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The author:(作者)hpmailerpublished in(发表于) 2013/12/2 10:12:48 Moon Moonlight night survival skills
Chang the third probe, is China's first "leg" of the spacecraft, a Chinese spacecraft of extraterrestrial objects are first used to attempt a soft landing, carrying scientific instruments hit a total of three world. Chang carried by "Jade Rabbit" before Rovers, 2 globally, including the former Soviet Union and the United States total, 3 5 Lunar vehicle, the "Moon," will be the 6th Moon patrol Moon vehicles.
■亮点
Body light
"The rabbit" lighter than Soviet Lunar Rover half ton
Aerospace Science and technology group II, a researcher at the space technology Institute Beijing morning news reporters, are divided into both unmanned and Manned Lunar Rover, and more unmanned than manned complex, more intelligent. Unmanned Rovers is more difficult, because there's a lot of instruments, to ensure that no one under, the instrument works, manned lunar roving vehicle used primarily as a means of transport, expanding the scope of activities of the astronauts on the Moon, what it basically no equipment, and also relatively easy to drive by the astronauts. United States 3 vehicles are manned, Lunar Rover Rover, meaning "rabbit" will be following the former Soviet Union after the second world countries an unmanned Rover on the moon.
Former Soviet Union respectively, weighed more than 700 kilograms of Lunar Rover with two and more than 800 kg, rate of 1 to 2 km per hour, "rabbit," weighs 140 kg and more lightweight, conducive to the investigation.
Technology top
Three scientific instruments to achieve the world's first
According to part I introduction to become immortal, the third, carrying scientific instruments, 3 instruments to achieve a "world first".
The first "world first" is monthly based optical telescopes to the Moon for the first time, observations of stars, galaxies and the universe on the Moon, this is the first time the "Observatory" at the moon. Observatory on the moon with the Earth Observatory's incomparable advantages, because the effect of astronomical observations of the Earth's atmosphere, and the moon has no atmosphere, no radio and the impact of human activities, so Lunar telescope's observations of the universe more ideal conditions. A diameter 0.4 metre optical telescope on the Moon results observed, the equivalent of 8 meters in diameter optical telescope on Earth effect.
The second "world first", is Chang ' e 3rd Lunar laser radar to the Moon for the first time, to fine Lunar soil to detect by radar. Bottom of the Lunar Rover with Lunar laser radar sets in.
III was the first to carry a UV camera, available from the Moon "look back" Earth layers by plasma, thus changes in response to the Earth's environment, to improve China's space environmental monitoring and prediction capability.
Perfect configuration
Chang-three girl "four-legged six rounds"
According to reports, Chang e, "three girls" has four legs six wheels. Different from the goddess, first, second, to become immortal, the third number in the name does not call on a satellite called "", is the first "leg" of the spacecraft.
Designer Yang Jianzhong, Director of the aerospace science and technology group introduced to become immortal, there are two main third mission, is to achieve Lunar soft landing, the second is the implementation of moon patrol reconnaissance. Lander has adopted "four legs". Soft landing there are three main ways in other countries: airbags-bouncing, landing legs and an aerial cable car. Chang-third soft landing missions, air bag type does not meet the weight requirement, cranes are more complex, leg can guarantee the stability of landing.
Visit 6 wheels have also become featured. Visiting Vice President of China Aerospace Science and technology group designers introduce Jia Yang, mobile solution has three main visits abroad: crawler, legs and wheeled. Crawler visits like the robots in the movie, its biggest advantage is that small pressure, through strong, but its weakness is encountered stone-easily get stuck, unable to move. -Leg visit is walking on a flat surface, but more complex to control, can't just sit on the floor. Wheel you can avoid these shortcomings.
Survival
"Tuck", "open air" Moonlight to survive
Unlike Earth, the surface of the Moon larger temperature difference between day and night, at the high temperature to 120 degrees Celsius, temperature is low at lingxia180sheshidu. Also, alternating day and night of the Moon cycle is longer, giving Chang "three girls" brings a great deal of difficulty to the lunar surface survival.
