量月表化学元素丰度和分布。此后几年，日本、欧洲、中国和印度也成为月球探测俱乐部成员，韩国等国也跃跃欲试，提出月球探测计划，人类探月热情开始恢复。
第二轮探月活动共有11次，其中1次失败，1次部分成功，其余全部成功，成功率大大提高，显示出探月技术极大跨越。
当克莱门汀号用携带的双基地雷达向南极发射电磁波并由地球站接收反射的回波时，地球接收的电磁波表现出水的特征，人类首次获得月球上可能存在水的证据，给月球科学家们带来意外的惊喜。
4 新热潮（2007年至今）
最新研究证实月球有大气层
焦维新将2007年作为新时期月球探测的分水岭，认为该时期主要特点是普遍采用新技术，包括运载火箭技术、导航通信技术和探测技术等。
“月亮女神抢了先”，焦维新介绍，日本在2007年发射第一颗绕月探测卫星“月亮女神”，开启自美国阿波罗计划后世界上技术最复杂、规模最大、耗资4.78亿美元的探月计划。
今年9月7日美国发射“月球大气与尘埃环境探测器”（LADEE），以探测月球大气层的散逸层和周围的尘埃，携带了尘埃探测器、中性质谱仪、紫外与可见光光谱仪，还进行激光通讯技术验证试验。
“长期以来人们已经有观念认为月球没有大气层，但实际上最近的研究证实，月球确实有大气层”，焦维新介绍，与地球相比，月球的大气层非常稀薄，由一些不同寻常的中性气体组成。焦维新指出，月球大气层的最主要来源和形成过程目前尚不清楚。京华时报记者商西
（原标题：美苏曾想用原子弹炸月球）
赞