Lander of the China Aerospace Science and technology group of thermal control subsystem designer Liu Zijun, Director of "tuck", "make" and "open air" such familiar concepts, explains the thermal control design of Chang e, third. Chang, third, there is a multi-layer insulation components, known as "blanket", bi-directional, and external high-temperature heat from inside, cold outside when heat from leaking.
Cold "three girls" or "stove". "Stove" mainly isotope nuclear sources, it can radiate. Designers have designed the gravity-driven two fluid circuits, heat when you need to import the cabin, cut heat transfer when not needed.
To the months of daylight, Rainbow Bay temperature quickly rise to 90 degrees Celsius, on the Moon's surface, cooling only heat radiation. Designers are detectors designed several thermal, thermal escape device.
Archive
Rover tracks
The former Soviet Union
On November 17, 1970, the Soviet Union launched the "Moon" 17th probe, the world's first unmanned Moon vehicle-"Rover" on the 1th to the moon. This car weighs 756 kg on the lunar surface by 10.5 km. Since the Soviet Union to the Moon "Rover" on the 2nd travel 37 km and 88 pictures of the lunar surface is sent back to Earth panorama.
United States
On July 31, 1971, the United States "Apollo 15" astronaut-B--R-Scott Davis and James Owen was man's first Lunar Rover, and they are driving 4-wheel Lunar Rover, on the bumpy surface of the Moon, over the crater and gravel 27.9 km, 77 kg of rock samples collected.
After the "Apollo" on the 16th and 17th to bring Rover, respectively on the lunar surface a 27 km and 35 km, and leverages the Rover's camera and transmission equipment, real time sending back to Earth astronauts on the lunar surface activities and leave the Moon returns to the lunar orbit lunar module upgrade engine Jet on sight.
Forward looking
Lay the Foundation for future Mars
Part I said human three-step Moon is Lunar, lunar module and the month. United States has completed the lunar exploration, moon, taking the third step in the future, that is establish a permanent manned base on the Moon, such as scientific research bases, energy, etc. Russia has completed the Lunar, and taking the next step in the future, manned moon landing.
First step Moon exploration is subdivided into "around, down, and back to the" three-step, after entering the 21st century, Europe, Japan, China and India has completed the first step-"around", were conducted on the moon a "census". Moon in the second group, Chang e, third in China would take the lead in moon exploration, is an area on the Moon "detailed investigation" can be direct access to more data, and scientific significance of significant works, is irreplaceable by other forms of detection, space exploration technology development plays an important role.
Part I pointed out, falls for a national space technology put forward higher requirements, such as landing, site inspections, lunar surface survival, measurement and control technology, much more complex than the Moon, Moon exploration success will greatly promote the development of China's space exploration technology. Falling Moon probes can also get a lot of valuable scientific data.
Falling Moon Lunar sample return is the next stage, the samples brought back from the moon to Earth, belongs to Moon's "refined search", and fall months, technology is the basis for sampling returned. At the same time, lay the Foundation for future Mars exploration in China, such as Rover Rover Technology development as reference, fell month falls on Mars, as technical reference. In addition to outside the United States and Russia, China took the lead in moon exploration of the world achieve the Moon probe in the second group, is an indication of China's overall strength.
Application
Four out of five new research material from space
According to the Beijing morning news reporter, Chang e third technology will advance the aerospace engineering, system integration, deep space tracking telemetry command and communication, new leap-forward development of the space technology, such as launch vehicles and space launch, leading information technology, new energy technology and new materials science technology, MEMS technology, telemetry and other high and new technology development.
Chang e, third to the exploration of the moon also has a meaning economy and people's livelihood. Lander support is also a strong and light material, which can be transferred to other civil areas. After the founding of the newly developed in China more than 2000 kinds of materials, 80% is coming from space.
Data displayed, currently my has has more than 2000 more items aerospace technology results using to national economy area, China aerospace technology application has radiation to materials, and new energy, and computer, and bio technology, and precision manufacturing, civilian area, civilian aerospace output has accounted for to aerospace gross half, input-output than also up 1:10; aerospace control technology already transfer to looms, civilian area; also has water heater uses aerospace adiabatic technology, great improve has water heater of insulation limitation.
Morning news reporter Hana
嫦娥三号探测器，是我国第一个“有腿”的航天器，也是中国人首次用来尝试地外天体软着陆的航天器，携带的科学仪器共创下了三个世界第一。在嫦娥携带的“玉兔号”月球车之前，全球共有包括前苏联2辆和美国3辆在内的共5辆月球车，“玉兔号”将成为第6辆登上月球巡逻的月球车。
身体轻盈
“玉兔”比前苏联月球车轻半吨
航天科技集团空间技术研究院研究员庞之浩向北京晨报记者介绍，月球车分为无人驾驶和有人驾驶两种，无人驾驶比有人驾驶更复杂，更智能。无人月球车难度更大，因为上面有很多仪器，要保证在无人的状态下行驶，仪器能正常工作，有人驾驶的月球车主要作为一个交通工具，扩大航天员在月球上的活动范围，上面基本没有什么仪器，由航天员驾驶行驶起来也相对容易一些。美国3辆月球车都是有人驾驶的月球车，也就是说，“玉兔号”将成为世界上继前苏联之后第二个将无人月球车送上月球的国家。
前苏联的两辆月球车分别重达700多公斤和800多公斤，速度为每小时1至2公里，“玉兔号”重140公斤，更加轻便，有利于勘测。
技术拔尖
三台科学仪器实现世界第一
据庞之浩介绍，嫦娥三号携带的科学仪器中，有3台仪器实现了“世界第一”。
第一个“世界第一”是首次将月基光学望远镜带到月球，在月球上观测恒星、星系和宇宙，这是人类第一次把“天文台”架到月球上。月球上的天文台有着地球天文台不可比拟的优势，因为地球的天文观测受到大气层的影响，而月球没有大气层，也没有无线电和人为活动的影响，因此月球望远镜对宇宙的观测条件更加理想。月球上一台直径0.4米的光学望远镜的观测效果，相当于地球上直径8米的光学望远镜效果。
第二个“世界第一”，是嫦娥3号首次将测月雷达带到月球，用雷达来对月壤进行精细探测。测月雷达设置在月球车的底部。
第三是首次携带了紫外相机，可从月球“回望”地球等离子体层，从而反应地球环境的变化，提高中国空间环境监测和预报能力。
完美配置
嫦娥三姑娘“四腿六轮”
据介绍，嫦娥“三姑娘”有四条腿六个轮子。与嫦娥一号、二号不同，嫦娥三号在名称上不叫卫星而叫“器”，是我国第一个“有腿”的航天器。
航天科技集团主任设计师杨建中介绍，嫦娥三号任务主要有两个，一是实现月面软着陆，二是实施月面巡视勘察。着陆器采用了“四条腿”的形式。其他国家的软着陆方式主要有三种：气囊弹跳式、着陆腿式和空中吊车式。就嫦娥三号软着陆任务来讲，气囊式不能满足重量要求，吊车式又比较复杂，腿式能保证着陆的稳定性。
巡视器的6个轮子也成为特色。中国航天科技集团巡视器副总设计师贾阳介绍，国外巡视器的移动方案主要有三种：履带式、腿式和轮式。履带式巡视器就像电影里的机器人瓦力，它最大的优点是压强小、通过性强，但它的弱点是遇到石块等容易被卡住不能动弹。腿式巡视器在平缓的地面行走尚可，但控制起来比较复杂，弄不好一下子就坐到地上。轮式则能避免上述方式的缺点。
应对生存
“盖被子”“开空调”应对月夜生存
不同于地球，月球表面昼夜温差较大，温度高时有120摄氏度，温度低时在零下180摄氏度。而且，月球的昼夜交替周期也较长，这给嫦娥“三姑娘”的月面生存带来了很大的难度。
中国航天科技集团着陆器热控分系统主任设计师刘自军用“盖被子”“生炉子”和“开空调”等熟知的概念，解释了嫦娥三号的热控设计。嫦娥三号上有一个多层隔热组件，也就是所谓的“被子”，可以双向隔热，外部高温时候热量不能往里传，外部寒冷时候里面热量不能往外漏。
寒冷时“三姑娘”还得“生炉子”。“炉子”主要是同位素核源，它能够持续放热。设计师们还设计了重力驱动的两项流体回路，在需要的时候将热量导入舱内，不需要的时候切断传热途径。
到了月昼时，虹湾温度迅速升高至90摄氏度，在月球表面，散热的方式只有热辐射。设计师们在探测器上精心设计了几个散热面，可以把设备发出的热量散出去。
■档案
月球车轨迹
前苏联
1970年11月17日，苏联发射的“月球”17号探测器把世界上第一台无人驾驶的月球车──“月球车”1号送上月球。此车约重756公斤，在月面上行驶了10.5公里。此后苏联送上月球的“月球车”2号行驶了37公里，并向地球发回了88幅月面全景图。
美国
1971年7月31日，美国“阿波罗15”号航天员戴维斯-R-斯科特和詹姆斯-B-欧文进行了人类首次月球车行驶，他们驾驶着4轮月球车，在崎岖不平的月球表面上，越过陨石坑和砾石行驶了27.9公里，收集了77公斤月岩样品。
以后的“阿波罗”16号、17号携带的月球车，分别在月面上行驶了27公里和35公里，并利用月球车上的彩色摄像机和传输设备，向地球实时地发回宇航员在月面上活动的情景及离开月球返回环月轨道时登月舱上升级发动机喷气的景象。
■前瞻
为未来探测火星奠定基础
庞之浩说，人类探月的三大步是探月、登月和驻月。美国已完成了探月和登月，未来将迈第三步，即建立长期载人的月球基地，如科研基地、能源基地等。俄罗斯已完成了探月，未来将迈第二步，即载人登月。
第一步探月又细分为“绕、落、回”三小步，进入21世纪后，欧、日、中、印先后完成了第一小步——“绕”，都是对月球进行“普查”。在探月的第二集团中，我国嫦娥三号将率先进行的落月探测，是对月球某个区域的“详查”，可直接获得更多的数据，工程意义和科学意义重大，是其它探测形式所不能替代的，在空间探测技术发展中占据着很重要的地位。
庞之浩指出，落月对一个国家的航天技术提出更高的要求，比如着陆、巡视、月面生存、测控等技术，要比绕月复杂得多，落月探测的成功将极大地推动我国的空间探测技术的发展。落月探测还可以获取大量有价值的科学数据。
落月的下一步是对月球的采样返回阶段，从月球上采样带回地球，属于对月球的“精查”，而落月技术是采样返回的基础。同时，也为未来我国火星探测奠定基础，比如月球车对火星车研制有参考作用、落月技术对落火星技术有参考等。除美俄外，我国率先在世界探月第二集团中实现落月探测，是我国整体实力的体现。
■应用
八成新研制材料来自航天
据北京晨报记者了解，嫦娥三号的技术将推进航天工程系统集成、深空测控通信、新型运载火箭和航天发射等航天技术跨越式发展，带动信息技术、新能源技术、新材料技术、微机电技术、遥测科学等其它高新技术的发展。
嫦娥三号对月球的探测也有着经济和民生意义。比如着陆器的支撑架就是一种又轻便有结实的新材料，可以转移到其它民用领域。建国后我国新研制的2千余种材料中，有八成是来自航天。
数据显示，目前我国已有2000多项航天技术成果运用到国民经济领域，中国航天技术应用已辐射到新材料、新能源、计算机、生物技术、精密制造等民用领域，民用航天产值已占到航天总产值半壁江山，投入产出比也达1：10；航天控制技术早已转移到纺织机等民用领域；还有热水器利用航天绝热技术，极大提高了热水器的保温时效。
晨报记者 韩娜
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